Determining the location for a mobile device by utilization of local resources of the environment

The subject being analyzed of this Master’s Thesis is a development of a service that is used to define a current location of a mobile device. The service utilized data that is obtained from own GPS receiver in some possible cases and as well data from mobile devices which can be afforded for the current environment for acquisition of more precise position of the device. The computation environment is based on context of a mobile device. The service is implemented as an application for communicator series Nokia N8XX. The Master’s Thesis presents theoretical concept of the method and its practical implementation, architecture of the application, requirements and describes a process of its functionality. Also users’ work with application is presented and recommendations for possible future improvements are made.

Influence of Institutional Environment on Companies’ Innovation Activity

At the time of moving towards knowledge-based economy, countries pay much attention to innovations by making them a central issue in countries’ innovation policy development. Innovations are influenced much by the institutional environment, in which they are created. That is why exploration of National Innovation Systems, as an important part of such an environment, became central in works of different researchers all over the world.

Modeling and developing a customer-oriented configuration process in a mass customization environment

In this thesis the main objective is to examine and model configuration system and related processes. When and where configuration information is created in product development process and how it is utilized in order-delivery process? These two processes are the essential part of the whole configuration system from the information point of view. Empirical part of the work was done as a constructive research inside a company that follows a mass customization approach. Data models and documentation are created for different development stages of the configuration system. A base data model already existed for new structures and relations between these structures. This model was used as the basis for the later data modeling work. Data models include different data structures, their key objects and attributes, and relations between. Representation of configuration rules for the to-be configuration system was defined as one of the key focus point. Further, it is examined how the customer needs and requirements information can be integrated into the product development process. Requirements hierarchy and classification system is presented. It is shown how individual requirement specifications can be connected for physical design structure via features by developing the existing base data model further.

Spatial and Spectral Separability of Grasslands in the inner Turku Archipelago using Landsat Thematic Mapper Satellite Imagery

The present study investigates the spatial and spectral discrimination potential for grassland patches in the inner Turku Archipelago using Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The spatial discrimination potential was computed through overlay analysis using official grassland parcel data and a hypothetical 30 m resolution satellite image capturing the site. It found that Landsat TM imagery’s ability to retrieve pure or near-pure pixels (90% purity or more) from grassland patches smaller than 1 hectare was limited to 13% success, compared to 52% success when upscaling the resolution to 10 x 10 m pixel size. Additionally, the perimeter/area patch metric is proposed as a predictor for the suitability of the spatial resolution of input imagery. Regression analysis showed that there is a strong negative correlation between a patch’s perimeter/area ratio and its pure pixel potential. The study goes on to characterise the spectral response and discrimination potential for the five main grassland types occurring in the study area: recreational grassland, traditional pasture, modern pasture, fodder production grassland and overgrown grassland. This was done through the construction of spectral response curves, a coincident spectral plot and a contingency matrix as well as by calculating the transformed divergence for the spectral signatures, all based on training samples from the TM imagery. Substantial differences in spectral discrimination potential between imagery from the beginning of the growing season and the middle of summer were found. This is because the spectral responses for these five grassland types converge as the peak of the growing season draws nearer. Recreational grassland shows a consistent discrimination advantage over other grassland types, whereas modern pasture is most easily confused. Traditional pasture land, perhaps the most biologically valuable grassland type, can be spectrally discriminated from other grassland types with satisfactory success rates provided early growing season imagery is used.

Distribution development in global business environment

The purpose of this master’s thesis was to analyze a case company’s distribution and its elements. With different distribution structure options a customer can be served with different ways. However, cost elements and service elements create different trade-offs. In this work the case company’s distribution’s present state was analyzed and conclusions were made. Based on these conclusions different alternatives for distribution were created. These different alternatives were analyzed through simulations and with more traditional calculations to compose the total operative costs of each alternative. Also other aspects were considered, such as required organizational changes and the possible better customer service. With the suggested 3-stock distribution structure shorter delivery times and possibly more punctual deliveries for products kept in stock could be achieved with the same operative costs as in current direct delivery model. Also, similar benefits could be achieved with other products with the 3-stock model.

Assessment of endocrine disrupting activities in the aquatic environment

Hormonstörande ämnen är syntetiska eller naturliga ämnen som stör organismers hormonsystem och bidrar till könsförvirring och sterilitet. Sådana ämnen kommer i ökande takt ut i vattenmiljön genom rester av läkemedel, bekämpningsmedel och industriprodukter. Eftersom det finns många likheter mellan hormonsystemen hos människan och övriga ryggradsdjur kan till exempel fiskar användas som modellsystem för att underöka detta problem. I tidigare undersökningar har man funnit hormonella störningar, bl.a. feminisering och maskulinisering hos fiskar som utsatts för avfallsvatten från kommunala reningsverk eller avfallsvatten från pappersindustrin. Målet med denna avhandling var att undersöka om renat avfallsvatten från kommunala reningsverk längs Finlands kust innehåller hormonstörande ämnen i sådana mängder att de kan försorsaka hormonstörande effekter på fisk. Målet i denna avhandling var också att utveckla cellulära testsystem baserade på fiskceller, eftersom behovet av tillförlitliga och kostnadseffektiva cellbaserade tester för att underlätta riskbedömningen av hormonstörande ämnen är mycket stort för tillfället. Som testsystem har storspiggen använts, som besitter flera användbara biomarkörer för att mäta hormonstörande ämnens påverkan. Resultaten tyder på att problemen med hormonstörande påverkan på fisk inte är lika utbredda i Finland som i många andra europeiska länder. Detta beror troligtvis på att finska reningsverk har effektiva reningstekniker som reducerar mängden hormonstörande ämnen, eller på att utspädningen av avloppen i recipienterna är större än i många andra länder. Dock kan problemen inte helt uteslutas eftersom vissa feminiserande (estrogena) effekter kunde observeras hos fisken i de undersökta recipienterna utanför kommunala reningsverk. I kontrollerade laboratorieförsök där storpsiggar exponerades för kommunalt avloppsvatten uppmättes även här effekter som tyder på förekomst av estrogener i avloppsvattnet. De cell-baserade testsystemen klarade av att förutspå hormonella effekter hos hel fisk och kan därför vara mycket användbara i fortsatta studier av hormonstörande ämnens verkningsmekanismer i preliminära toxicitetsbedömningar.

Development of research networks : the case of social capital

The aim of this study is to explore how a new concept appears inscientific discussion and research, how it diffuses to other fields and out of the scientific communities, and how the networks are formed around the concept. Text and terminology take the interest of a reader in the digital environment. Texts create networks where the terminology used is dependent on the ideas, viewsand paradigms of the field. This study is based mainly on bibliographic data. Materials for bibliometric studies have been collected from different databases. The databases are also evaluated and their quality and coverage are discussed. The thesauri of those databases that have been selected for a more in depth study have also been evaluated. The material selected has been used to study how long and in which ways an innovative publication, which can be seen as a milestone in a specific field, influences the research. The concept that has been chosen as a topic for this research is Social Capital, because it has been a popular concept in different scientific fields as well as in everyday speech and the media. It seemed to be a `fashion concept´ that appeared in different situations at the Millennium. The growth and diffusion of social capital publications has been studied. The terms connected with social capital in different fields and different stages of the development have also been analyzed. The methods that have been used in this study are growth and diffusion analysis, content analysis, citation analysis, coword analysis and cocitation analysis. One method that can be used tounderstand and to interpret results of these bibliometric studies is to interview some key persons, who are known to have a gatekeeper position in the diffusion of the concept. Thematic interviews with some Finnish researchers and specialists that have influenced the diffusion of social capital into Finnish scientificand social discussions provide background information. iv The Milestone Publications on social capital have been chosen and studied. They give answers to the question "What is Social Capital?" By comparing citations to Milestone Publications with the growth of all social capital publications in a database, we can drawconclusions about the point at which social capital became generally approved `tacit knowledge´. The contribution of the present study lies foremost in understanding the development of network structures around a new concept that has diffused in scientific communities and also outside them. The network means both networks of researchers, networks of publications and networks of concepts that describe the research field. The emphasis has been on the digital environment and onthe socalled information society that we are now living in, but in this transitional stage, the printed publications are still important and widely used in social sciences and humanities. The network formation is affected by social relations and informal contacts that push new ideas. This study also gives new information about using different research methods, like bibliometric methods supported by interviews and content analyses. It is evident that interpretation of bibliometric maps presupposes qualitative information and understanding of the phenomena under study.

Accessing Research Results in the Open Information Environment

Presentation at the "Tutkimus vapaaksi verkkoon!" seminar in Helsinki, January 25, 2011

Information literacy as a social phenomenon in the nursing environment

Abstrakti

Learning Robot Environment through Simulation

Traditionally simulators have been used extensively in robotics to develop robotic systems without the need to build expensive hardware. However, simulators can be also be used as a “memory”for a robot. This allows the robot to try out actions in simulation before executing them for real. The key obstacle to this approach is an uncertainty of knowledge about the environment. The goal of the Master’s Thesis work was to develop a method, which allows updating the simulation model based on actual measurements to achieve a success of the planned task. OpenRAVE was chosen as an experimental simulation environment on planning,trial and update stages. Steepest Descent algorithm in conjunction with Golden Section search procedure form the principle part of optimization process. During experiments, the properties of the proposed method, such as sensitivity to different parameters, including gradient and error function, were examined. The limitations of the approach were established, based on analyzing the regions of convergence.

Modelling of combustion and sorbent reactions in three-dimensional flow environment of a circulating fluidized bed furnace

This thesis presents a three-dimensional, semi-empirical, steady state model for simulating the combustion, gasification, and formation of emissions in circulating fluidized bed (CFB) processes. In a large-scale CFB furnace, the local feeding of fuel, air, and other input materials, as well as the limited mixing rate of different reactants produce inhomogeneous process conditions. To simulate the real conditions, the furnace should be modelled three-dimensionally or the three-dimensional effects should be taken into account. The only available methods for simulating the large CFB furnaces three-dimensionally are semi-empirical models, which apply a relatively coarse calculation mesh and a combination of fundamental conservation equations, theoretical models and empirical correlations. The number of such models is extremely small. The main objective of this work was to achieve a model which can be applied to calculating industrial scale CFB boilers and which can simulate all the essential sub-phenomena: fluid dynamics, reactions, the attrition of particles, and heat transfer. The core of the work was to develop the model frame and the required sub-models for determining the combustion and sorbent reactions. The objective was reached, and the developed model was successfully used for studying various industrial scale CFB boilers combusting different types of fuel. The model for sorbent reactions, which includes the main reactions for calcitic limestones, was applied for studying the new possible phenomena occurring in the oxygen-fired combustion. The presented combustion and sorbent models and principles can be utilized in other model approaches as well, including other empirical and semi-empirical model approaches, and CFD based simulations. The main achievement is the overall model frame which can be utilized for the further development and testing of new sub-models and theories, and for concentrating the knowledge gathered from the experimental work carried out at bench scale, pilot scale and industrial scale apparatus, and from the computational work performed by other modelling methods.

Lapsen sosiaalisen kompetenssin tukeminen – vanhempien epäsuorat ja suorat vaikutustavat

Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan vanhempien havaintoja ja käsityksiä lapsen sosiaalisesta kompetenssista. Lapsen sosiaalisesta kompetenssista tarkastelun kohteena ovat erityisesti vertaissuhteet, sosiaaliset taidot ja sosiaalinen käyttäytyminen. Tarkoituksena on selvittää vanhempien näkemyksiä lapsen sosiaalisesta verkostosta ja lapsesta sosiaalisena toimijana. Kiinnostuksen kohteena on myös, miten vanhemmat vaikuttamaan lapsen sosiaaliseen kompetenssiin. Vanhempien vaikutuksessa voidaan erottaa epäsuora ja suora vaikutus. Vanhempien epäsuoraan vaikutukseen kuuluvat perheen sosioekonomiset tekijät, vanhemmuuteen ja lastenkasvatukseen liittyvät käytännöt sekä lapsen ja vanhemman välinen vuorovaikutus. Suora vaikutus sisältää vanhempien eri roolit ja tehtävät sosiaalisen kompetenssin edistämiseksi. Vanhempien epäsuorilla ja suorilla vaikutustavoilla on havaittu olevan merkittävää vaikutusta lapsen sosiaalisen kompetenssiin muotoutumiseen ja sen laatuun. Tutkimuksessa selvitetään vertaissuhdeongelmaisten ja ei-ongelmaisten lasten vanhempien välisiä eroja näissä vaikutustavoissa. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään kyselylomake- ja haastatteluaineistoja. Kyselylomakeaineisto (N=156) kerättiin ”Origins of Exclusion in Early Childhood”-tutkimusprojektissa, jossa tutkittiin lasten vertaissuhteita, sosiaalisia taitoja sekä sosiaalista käyttäytymistä kolmen vuoden seurantatutkimuksena päiväkodista kouluun. Perhekysely toteutettiin lasten ollessa kuusivuotiaita. Vanhempien haastatteluaineisto (N=55) koostuu projektissa mukana olleiden lasten vanhempien teemahaastatteluista. Perhekyselyä analysoidaan tilastollisin analyysimenetelmin. Laadullisen aineiston analyysimenetelmänä käytetään sisällönanalyysia. Vanhempien käsityksissä lasten sosiaalinen verkosto rakentui kotiympäristössä, koulussa, päiväkodissa sekä suvun ja harrastusten parissa muodostuneista suhteista. Tutkimustulosten perusteella on havaittavissa, että vertaissuhdeongelmaisten ja ei-ongelmaisten lasten sosiaaliset verkostot ovat osin erilaiset. Vanhempien arviointien mukaan myös lasten sosiaalisissa taidoissa, käyttäytymisessä, asennoitumisessa sosiaaliseen kanssakäymiseen sekä ryhmään ja leikkeihin liittyvissä strategioissa on eroavaisuuksia. Tutkimuksen pohjalta voidaan todeta, että vanhemmat pystyvät arvioimaan hyvin yksityiskohtaisesti lapsensa sosiaalisia taitoja ja käyttäytymistä. Kaikilla vanhemmilla ei kuitenkaan ollut riittävästi tietoa lasten kaveripiiristä tai sen laadusta eikä lasten sosiaalisesta orientaatiosta. Vanhempien epäsuorissa vaikutustavoissa oli eroja, mutta myös yhtäläisyyksiä. Sosioekonomisia tekijöitä koskevan tarkastelun perusteella vertaissuhdeongelmaisten lasten perheiden taloudelliset ongelmat, isien työttömyys ja lapsen erityisen tuen tarve olivat yhteydessä lapsen sosiaalisten suhteiden ongelmiin. Lähes kaikki tutkimukseen osallistuneet vanhemmat kokivat vanhemmuuden ja kasvatustehtävän kuitenkin hyvin myönteisenä ja tyytyväisyyttä tuottavana asiana elämässä. Valtaosa vanhemmista piti lapsen ja aikuisen välistä vuorovaikutusta positiivisena, vaikka lapsen kanssa ei aina ollutkaan helppoa tulla toimeen. Tyytyväisyydestä huolimatta äidit näkivät itsessään enemmän kehittymisen tarpeita vanhempana kuin isät. Vanhemmuudessa korostuivat ohjaaminen ja kontrolli, mutta myös hoiva, lämpö ja vastavuoroisuus. Hoiva ja lämpö sekä rajojen asettaminen askarruttivat vanhempia suuresti. Vertaissuhdeongelmaisten lasten vanhemmat tarvitsisivat opastusta ohjaavan vanhemmuuden löytämiseksi. Vertaissuhdeongelmaisten lasten vanhemmat kuvasivat kasvatuksen kuormittavuutta, ajan puutetta sekä muuntuvaa isyyttä ja äitiyttä ei-ongelmaisten lasten vanhempia enemmän. Työn ja perheen yhteensovittamisen vaikeus tuli myös esille vanhempien kuvauksissa. Kyvykkään vanhemmuuden kannalta epävirallinen läheisistä muodostunut tukiverkosto on tärkeä vanhemman apu ja kasvatuksen turva. Ensisijaisena tukitahona on epävirallinen verkosto, joka koostuu ystävistä, tuttavista, työtovereista, puolisosta ja omista vanhemmista. Vertaissuhdeongelmaisten lasten vanhempien mukaan arjen tukea ei kuitenkaan ole aina saatavilla, eikä tukiverkosto tyydyttänyt vanhempia. Vanhempien käsityksissä perheen vuorovaikutus sujui hyvin ja vastuu kodista ja kasvatustehtävästä oli molemmilla vanhemmilla tasavertaisesti. Käytännön vastuu kasvatuksesta sekä erilaisten taitojen opettamisesta lapsille kuului äitien tehtäviin. Vanhempien näkemyksissä lapsen sosiaalinen maailma rakentui lähiympäristön tarjoamista mahdollisuuksista. Vanhempien suoriin vaikutustapoihin liittyvien tulosten mukaan vanhemmat pitävät harrastuksia merkittävänä sosiaalista kompetenssia edistävänä tekijänä. Ei-ongelmaisilla lapsilla oli enemmän ja monipuolisempia harrastuksia kuin ongelmaisilla lapsilla. Vaikka vanhemmat eivät mieltäneetkään omaa toimintaansa kaveripiiriin ohjaamiseksi, heillä useinkin oli runsaasti erilaisia rooleja ja tehtäviä sosiaalisten suhteiden ja sosiaalisten taitojen opettamisessa. Lapsen sosiaalisten suhteiden organisoinnissa, ohjaamisessa, valvonnassa ja neuvonnassa oli vanhempiryhmien välillä eroja. Vertaissuhdeongelmaisten lasten vanhemmat eivät olleet riittävän hyvin perillä lapsen taidoista ja kyvykkyydestä tuottaakseen oikea-aikaista ohjausta ja tukeakseen lasta riittävästi sopivilla tavoilla. Vanhempien toimintaa näyttää ohjaavan vakaasti se uskomus, että lapsen kaverisuhteet ovat pelkästään hänen oma asiansa. Vanhemmat arvostivat paljon sosiaalisia taitoja ja pyrkivät opettamaan niitä lapsilleen systemaattisesti. Ohjaamisen tavoissa vanhemmat poikkesivat toisistaan. Tutkimus antaa viitteitä, että eiongelmaisten lasten vanhemmat ovat sensitiivisempiä, vastavuoroisempia ja lapsen näkökulmaa ja tarpeita lähtökohtanaan pitäviä sekä tunnetaitoihin ja tunnetilan käsittelyyn keskittyvämpiä kuin ongelmaisten lasten vanhemmat. Vanhempien ja lasten vuorovaikutuksen vaikeudet, ylimalkainen ja epäjohdonmukainen sosiaalisten taitojen, käyttäytymisen sekä suhteiden ohjaus sekä monet perheen voimavarojen puutteet voivat haitata vakavasti lapsen sosiaalisen kompetenssin kehittymistä. Vanhemmilla on kuitenkin taitoa arvioida lapsensa sosiaalista kyvykkyyttä ja halua toimia hyvin kasvatustehtävässään. Vanhemmuuden tukemisessa olisivatkin tärkeitä epävirallisen tukiverkoston lisäksi lähiympäristön perheille ja lapsille suunnatut palvelut, monitahoinen yhteistyö perheiden, lasten ja heidän kanssaan työskentelevien ammattilaisten kesken sekä yhteiskunnan perheitä koskevat säädökset ja tukitoimet.

Rural Food System Change in Tanzania during the Post-Ujamaa Era. A Case Study from Western Bagamoyo District

Food systems in Sub-Saharan Africa have been rapidly transforming during the recent decades with diverse outcomes on human development and environment. This study explores the food system change in rural villages in eastern Tanzania where subsistence agriculture has traditionally been the main source of livelihood. The focus is on the salient changes in the spatial dimensions and structural composition of the food system in the context of economic liberalization that has taken place after the end of the socialist ujamaa era in the mid-1980s. In addition, the linkages of the changes are examined in relation to food security, socio-economic situation, livelihoods, and local environment. The approach of the study is geographical, but also involves various multi-disciplinary elements, particularly from development studies. The research methods included thematic and questionnaire interviews, participatory tools, and the analysis of land use/ cover data and official documents. Several earlier studies that were made in the area during the late 1970s and 1980s provided an important reference base. The study shows that subsistence farming has lost its dominant role in food provisioning due to the declining productivity of land, livestock losses, and the increasing shift of labour to non-farm sectors. Also rapid population growth has added to the pressure on land and other natural resources. Despite the increasing need for money for buying marketed foods and other necessities, the nutritional situation shows improvement and severe malnutrition has diminished. However, the long-term sustainability of this transformation raises concerns. Firstly, the food security situation continues to be fragile and prone to shocks such as adverse climatic conditions, crop failures and price hikes. Secondly, the commodification of the food system and livelihoods in general is linked to rapid environmental degradation in the area, particularly the loss of soil fertility and deforestation. The situation calls for efforts that take more determined and holistic approaches towards sustainable development of the rural food system with particular focus on the role and viability of small-scale farming.

NATURAL DURABILITY OF Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden, Eucalyptus robusta Sm., Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. AND Hovenia dulcis Thunb. WOOD IN FIELD AND FOREST ENVIRONMENT

AB STRACT This study aimed at evaluating the natural durability of Eucalyptus dunnii, Eucalyptus robusta, Eucalyptus tereticornis and Hovenia dulcis woods submitted to a deterioration test in two environments, field and forest. The test samples were buried until half of their length (150 mm). Evaluations were carried out each 45 days, totalizing a 405-day period, with three-repetition withdrawal of each species for environment, totalizing nine samples from each environment, making up 24 test samples for evaluation. After percentage calculations of mass loss and resistance degree classification, the deterioration index was adopted for decomposition evaluation and fungal decay potential determination of test samples. The study has been carried out in completely randomized design (CRD), evaluated through analysis of variance (ANOVA) with subsequent comparison of means by Turkey' s test, in a 5%-level of probability of error, along with regression analysis. Eucalyptus tereticornis wood presented lesser mass loss in both environments. Hovenia dulcis presented lesser deterioration probability in both environments. Forest environment test samples presented greater mass loss percentages and lesser deterioration index.