Interpretare per la televisione italiana: Il caso del secondo dibattito presidenziale statunitense del 2012

L’interpretazione televisiva desta particolare interesse nella ricerca sull’interpretazione, perché questo contesto lavorativo dà una grande visibilità alla professione dell’interprete. Dato il considerevole aumento dell’importanza dei mezzi di comunicazione di massa e la loro capillarità, si impone una forma di trasferimento linguistico che renda fruibili al più vasto pubblico gli eventi trasmessi. Lo scopo di questo studio è presentare l’interpretazione televisiva nelle sue varie forme, soffermandosi poi sull’interpretazione simultanea e in particolare sull’analisi di due interpretazioni di uno stesso evento mediatico: il secondo dibattito televisivo del 2012 tra i due candidati alla presidenza degli Stati Uniti d’America: l’ex governatore del Massachusetts Mitt Romney e il presidente uscente Barack Obama. Il primo capitolo si basa sui dibattiti presidenziali statunitensi e illustra la storia dei dibattiti televisivi statunitensi, oltre al contesto e al discorso politico americano. Nel secondo capitolo viene analizzata l’interpretazione per la televisione. Dopo alcuni cenni storici, si passano in rassegna le diverse modalità di conversione linguistica utilizzate nel contesto televisivo. Il terzo capitolo verte sulla presentazione dei dati raccolti, la selezione e la trascrizione degli stessi. Il quarto capitolo contiene la vera e propria analisi delle rese interpretative in italiano dei dibattiti presidenziali americani scelti. Vengono prese in esame e confrontate le interpretazioni in italiano dello stesso dibattito trasmesse da due diversi canali: Rai News e Sky TG24. Il quinto capitolo contiene alcune considerazioni conclusive che si basano sul risultato dell’analisi dei dati. Nell’appendice viene invece presentata una parte del materiale analizzato, ovvero le trascrizioni segmentate e allineate del dibattito in originale e delle due interpretazioni.

Riparazione del trave di coda di un Cessna Super Skymaster 337A danneggiato

Il presente elaborato ha lo scopo di descrivere le fasi di riparazione del trave di coda di un Cessna Super Skymaster 337A danneggiatosi durante le fasi di rimessaggio in hangar. Per prima cosa andremo ad analizzare le normative in materia di manutenzione degli aeromobili, in particolare la circolare 13 del RAI (Metodi accettabili per la manutenzione degli aeromobili) e la circolare 43.13-1A delle FAA (Acceptable methods, techniques, and practices-Aircraft ispection and repair). Verificheremo poi la tipologia del danno subito dal velivolo e, rifacendoci anche al Service Manual del costruttore, andremo a progettare la riparazione. Riparazioni estese a rivestimenti resistenti su strutture a guscio, infatti, devono preferibilmente essere fatte seguendo le specifiche raccomandazioni del costruttore dell’aeromobile. In molti casi, soprattutto se il danno non è esteso, le parti della riparazione possono essere progettate, e ne può essere dimostrata l’adeguata resistenza, senza calcolare i carichi e le sollecitazioni di progetto, considerando nel modo dovuto il materiale e le dimensioni delle parti originali e dei giunti chiodati. La cosa importante è che la parte riparata dovrà risultare pari all’originale per quanto riguarda la robustezza in relazione a tutti i tipi di carichi e alla rigidezza generale. Nel nostro caso andremo comunque a effettuare un’analisi strutturale per verificare l’effettiva correttezza dei principi contenuti nel manuale di manutenzione. Una volta verificato questo, procederemo con la realizzazione della riparazione soffermandoci sulle caratteristiche dei materiali utilizzati e sulle metodologie utilizzate durante la lavorazione. A lavoro ultimato trarremo poi le dovute conclusioni.

Delirium upon admission to Swiss nursing homes

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: We wished to investigate the prevalence of delirium in patients upon admission to nursing homes and whether or not the previous place of residence predicts delirium. METHODS: The Resident Assessment Instrument Minimum Data Set (RAI-MDS) and the Nursing Home Confusion Assessment Method (NHCAM) were used to determine whether the previous place of residence (community, nursing home, acute care, psychiatric, rehabilitation hospital) predicted the prevalence of sub-syndromal or full delirium in nursing home residents in three Swiss cantons (n = 11745). RESULTS: 39.7% had sub-syndromal and 6.5% had full delirium. Lower cognitive performance and increased depressive symptoms were significant predictors of higher NHCAM values independent of previous residence. Age, civil status, continence, newly introduced drugs, and basic activities of daily living were predictors in some resident groups. The variance of NHCAM scores explained varied between 25.1% and 32.3% depending on previous residence. CONCLUSIONS: Sub-syndromal and full delirium are common upon nursing home admission. Increased dependence and depression are consistently associated with higher NHCAM scores. Patients from psychiatric settings have an increased risk of delirium. Although factors associated with delirium depend on a patient's previous residence, all patients must be carefully screened for sub-syndromal and full delirium.

Distinct reactivities of interleukin-4-specific antibodies with recombinant and native canine interleukin-4 in various assays

Interleukin 4 (IL-4) plays a central role in immune responses to parasites and allergens. IL-4 drives the differentiation of naive T cells into Th2 cells and regulates immunoglobulin class switching to IgE.Little is known about the role of IL-4 in canine allergies and parasite infections. Most of the information derives from measurement of IL-4 mRNA expression in dog tissues, but detection of IL-4 protein has been difficult so far, probably due to low sensitivity of available methods. Antibodies (Ab) specific for canine IL-4 are available from various sources, but these Ab have been produced against recombinant Escherichia coli-expressed canine IL-4 and there is only limited information on their reactivities with native canine IL-4. Therefore, in the present study, we tested six available canine IL-4-specific Ab for their reactivities with recombinant canine IL-4 expressed in E. coli (rec.IL-4) or in mammalian cells (mam.IL-4), and with supernatants from stimulated canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using several detection methods, including Western blotting, ELISA, cytokine bead assay, and intracellular IL-4 staining. Additionally, we tested a bovine IL-4-specific antibody that has been previously shown to cross-react with canine IL-4. All tested Ab except anti-bovine IL-4 reacted with rec.IL-4, and most of them reacted with mam.IL-4. However, only the cytokine bead assay was sensitive enough to allow the detection of IL-4 in supernatants of canine PBMCs.

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction

Rheumatic diseases in women of childbearing years may necessitate drug treatment during a pregnancy, to control maternal disease activity and to ensure a successful pregnancy outcome. This survey is based on a consensus workshop of international experts discussing effects of anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and biological drugs during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, effects of these drugs on male and female fertility and possible long-term effects on infants exposed to drugs antenatally are discussed where data were available. Recommendations for drug treatment during pregnancy and lactation are given.

Unravelling the distinct strains of Tharu ancestry

The northern region of the Indian subcontinent is a vast landscape interlaced by diverse ecologies, e.g. the Gangetic plain and the Himalayas. A great number of ethnic groups are found there, displayed as a multitude of languages and cultures. The Tharu represent one of the largest and linguistically most diversified such groups, scattered across the Tarai region of Nepal and bordering Indian states. Their origins are uncertain. Hypotheses have been advanced about an Austroasiatic affinity, Tibeto-Burman origins, as well as aboriginal roots in the Tarai. Several Tharu groups speak a variety of Indo-Aryan languages, but have traditionally been described by ethnographers as representing an East Asian phenotype. Their ancestry and intra-population diversity had previously been tested only for haploid (mtDNA and Y-chromosome) markers in a small portion of the population. This study presents the first systematic genetic survey of the Tharu from both Nepal and the Indian states of Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, using genome-wide SNPs and haploid (mtDNA and Y-chromosome) markers. The results suggest that the 'ethnic' construct of Tharu is likely to have lain in the Tarai region, with a reconstructible radiation to Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh. Despite extensive admixture with other local communities, Tharu sub-populations preserve strong genetic signatures that indicate a common ancestry.

Mechanisms of apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable disease characterized by the accumulation of terminally differentiated, mature B cells that do not progress beyond the G1 stage of cell cycle, suggesting that these cells possess intrinsic defects in apoptosis. Treatment relies heavily on chemotherapy (primarily nucleoside analogs and glucocorticoids) that may initially be effective in patients, but ultimately give rise to refractory, untreatable disease. The purpose of this study was to determine whether key components of the apoptotic machinery were intact in CLL lymphocytes, especially in patients refractory to therapy. ^ Activation of proteases has been shown to be at the core of the apoptotic pathway and this work demonstrates that protease activation is required for glucocorticoid and nucleoside analog-induced apoptosis in CLL cells. Inhibitors of serine proteases as well as caspase inhibitors blocked induced DNA fragmentation, and a peptide inhibitor of the nuclear scaffold (NS) protease completely suppressed both induced and spontaneous apoptosis. However, the NS protease inhibitor actually promoted several pro-apoptotic events, such as caspase activation, exposure of surface phosphatidylserine, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. These results suggested that the NS protease may interact with the apoptotic program in CLL cells at two separate points. ^ In order to further investigate the role of the NS protease in CLL, patient isolates were treated with proteasome inhibitors because of previous results suggesting that the ISIS protease might be a β subunit of the proteasome. Proteasome inhibitors induced massive DNA fragmentation in every patient tested, even in those resistant to the effects of glucocorticoid and nucleoside analogs in vitro. Several other features of apoptosis were also promoted by the proteasome inhibitor, including mitochondrial alterations such as release of cytochrome c and drops in mitochondrial membrane potential. Proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis was associated with inhibition of NFκB, a proteasome-regulated transcription factor that has been implicated in the suppression of apoptosis in a number of systems. The NS protease inhibitor also caused a decrease in active NFκB, suggesting that the proapoptotic effects of this agent might be due to depletion of NFκB. ^ Given these findings, the role of NFκB, in conferring survival in CLL was investigated. Glucocorticoid hormone treatment was shown to cause decreases in the activity of the transcription factor, while phorbol dibutyrate, which blocks glucocorticoid-induced DNA fragmentation, was capable of upregulating NFκB. Compellingly, introduction of an undegradable form of the constitutive NFκB inhibitor, IκB, caused DNA fragmentation in several patient isolates, some of which were resistant to glucocorticoid in vitro. Transcription of anti-apoptotic proteins by NFκB was postulated to be responsible for its effects on survival, but Bcl-2 levels did not fluctuate with glucocorticoid or proteasome inhibitor treatment. ^ The in vitro values generated from these studies were organized into a database containing numbers for over 250 patients. Correlation of relevant clinical parameters revealed that levels of spontaneous apoptosis in vitro differ significantly between Rai stages. Importantly, in vitro resistance to nucleoside analogs or glucocorticoids predicted resistance to chemotherapy in vivo, and inability to achieve remission. ^

Molecular Consequences of the SERPINH1/HSP47 Mutation in the Dachshund Natural Model of Osteogenesis Imperfecta.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heritable connective tissue disease characterized by bone fragility and increased risk of fractures. Up to now, mutations in at least 18 genes have been associated with dominant and recessive forms of OI that affect the production or post-translational processing of procollagen or alter bone homeostasis. Among those, SERPINH1 encoding heat shock protein 47 (HSP47), a chaperone exclusive for collagen folding in the ER, was identified to cause a severe form of OI in dachshunds (L326P) as well as in humans (one single case with a L78P mutation). To elucidate the disease mechanism underlying OI in the dog model, we applied a range of biochemical assays to mutant and control skin fibroblasts as well as on bone samples. These experiments revealed that type I collagen synthesized by mutant cells had decreased electrophoretic mobility. Procollagen was retained intracellularly with concomitant dilation of ER cisternae and activation of the ER stress response markers GRP78 and phospho-eIF2α, thus suggesting a defect in procollagen processing. In line with the migration shift detected on SDS-PAGE of cell culture collagen, extracts of bone collagen from the OI dog showed a similar mobility shift, and on tandem mass spectrometry, the chains were post-translationally overmodified. The bone collagen had a higher content of pyridinoline than control dog bone. We conclude that the SERPINH1 mutation in this naturally occurring model of OI impairs how HSP47 acts as a chaperone in the ER. This results in abnormal post-translational modification and cross-linking of the bone collagen.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A study of the changing patterns of the natural history, clinical factors associated with prognosis, and risk of second cancers

A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 1542 patients diagnosed with CLL between 1970 and 2001 at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). Changes in clinical characteristics and the impact of CLL on life expectancy were assessed across three decades (1970–2001) and the role of clinical factors on prognosis of CLL were evaluated among patients diagnosed between 1985 and 2001 using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards method. Among 1485 CLL patients diagnosed from 1970 to 2001, patients in the recent cohort (1985–2001) were diagnosed at a younger age and an earlier stage compared to the earliest cohort (1970–1984). There was a 44% reduction in mortality among patients diagnosed in 1985–1995 compared to those diagnosed in 1970–1984 after adjusting for age, sex and Rai stage among patients who ever received treatment. There was an overall 11 years (5 years for stage 0) loss of life expectancy among 1485 patients compared with the expected life expectancy based on the age-, sex- and race-matched US general population, with a 43% decrease in the 10-year survival rate. Abnormal cytogenetics was associated with shorter progression-free (PF) survival after adjusting for age, sex, Rai stage and beta-2 microglobulin (beta-2M); whereas, older age, abnormal cytogenetics and a higher beta-2M level were adverse predictors for overall survival. No increased risk of second cancer overall was observed, however, patients who received treatment for CLL had an elevated risk of developing AML and HD. Two out of three patients who developed AML were treated with alkylating agents. In conclusion, CLL patients had improved survival over time. The identification of clinical predictors of PF/overall survival has important clinical significance. Close surveillance of the development of second cancer is critical to improve the quality of life of long-term survivors. ^

The assumptions and effects of conservative procedures in low -dose risk assessment for setting safety standards

Conservative procedures in low-dose risk assessment are used to set safety standards for known or suspected carcinogens. However, the assumptions upon which the methods are based and the effects of these methods are not well understood.^ To minimize the number of false-negatives and to reduce the cost of bioassays, animals are given very high doses of potential carcinogens. Results must then be extrapolated to much smaller doses to set safety standards for risks such as one per million. There are a number of competing methods that add a conservative safety factor into these calculations.^ A method of quantifying the conservatism of these methods was described and tested on eight procedures used in setting low-dose safety standards. The results using these procedures were compared by computer simulation and by the use of data from a large scale animal study.^ The method consisted of determining a "true safe dose" (tsd) according to an assumed underlying model. If one assumed that Y = the probability of cancer = P(d), a known mathematical function of the dose, then by setting Y to some predetermined acceptable risk, one can solve for d, the model's "true safe dose".^ Simulations were generated, assuming a binomial distribution, for an artificial bioassay. The eight procedures were then used to determine a "virtual safe dose" (vsd) that estimates the tsd, assuming a risk of one per million. A ratio R = ((tsd-vsd)/vsd) was calculated for each "experiment" (simulation). The mean R of 500 simulations and the probability R $<$ 0 was used to measure the over and under conservatism of each procedure.^ The eight procedures included Weil's method, Hoel's method, the Mantel-Byran method, the improved Mantel-Byran, Gross's method, fitting a one-hit model, Crump's procedure, and applying Rai and Van Ryzin's method to a Weibull model.^ None of the procedures performed uniformly well for all types of dose-response curves. When the data were linear, the one-hit model, Hoel's method, or the Gross-Mantel method worked reasonably well. However, when the data were non-linear, these same methods were overly conservative. Crump's procedure and the Weibull model performed better in these situations. ^

La Innovación Abierta Como Elemento De Análisis En Las Pequeñas Y Medianas Industrias. Caso Sector Metalmecánico

La innovación abierta parte de la idea de que las empresas ya no son capaces de abordar todo el proceso de esta por sus propios medios y es un paradigma que asume que las organizaciones pueden y deben usar ideas externas, así como las ideas internas. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar las prácticas de gestión en el proceso de innovación abierta en las pequeñas y medianas industrias (PYMIs) en economías emergentes. La metodología se basó en una investigación de campo y la técnica de recolección de datos utilizada fue la entrevista, apoyada en un cuestionario (centrado en las Normas Españolas UNE 166002), cuyas categorías fueron: compromiso de la dirección, enfoque a las partes interesadas, recursos humanos y actividades de investigación, desarrollo e innovación. Participaron 30 industrias, resultando como elemento fundamental para la incorporación de la innovación abierta el compromiso a nivel gerencial de este sector industrial, además de mejorar los canales de comunicación con el entorno, consolidar la cultura de la innovación potenciando el trabajo en equipo, la motivación y la capacitación de recursos humanos y considerando las fuentes tanto internas como externas.

Presentación del editor [del libro "Homenaje a Agustín de Betancourt y Molina"]

Se presenta el segundo tomo de la serie Homenajes dedicado a Agustín de Betancourt y Molina. En primer lugar se llevó a cabo un Acto Público de Homenaje en el Ayuntamiento del Puerto de la Cruz; posteriormente, en Santa Cruz, le fue entregada a su Presidente, Excmo. Sr. D. Adán Martín, la medalla de la RAI , en un acto previo y se llevaron a cabo a continuación las sesiones de contenido académico. Éstas se iniciaron con una primera intervención para centrar al personaje en su contexto histórico, exponiendo los sucesivos ponentes la situación en los últimos años de las técnicas que trató Betancourt. Para ello, se celebraron dos mesas redondas en las que participaron Académicos Numerarios de la RAI que presentaron el desarrollo de las diferentes ramas de la ingeniería en que actuó Betancourt desde los tiempos de este genial canario. Es decir, que el homenaje no consistió en un tratamiento hagiográfico del personaje, sino que fue una ocasión para meditar sobre la situación actual, aunque, lógicamente, los ponentes arrancaron de una reflexión inicial sobre los trabajos y méritos del homenajeado.

El Lexicón de la Real Academia de Ingeniería

La Academia de Ingeniería fue fundada como Corporación de Derecho Público por Real Decreto de S. M. Juan Carlos I el 29 de abril de 1994 y recibió el título de «real» el 14 de julio de 2003. Según indican sus estatutos, se trataba de crear una entidad activa y cualificada en la prospección y análisis crítico de la evolución científica y técnica con capacidad de aconsejar tanto a organismos del Estado como a la sociedad en general. La promoción de la calidad y la competencia de la ingeniería es el objetivo permanente de la RAI. Se intenta cumplir con él actuando en varios frentes. En primer lugar reconociendo el mérito: el de las personas mediante su elección como miembros de la Academia, el de las empresas mediante el Premio Academiae Dilecta, y el de los estudiosos mediante el Premio a los Investigadores Jóvenes. Se han creado foros de discusión, siguiendo diferentes formatos, para tratar sobre grandes temas de actualidad, tales como la aventura aeroespacial, la biotecnología, la seguridad frente a incendios en los túneles, la energía, el impacto medioambiental de las obras de ingeniería y el futuro de las grandes infraestructuras. También es una labor de estímulo de la calidad y competencia la edición de las Comunicaciones a la Academia, donde se remarca la importancia de la innovación invitando a equipos jóvenes a que presenten logros de la ingeniería española que hayan dado lugar a algún resultado tangible y no meramente especulativo. Satélites, nanotecnología, bioingeniería, comunicaciones, etc., son algunos de los temas de las comunicaciones publicadas hasta ahora. Otro delos fines de la Academia, según el artículo 3 de sus estatutos fundacionales es "elaborar y mantener actualizado un lexicón en lengua castellana de términos relativos a la ingeniería", y sobre ello trata este capítulo.