CO_2-N_2-H_2O激光体系的振动弛豫过程速率数据

对于迄今关于CO_2-N_2-H_2O激光体系的振动弛豫过程的研究进行了综合评述,其中1968年以前的部分,以Taylor和Bitterman的评述为基础.将各过程的弛豫速率,用加权的最小二乘法整理成log_(10)K=A+BX+CX~2+DX~3形式的最佳拟合式,并给出了相应的系数值.用这些数据和基于本文结果而提出的三振型四(振动)温度弛豫模型,对气动激光器的小信号增益进行的数值计算,与实验吻合得很好,消除了由弛豫数据和驰豫模型的不准确带来的误差.

Pulse NMR in solids : chemical shift, lead fluoride and thorium hydride

Part one of this thesis consists of two sections. In the first section the fluorine chemical shift of a single crystal CaF_2 has been measured as a function of external pressure up to 4 kilobar at room temperature using multiple pulse NMR techniques. The pressure dependence of the shift is found to be -1.7 ± 1 ppm/kbar, while a theoretical calculation using an overlap model predicts a shift of -0.46 ppm/kbar. In the second section a separation of the chemical shift tensor into physically meaningful "geometrical" and "chemical" contributions is presented and a comparison of the proposed model calculations with recently reported data on hydroxyl proton chemical shift tensors demonstrates, that for this system, the geometrical portion accounts for the qualitative features of the measured tensors.

Part two of the thesis consists of a study of fluoride ion motion in β-PbF_2 doped with NaF by measurement of the ^(19)F transverse relaxation time (T_2), spin lattice relaxation time (T_1) and the spin lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (T_(1r)). Measurements over the temperature range of -50°C to 160°C lead to activation energies for T_1, T_(1r) and T_2 of 0.205 ± 0.01, 0.29 + 0.02 and 0.27 ± 0.01 ev/ion, and a T_(1r) minimum at 56°C yields a correlation time of 0.74 μsec. Pressure dependence of T_1 and T_2 yields activation volumes of <0.2 cm^3/g-mole and 1.76 ± 0.05 cm^3/g-mole respectively. These data along with the measured magnetic field independence of T_1 suggest that the measured T_1's are not caused by ^(19)F motion, but by thermally excited carriers.

Part three of the thesis consists of a study of two samples of Th_4H_(15), prepared under different conditions but both having the proper ratio of H/Th (to within 1%). The structure of the Th_4H_(15) as suggested by X-ray measurements is confirmed through a moment analysis of the rigid lattice line shape. T_1 and T_2 measurements above 390 K furnish activation energies of 16.3 ± 1.2 kcal/mole and 18.0 ± 3.0 kcal/mole, respectively. Below 350 K, T_(1r) measurements furnish an activation energy of 10.9 ± 0.7 kcal/mole, indicating most probably more than a single mechanism for proton motion. A time-temperature hysteresis effect of the proton motion was found in one of the two samples and is strongly indicative of a phase change. T_1 at room temperature and below is dominated by relaxation due to conduction electrons with the product T_1T being 180 ± 10 K-sec. Using multiple pulse techniques to greatly reduce homonuclear dipolar broadening, a temperature-dependent line shift was observed, and the chemical shift anisotropy is estimated to be less than 16 ppm.

Structure and properties of an amorphous ferromagnetic alloy

The structure and the electrical and magnetic properties of an amorphous alloy containing approximately 80 at .% iron, 13 at.% phos phorus and 7 at.% carbon (Fe_(80)Fe_(13)C_7) obtained by rapid quenching from the liquid state have been studied. Transmission electron diffraction data confirm the amorphous nature of this alloy. An analysis of the radial distribution function obtained from X-ray diffraction data indicates that the number of nearest neighbors is approximately seven, at a distance of 2.6A. The structure of the alloy can be related to that of silicate glasses and is based on a random arrangement of trigonal prisms of Fe_2P and Fe_3C types in which the iron atoms have an average ligancy of seven. Electrical resistance measurements show that the alloys are metallic. A minimum in the electrical resistivity vs. temperature curve is observed between 10° K to 50° K depending on the specimen, and the temperature at which the minimum occurs is related to the degree of local ordering. The Fe-P-C amorphous alloys are ferromagnetic. The Curie temperature measured by the induction method and by Mossbauer spectroscopy is 315° C. The field dependence of the magneto-resistance at temperatures from liquid helium to room temperature is similar to that found in crystalline iron. The ordinary Hall coefficient is approximately 10^(-11) volt-cm/amp-G. The spontaneous Hall coefficient is about 0.6 x 10^(-9) volt-cm/amp-G and is practically independent of temperature from liquid helium temperature up to 300° c.

A comparison of length-related and age-related growth parameters of newaiby Otolithes ruber in Kuwait waters

The growth parameters of Otolithes ruber (Sciaenidae) were determined from both length-frequency and length-at-age data collected from Kuwait waters from 1984 to 1986. The similarity of the growth parameters is reflected in the small range of the parameters o' (=log sub(10)K+2logL) which indicates the compatibility of the two methods for this relatively short-lived species.

水稻小G蛋白Arf GTPase激活蛋白OsAGAP功能研究

　　锌指蛋白在植物生长发育中具有重要功能，它们可以识别并结合特定的DNA序列进行转录调控，还能够参与蛋白之间相互作用的调节。我们根据锌指蛋白等转录因子特征结构域的序列特点，从来自10 K水稻芯片的EST数据库中筛选出编码58个EST序列。通过对器官表达特异性的比较分析，从中选出七个只在单一器官表达的基因，并对这七个基因的功能进行研究。对其转基因水稻的表型分析发现，C1基因调节水稻的株高和穗的发育;LIM 家族的F9影响小花的形态，主要体现在雌蕊与雄蕊的发育;锌指蛋白S34调控叶倾角的变化;F14基因编码一个核定位的TFIIIA类锌指蛋白，具体功能尚不清楚;锌指蛋白F35转基因水稻主根缩短，侧根数目显著减少。它编码一个推测的ArfGAP (Arf GTPase activating protein)，据此我们将其命名为OsAGAP，并对其进行深入研究。 　　OsAGAP的cDNA全长为1328bp，编码的蛋白由320个氨基酸组成，含有两个保守结构域：锌指结构域和C2 结构域。其中锌指结构域属于CX2CX16CX2C类，即ArfGAP domain的特征结构。GTP酶活性测定试验表明，OsAGAP蛋白能够激活水稻Arf的GTP酶活性，另外，OsAGAP还能够恢复酵母ArfGAP缺失突变体的表型。说明OsAGAP编码的蛋白是水稻中的一个ArfGAP。 　　OsAGAP在水稻各器官中均有表达，但强弱有所不同。RNA原位杂交结果显示，它在茎尖分生组织与侧生原基及侧根部位表达强烈;它在根尖主要分布于中央维管组织、分生区、皮层细胞，最有趣的是恰好与生长素在根尖极性运输路径相吻合。在亚细胞水平，OsAGAP广泛分布于细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核。 　　OsAGAP超表达水稻主根、不定根长度缩短，侧根数目显著减少表现出类似于生长素极性运输突变体的表型。其主根伸长对TIBA的抑制作用不敏感，这暗示OsAGAP超表达水稻的生长素极性运输被破坏;另外，其对各种生长素的作用敏感性也发生变化，对IAA、2,4-D的不敏感，而对NAA的反应与野生型一致，根据各类生长素进出细胞机制不同，可以推测超表达水稻的输入能力存在缺陷。极性运输实验结果表明，超表达水稻极性运输能力被破坏;对生长素输入能力的测定进一步表明，超表达水稻根载体的介导的生长素输入能力显著下降。另外，NAA处理能够恢复超表达水稻中侧根发育受抑的表型缺陷。由此可见，OsAGAP在水稻中超表达破坏了生长素极性运输的输入能力。 　　FM1-43是一类特异标记囊泡运输的荧光染料。经其染色标记后，OsAGAP超表达水稻细胞内囊泡成片聚集，形成“BFA区间”，表现出囊泡运输被破坏的典型特征。透射电镜观察发现，超表达水稻细胞内有大量的小液泡，其中积累了电子密度很高的颗粒物质。由此推测，可能由于细胞的囊泡运输被破坏，导致胞内的代谢物质不能被正常运送或分泌，而在液泡中暂时贮存以维持细胞环境的稳定。 　　在酵母和动物细胞中的研究表明， ArfGAP是调控囊泡运输的一个重要因子，然而目前还没有关于ArfGAP在植物细胞中生理作用的报道。我们的结果说明，OsAGAP作为的一个ArfGAP，它通过调控水稻中的囊泡运输，而影响了生长素的极性运输，具体表现在对生长素输入能力的调控。由此，我们推测ArfGAP可能在生长素的极性运输中也起着重要的调控作用。 　　但OsAGAP在拟南芥中却通过调控植株生长素的水平，而影响了转基因拟南芥根的发育。每种生物都有多个ArfGAP，它们之间的分工存在联系，但各不相同。OsAGAP是拟南芥的外源基因，它在拟南芥中可能以不同于水稻的机制起作用。

北京山区荆条灌丛生态系统研究--群落学，生物量，元素循环及稳定性特征

本文对北京怀柔汤河口、北京云蒙山、西山以及河北省石家庄地区元氏县的荆条灌丛的群落学特征及其生物量进行了较为详细的研究，并着重研究了汤河口、云蒙山、西山三个亲地的荆条群落的地球化学特征和元素循环特征，对西山的荆条群落中荆条叶片枯落物的分解过程进行了详细的比较研究，最后，对汤河口和西山的两个荆条灌丛的相对稳定性进行了探讨，并和昭田真的演替度进行了比较，期望对荆条灌丛的现况有个较全面和深入的了解，为合理的改造利用广阔的华北落叶灌丛提供理论依据。 本研究设置了四个样地。样地1在北京市怀柔县汤河口乡，样地2在汤河口以南40公里的云蒙山林场，下设两个小样地2a和2b，分别经过8年和3年的封山保护。样地3在北京海淀区的西山上，样地4位于河北省元氏县。四个样地的地理位置，地形、立地条件及所受的人为干扰的程度各不相同。DCA分析对样地的排序图中从左到右样地的顺序为样地2b，2a，样地3，样地1，样地4。 6个样地的荆条滋丛中计有高等植物49种，分属24科47属。其中样地1 8科14种,样地2a 15科24种，样地2b 13科18种，样地3 9科14种，样地4a 11科18种，样地4b 7科11种。以禾本科植物最多（8种），菊科植物6种次之，蔷薇科植物4种，居第三。6个样地中常见植物种（存在度60%以上）有11个，较1965年调查时的常见种数（16种）显著减少。 生活型谱分析表明样地1和2a的生活型谱介于热带和温带类型之间。样地2b的生活型谱是较典型的温带类型，样地3则较偏向荒漠类型;样地4a和4b的生活型谱则较偏向热带和荒漠的类型。 植物区系分析表明，样地2b带有最明显的中生性，而样地4a因含有最多的热带和亚热带分布种而最为干燥。样地依干燥度增加的顺序为2b，2a3，1，4b，4a。这个顺序恰好和DCA对样地的排序结果完全吻合，同时，它还是温度升高的梯度。 荆条灌丛中荆条地上部生物量，以样地2a和2b为最高，分别为3571,9和3285.8公斤／公顷，其次为样地3，达2445.7公斤／公顷，余下的顺序为样地1，样地4a和4b。这个顺序和DCA与样地的排序结果一致，即荆条地上部生物量随着样地干燥程度的增加和温度的增加而减少。相关分析表明，热量（年日照时数）是控制荆条生长的最主要因素，且荆条的生长受土壤中砾石的很大的制约。 荆条灌丛中荆条之外的其它植物种类，作为一个组分，其地上部生物量除样地1外，和荆条地上部生物量的大小顺序一致，这些植物地上部生物量随人为干扰程度的增强而极显著的减少，且随海拔高度的增加而极显著的增加，说明这些植物较适于生长在海拔较高的地区，且它们随人为干扰的能力很弱。 荆条灌丛群落地上部总生物量，作为上述两个组分的综合，较多的受灌丛中其它植物地上部生物量的影响，而且与海拔高度呈现显著的相关性。群落地上部总生物量与年蒸发量、无霜期、人为干扰程度均表现极显著的负相关，与≥10'C的年积温也显著的负相关。这些特点，都表明荆条灌丛一个总趋势，即较低的温低更适合该群落的生长。 荆条地下部生物量在样地l达9641.8公斤，公顷顾(1986) 和l0996.6公斤／公顷(1987)，其中各有51.1%和28.90%是根球的生物量，在样地3则1988年为2306.1公斤/公顷，l989年增至5442.2公斤/公顷，两个样地中，地下部生物量为枝条生物量的6.29和5.44倍（样地1）,以及2．10和1.23倍《样地3），根枝比的分析表明样地1年龄大于样地3，且样地1比样地3．干燥，荆条的根枝比大于其它灌术种类的根枝比，这是荆条对砍伐的适应．就象灌丛栎(根枝比6.23)对火灾的适应一样。 样地1荆条灌丛的总生物量，1986年为13.44吨／公顷，87年为l6.4吨／公顷，增加了22.2%，群落年净第一性生产量为3.96吨／公顷•年。在群落总生物量中，荆条的生物量占绝大部分，分别达90.4%和86.3%，而在群落年净第一性生产量中，荆条的贡献达3.00吨／公顷•年，占75.8%。 样地3的总生物量88年为9.90砘／公顷．89年猛增至21.17砘／公顷，增加了113.9%，群落年净第一性生产量为12.62砘／公顷•年，是样地1的3.19倍。群落总生物量中，荆条所占的比例在1988年为48.0%，89年增大为58.5%，和样地1的变化趋势相反，表明两个样地的荆条灌丛处于不同的发育阶段。在群落的年净第一性生产量中，荆条的贡献和样地1相似，达71.1%。 和不同类型的灌丛地上部生物量比较的结果表明荆条灌丛小于同地区的落叶灌丛(绒毛绣线菊、荆条、蚂蚱腿子灌丛)，更小于同地区的乔木树种的萌生灌丛如辽东栎萌生丛．以及其他地区的矮针叶树栎灌丛，群落总生物量的比较结果也表明荆条灌丛的生物量还有很大的发展潜力。 荆条灌丛地上部生产量已经超过一些成熟乔木种类的林地的生产量，且荆条灌丛中生长最快的群落（样地3）的地上部生产量已接近一些乔木种类的幼龄林地的生产量说明荆条灌丛有较高的生长速度。 生物量累积比作为植物或群落衰老程度的指标，说明荆条灌丛较之其它原生灌丛还是较”年轻”的，样地1的生物量累积比较大，是该群落遭受频繁砍伐的反映。 由荆条灌丛立地的潜在生产量的分析可知样地1的荆条灌丛离其”成熟类型”的生产量还差距很大，而样地3的生产量正接近其”成熟类型”。结合前面的分析，可以推测在人类活动频繁和强度的干扰下，样地l的荆条灌丛没有继续向其成熟类型发育，而在中途衰退了。 西山荆条灌丛中，在代谢活动较旺盛的部位，N和K的含量较高，Hg，P和Zn也表现相似的倾向，A1和Fe则表现了相反的趋势，即代谢活动较强的部位，含量较低。Mn，Ca和Ha则是介于中问的一种类型。比较各组分中元素的含量值，Mg是较均匀的类型，其余元素在不同组分间含量的差异都较悬殊。西山荆条灌丛中，Mn,Mn, Mg，Ca，AI五个元素都以土壤中的含量为最高，N的含量则以上壤为最低，而植物组分中 K的含量一直保持较高的水平。 多数元素在荆条根球中的含量最低，包括Fe，Hn，Zn，（Ca，P和AI。随着年龄的增大，各组分中K的含量有增加的趋势（其增加量大于其它元素的增加量），在西山荆条灌从中，植物组分以及及土壤里各元素除p外，其含量均与两个以上元素的含量呈显著相关性（图11）．而P的含量只与N的含量具极显著相关性，，在植物组分中，灰分含量与Fe，Mn，Ca，P，AI的含量均具极显著的相关性。荆条内部各组分的元寨岔登之间全部晕缀显著相关，而绝大部分植物组分中元素含量与土壤中相应元素的含量值无相关性。 植物组分中，其它植物地上部，其它植物地下部和羽叶是元素积累量最大的三个组分。荆枝中的Ca和Ha，荆根球和荆根中的Zn和Mg以及荆根中的Al，它们的含量与其积累量之间具有较明显的补偿现象，即它们的积累量并不随生物量的增减而发生显著的变化。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条和其它植物对10种元素的吸收总量基本相等。在荆条的总吸收量中，K，N，Ca的吸收量占88.5％，其余7种元素的吸收量只占11.5%。在其它植物中，则以Ca，N和Al的吸收量占多数，达73.9%。在荆条和其它植物中，K和Al的吸收可能存在着拮抗关系。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条对K的吸收量最大，但对Mn的利用系数最大。10种元素中最大和最小吸收量之间在荆条中相差339倍（K和Zn之间），但荆条对各元素的利用系数却相差不多，平均为0.775±0.09。其它植物对10种元素的利用系数较荆条稍高，平均为0.826±0.07，整个西山荆条灌丛群落对元素的利用系数以Mn为最高，Na为最低。 若以土壤中元素的垒量的贮量计算，荆条对N的吸收系数最大，Al最小。若以土壤中元素的有效含量（可溶性或可代换性量）汁，则荆条的吸收系数以Al最大，Ca最小 （表21）。土壤元素（全量）的周转时间，Al最长，达2603.2年，多数元素在450-600年 之间，只有N，P，K三个元素的周转时间最短，分别只有35.4，151.9，和109.l年。 西山荆条灌丛中荆条以凋落物形式归还土壤的元素量在其吸收量中所占的比例（归 还率），Zn (26.5%)，Mg (36.1％)，Ca (36.1%)，P(21.3%)和N(25.0％)属较高的类型， Al (13.5%)，Na（14.6％）和K（13.1％）居中，Mn (8.5%)和Fe(8.0%)最低。灌丛群落中 元素的归还率除Mn最小（12.1％）外，其余在21.3%-37.9％之间。 西山荆条灌丛中，荆条和其它植物所吸收的元素量在群落总吸收量中所占的比例， 各元素之间显著不同，均匀的类型有N，Zn，Mg和Na，即荆条和其它植物的吸收量相当。 K是唯一以荆条的吸收量占优势的元素，荆条吸收的K占群落总吸收量的80.7%。其余 元素，Mn，P，Al，Fe和Ca均是其它植物的吸收量显著大于荆条的吸收量（表22，图45）。 荆条所吸收的无素量，在其内部各组分中的分配（存留）格局，普遍规律是将绝大 部分用于其叶片的生长（或存留于叶片）中．Mn是唯一例外的元素，荆条将其吸收量的 最大部分存留于其枝条中。其余9个元素．荆条对其叶片存留后剩下的那部分元素量的 分配方式可以区分出三种类型：将剩余部分中的多数存留于其枝条的元素有AI，Fe，Zn， Mg;将剩余部分中的多数存留于其地下部的元素有P,Na， 和Ca;而K和N则属于中间 的类型，即用于叶片后的剩余的K和N在荆枝和荆条地下部（根球和艉）中较均匀的分配 （表22，图46）． 西山荆条灌丛中元素循环的强度和速度都显著大于汤河口荆条灌丛，两个样地的元 素循环特征的最显著差异是汤河口荆条灌丛中荆条将其吸收的元素量中的最大部分存留 于其地下部，和西山样地完全相反，这可能是两个样地荆条灌丛元素循环特征的最本质 的区别。其原因，可能是汤河口样地中荆条对其地上部遭受频繁砍伐的一种适应方式， 也可能是汤河口荆条滋丛衰老的反映。 西山灌丛中荆条落叶分解过程中其失重率曲线呈双S形，其失重率最大增长速度出现在第166-299天之间。经过539天的分解作用，荆条枯落叶损失了其于重的53.3%，其中分解期（千重损失50％所用时间）为514.1天。 与干重失重率相对应，荆条枯落叶的平均腐解率的最高值出现在299和364天，而区 间腐解率的最大值则出现在第66—227天和第227 - 299天之间，比平均腐解率的最高值 出现的早，这与其总失重率曲线是非常吻合的，因为第166 - 227天及第227 - 299天之间 的高腐解率导致了其后高失重率的出现。 平均腐解率与平均气温之间具显著相关性(P<0.0S)，而与平均降水量只在90%置信区间内有相关性，区间腐解率也只在90%置信区内与平均气温有相关性。 以平均腐解率计算，荆条枯落叶干重的95%被分解所需的时间为6.37年，比同一地区的侧柏、元宝槭、黄栌、山杏、刺槐，油讼和栓皮栎短，说明荆条叶片枯落物的分解速率是较快的。 荆条枯落叶分解过程中的失重主要由于有机物被分解引起的，且有机C，可溶性糖 和粗纤维的分解决定了失重率变化的总趋势。 各有机物含量程分解过程中的变化各不相同。就浓度而言，以可溶性糖的浓度降低 速度最快，丹宁的浓度也显著的下降，粗脂肪和有机C浓度属于平缓下降的类型，而木 质素和粗纤维属另一极端的类型，其浓度持续升高。各有机物在枯落叶中的总量以不同 的速率减少。经过539天的分解作用，各有机物的损失率大小的顺序为可溶性糖(97.90%）>丹宁(95. 92%）>粗脂肪(70.83%)>有机C(61.59%)>粗纤维(37.36%)>木质素( 31,97%)。此外，不同的有机物的含量以不同的规律变化，其中可溶性糖和木质素在第105天内即被大量的分解而损失（分别损失63.66%和19.67%）。丹宁和有机C的损失率的变化是较际准的S形曲线，粗纤维的损失率变化曲线为右抛物线的上半部，而粗脂肪类似S形曲线，但最不规则． 荆条枯落叶分解过程中矿质元素浓度和含董的变化很不规则。灰分含量作为大部分矿质元素含量的总和，其浓度在分解过程中稳定升高，而其总量则持续下降，所研究的10种矿质元素的浓度和总量的变化很不一致，在浓度变化方面，K是星下降趋势的唯一元素，其余元素（包括N，Ca，Na，Mg，P，Fe，Zn，Mn和Al）的浓度均随分解过程呈升高的趋势。从元素的总量方面可以区别出两种类型：即N，Ca，Na，K，P5个元素属于减少的类型，而Fe，Mn，Zn，Mg和Al的总量则有所增加。 西山和汤河口两个样地的荆条灌丛都是渐近稳定的，且离其稳定态尚有一定距离,相对稳定性指数没有显示两个样地的稳定性具有显著的差异。 西山荆条灌丛的演替度大于汤河口灌丛，这和它们所受的人为干扰的强度的差异有紧密联系。

Growth of the buccaneer anchovy Encrasicholina punctifer off Mozambique, based on samples collected in research surveys

Growth of Encrasicholina punctifer (Engraulididae) is estimated, based on samples obtained during five surveys on Sofala Bank (central Mozambique). The estimated values of the von Bertalanffy growth function, TL∞=12 cm and K=2.0 yearˉ¹ are compared with results of growth studies elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific region, based mainly on the index Φ=log(sub)10 K+2*log(sub)10L∞ assumed to be constant within species. This comparison is rendered difficult by the uncertain taxonomical status of stolephorid anchovies.

Room-temperature emission at telecom wavelengths from silicon photonic crystal nanocavities

Strongly enhanced light emission at wavelengths between 1.3 and 1.6 μm is reported at room temperature in silicon photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities with optimized out-coupling efficiency. Sharp peaks corresponding to the resonant modes of PhC nanocavities dominate the broad sub-bandgap emission from optically active defects in the crystalline Si membrane. We measure a 300-fold enhancement of the emission from the PhC nanocavity due to a combination of far-field enhancement and the Purcell effect. The cavity enhanced emission has a very weak temperature dependence, namely less than a factor of 2 reduction between 10 K and room temperature, which makes this approach suitable for the realization of efficient light sources as well as providing a quick and easy tool for the broadband optical characterization of silicon-on-insulator nanostructures. © 2011 American Institute of Physics.

Shielding efficiency and E(J) characteristics measured on large melt cast Bi-2212 hollow cylinders in axial magnetic fields

We show that tubes of melt cast Bi-2212 used as current leads for LTS magnets can also act as efficient magnetic shields. The magnetic screening properties under an axial DC magnetic field are characterized at several temperatures below the liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). Two main shielding properties are studied and compared with those of Bi-2223, a material that has been considered in the past for bulk magnetic shields. The first property is related to the maximum magnetic flux density that can be screened, Blim; it is defined as the applied magnetic flux density below which the field attenuation measured at the centre of the shield exceeds 1000. For a cylinder of Bi-2212 with a wall thickness of 5 mm and a large ratio of length over radius, Blim is evaluated to 1 T at T = 10 K. This value largely exceeds the Blim value measured at the same temperature on similar tubes of Bi-2223. The second shielding property that is characterized is the dependence of Blim with respect to variations of the sweep rate of the applied field, dBapp/dt. This dependence is interpreted in terms of the power law E = Ec(J/Jc)^n and allows us to determine the exponent n of this E(J) characteristics for Bi-2212. The characterization of the magnetic field relaxation involves very small values of the electric field. This gives us the opportunity to experimentally determine the E(J) law in an unexplored region of small electric fields. Combining these results with transport and AC shielding measurements, we construct a piecewise E(J) law that spans over 8 orders of magnitude of the electric field.

Magnetotransport of La0.5Ba0.5MnO3

Physical properties of polycrystalline La0.5Ba 0.5MnO3 are reported from low temperature (10 K) up to above room temperature. An aim has been to obtain microscopic parameters and to search for the characteristic lengths in terms of which one can discuss the interplay between magnetic, electric, and phonon excitations. The structural and magnetotransport measurements reveal a set of relatively high transition temperatures (near 300 K) between ferromagnetic/metallic and paramagnetic/semiconducting phases. It is found, in particular, that the so-called localization length increases from 0.085 to 0.24 nm when the magnetic field varies from 0 to 8 T. Moreover a "special field value" ∼0.03 T is observed in the description of the electrical resistance. It cannot be presently distinguished whether it is the signature of a spin reorientation transition in the canted phase or a mere saturation field for aligning magnetic domains. The relatively high magnetoresistance effect (≃55% at 8 T and 10 K) makes the La0.5Ba0.5MnO3 a very interesting material for among others sensor applications. © 2009 American Institute of Physics.

Unusual resistivity hysteresis in a bulk magnetoresistive ferromagnetic/ferrimagnetic composite (La0.7 Ca0.3 Mn O3 Mn3 O4): Role of demagnetization effects

The authors report an intriguing resistivity versus magnetic field dependence in polycrystalline composite samples containing a magnetoresistive manganite (ferromagnetic/conducting La0.7 Ca0.3 Mn O3) and a magnetic manganese oxide (ferrimagnetic/insulating Mn3 O4). At 10 K, when the magnetic field is scanned from positive to negative values, the resistance peak occurs at positive magnetic field, instead of zero or negative field as usually observed in polycrystalline manganite samples. The position of the resistance peak agrees well with the cancellation of the internal magnetic field, suggesting that the demagnetization effects are responsible for this behavior. © 2007 American Institute of Physics.

Strong carrier lifetime enhancement in GaAs nanowires coated with semiconducting polymer.

The ultrafast charge carrier dynamics in GaAs/conjugated polymer type II heterojunctions are investigated using time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy at 10 K. By probing the photoluminescence at the band edge of GaAs, we observe strong carrier lifetime enhancement for nanowires blended with semiconducting polymers. The enhancement is found to depend crucially on the ionization potential of the polymers with respect to the Fermi energy level at the surface of the GaAs nanowires. We attribute these effects to electron doping by the polymer which reduces the unsaturated surface-state density in GaAs. We find that when the surface of nanowires is terminated by native oxide, the electron injection across the interface is greatly reduced and such surface doping is absent. Our results suggest that surface engineering via π-conjugated polymers can substantially improve the carrier lifetime in nanowire hybrid heterojunctions with applications in photovoltaics and nanoscale photodetectors.

Ultrafast dynamics of exciton formation in semiconductor nanowires.

The dynamics of free electron-hole pairs and excitons in GaAs-AlGaAs-GaAs core-shell-skin nanowires is investigated using femtosecond transient photoluminescence spectroscopy at 10 K. Following nonresonant excitation, a bimolecular interconversion of the initially generated electron-hole plasma into an exciton population is observed. This conducting-to-insulating transition appears to occur gradually over electron-hole charge pair densities of 2-4 × 10(16) cm(-3) . The smoothness of the Mott transition is attributed to the slow carrier-cooling during the bimolecular interconversion of free charge carriers into excitons and to the presence of chemical-potential fluctuations leading to inhomogeneous spectral characteristics. These results demonstrate that high-quality nanowires are model systems for investigating fundamental scientific effects in 1D heterostructures.

Resonant excitation and imaging of nonequilibrium exciton spins in single core-shell GaAs-AlGaAs nanowires.

Nonequilibrium spin distributions in single GaAs/AlGaAs core-shell nanowires are excited using resonant polarized excitation at 10 K. At all excitation energies, we observe strong photoluminescence polarization due to suppressed radiative recombination of excitons with dipoles aligned perpendicular to the nanowire. Excitation resonances are observed at 1- or 2-LO phonon energies above the exciton ground states. Using rate equation modeling, we show that, at the lowest energies, strongly nonequilibrium spin distributions are present and we estimate their spin relaxation rate.

Ferromagnetic modification of GaN film by Cu+ ions implantation

The structural and magnetic properties of Cu+ ions-implanted GaN films have been reported. Eighty kilo-electron-volt Cu+ ions were implanted into n-type GaN film at room temperature with fluences ranging from 1 x 10(16) to 8 x 10(16) cm(-2) and subsequently annealed at 800 degrees C for 1 h in N-2 ambient. PIXE was employed to determine the Cu-implanted content. The magnetic property was measured by the Quantum Design MPMS SQUID magnetometer. No secondary phases or clusters were detected within the sensitivity of XRD. Raman spectrum measurement showed that the Cu ions incorporated into the crystal lattice positions of GaN through substitution of Ga atoms. Apparent ferromagnetic hysteresis loops measured at 10 K were presented. The experimental result showed that the ferromagnetic signal strongly increased with Cu-implanted fluence from 1 x 10(16) to 8 x 10(16) cm(-2).