ANTI-TRYPANOSOMAL ACTIVITY OF 1,2,3,4,6-PENTA-O-GALLOYL-beta-D-GLUCOSE ISOLATED FROM Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae)

MeOH extract from the leaves of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae), showed in vitro anti-trypanosomal activity. The bioassay-guided fractionation resulted in the isolation of a gallic acid derivative, identified as 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG), after thorough NMR and MS spectral analysis. Finally, this compound was tested against trypomastigote forms of T. cruzi and displayed an EC50 value of 67 mu M, at least 6.6-fold more effective than the standard drug benznidazole. This is the first occurrence of PGG in the Plectranthus genus and the first anti-parasitic activity described for PGG in the literature.

Practical synthesis of a functionalized 1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid

The synthesis of a functionalized 1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid has been performed in 10 steps from the readily available dimedone. Only three purifications by flash chromatography are required through the whole sequence. The key step is the reaction between a dimedone derivative and a chlorotetrolic ester, that gives a tetrasubstituted benzene ring (through a Diels-Alder/retro- Diels-Alder process) bearing the substituents in the suitable positions for further functionalization. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Facile, Versatile, and Mild Morita-Baylis-Hillman-Type Reaction for the Modular One-Pot Synthesis of Highly Functionalized MBH Adducts

MoritaBaylisHillman derivatives have been extensively investigated as intermediates in the preparation of important classes of compounds. However, there are intrinsic limitations regarding the structure of the Michael electrophile acceptors, the aldehydes, and the catalysts. Therefore, this transformation has several drawbacks, including, for example, its long reaction times. Herein we present a simple, general, fast, and high-yielding protocol for the one-pot synthesis of MoritaBaylisHillman derivatives. Our approach is driven by a lithium selenolate Michael/aldol operation with concomitant O-functionalization/selenoxide elimination cascade sequences.

Digital magnetic heterostructures based on GaN using GGA-1/2 approach

We present ab-initio calculations of seven digital magnetic heterostructures, GaN delta-doped with V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, forming two-dimensional systems. Only GaN delta-doped with V or Cr present a ferromagnetic ground state with high Curie temperatures. For both, to better describe the electronic properties, we used the GGA-1/2 approach. The ground state of GaN/Cr resulted in a two dimensional half-metal, with 100% spin polarization. For GaN/V, we obtained an insulating state: integer magnetic moment of 2.0 mu(B), a minority spin gap of 3.0 eV close to the gap of GaN, but a majority spin gap of 0.34 eV. (C) 2012 American Institute of Physics. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4751285]

HTLV-1/2 seroprevalence and coinfection rate in Brazilian first-time blood donors: an 11-year follow-up

The seroprevalence and geographic distribution of HTLV-1/2 among blood donors are extremely important to transfusion services. We evaluated the seroprevalence of HTLV-1/2 infection among first-time blood donor candidates in Ribeirão Preto city and region. From January 2000 to December 2010, 1,038,489 blood donations were obtained and 301,470 were first-time blood donations. All samples were screened with serological tests for HTLV-1/2 using enzyme immunoassay (EIA). In addition, the frequency of coinfection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Chagas disease (CD) and syphilis was also determined. In-house PCR was used as confirmatory test for HTLV-1/2. A total of 296 (0.1%) first-time donors were serologically reactive for HTLV-1/2. Confirmatory PCR of 63 samples showed that 28 were HTLV-1 positive, 13 HTLV-2 positive, 19 negative and three indeterminate. Regarding HTLV coinfection rates, the most prevalent was with HBV (51.3%) and HCV (35.9%), but coinfection with HIV, CD and syphilis was also detected. The real number of HTLV-infected individual and coinfection rate in the population is underestimated and epidemiological studies like ours are very informative.

Electron collisions with the HCOOH...(H2O)n (n=1, 2 and 3) complexes in liquid phase: the influence on the π* shape resonance of formic acid

In this conference we report cross sections for elastic collisions of low-energy electrons with the HCOOH…(H2O)n complexes, with n = 1, 2 and 3. The scattering cross sections were computed with the Schwinger multichannel method [K. Takatsuka and V. McKoy, Phys. Rev. A 24 , 2473 (1981); Phys. Rev. A 30 , 1734 (1984)] with pseudopotentials [M. H. F. Bettega, L. G. Ferreira, and M. A. P. Lima, Phys. Rev. A 47, 1111 (1993)] in the static-exchange and static-exchange plus polarization approximations, for energies from 0.5 eV to 6 eV. We considered some diÆerent hydrogen-bonded structures for the complexes that were generated with classical Monte Carlo simulations [K. Coutinho and S. Canuto, J. Chem. Phys. 113, 9132, (2000)]. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the surrounding water molecules on the π* shape resonance of the solute. Previous theoretical and experimental studies carried out in the gas phase reported a π* state for HCOOH at around 1.9 eV. For the n = 1 case and for all complexes, the stabilization of the resonance was observed (it appears at lower energy compared to the value obtained in the gas phase), as reported previously for the CH2O…H2O complexes [T. C. Freitas, M. A. P. Lima, S. Canuto, and M. H. F. Bettega, Phys. Rev. A 80, 062710 (2009)]. This result indicates that the presence of the solvent may affect the processes related to the π* state, such as the molecular dissociation by electron impact. For the n = 2 case we have observed both stabilization and destabilization of the π* resonance, that is associated with the hydrogen bond donor or acceptor role of the water molecules in the complexes. For the n = 3 case, preliminary static-exchange results show the stabilization of the π* state. We propose an explanation of the stabilization/destabilization of the π* state in terms of the polarization of the solute due to the surrounding water molecules and the net charge in the solute.

Determination of degree of ionization of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy‑4 hydroxyphenylazo)benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] (PAZO) in layer-by-layer films using vacuum photoabsorption spectroscopy

Electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions govern most of the properties of supramolecular systems, which is the reason determining the degree of ionization of macromolecules has become crucial for many applications. In this paper, we show that highresolution ultraviolet spectroscopy (VUV) can be used to determine the degree of ionization and its effect on the electronic excitation energies of layer-by-layer (LbL) films of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly[1-[4-(3-carboxy-4 hydroxyphenylazo)- benzene sulfonamido]-1,2-ethanediyl, sodium salt] (PAZO). A full assignment of the VUV peaks of these polyelectrolytes in solution and in cast or LbL films could be made, with their pH dependence allowing us to determine the p'K IND. a' using the Henderson-Hasselbach equation. The p'K IND. a' for PAZO increased from ca. 6 in solution to ca. 7.3 in LbL films owing to the charge transfer from PAH. Significantly, even using solutions at a fixed pH for PAH, the amount adsorbed on the LbL films still varied with the pH of the PAZO solutions due to these molecular-level interactions. Therefore, the procedure based on a comparison of VUV spectra from solutions and films obtained under distinct conditions is useful to determine the degree of dissociation of macromolecules, in addition to permitting interrogation of interface effects in multilayer films.

Studio di un nuovo processo per la sintesi di acido adipico.

Obiettivo del mio lavoro di tesi è stato quello di verificare la fattibilità di un nuovo processo per la produzione di acido adipico da cicloesene con due stadi di reazione. Il primo stadio di reazione prevede l’ossidazione del cicloesene con soluzione acquosa di acqua ossigenata a formare l’epossido, che idrata a 1,2-cicloesandiolo, mentre nel secondo stadio il glicole viene ossidato con ossigeno ad acido adipico. Il lavoro è stato focalizzato sullo studio del meccanismo di reazione per l’ossidazione del 1,2-cicloesandiolo ad acido adipico, utilizzando catalizzatori a base di Ru(OH)3/Al2O3, Ru(OH)3-Bi(OH)3/Al2O3, Cu/C e Cu/TiO2. Le prove condotte hanno dimostrato che i catalizzatori usati sono attivi nell’ossidazione di 1,2-cicloesandiolo, ma sono caratterizzati da scarsa selettività ad acido adipico. Dall’analisi dei risultati ottenuti si desume che la reazione richiede condizioni fortemente basiche per potere avvenire. In queste condizioni però si vengono a formare degli intermedi che reagiscono rapidamente con l’acqua e con l’ossigeno, dando luogo alla formazione di una serie di prodotti primari e secondari.

Sintesi di 4-bromo-pirazoli quali precursori di sistemi eterociclici condensati. Sintesi della 3a,4,5,6,7,7a-esaidro-N-metil-1H-1,4,6-(epietano-1,1,2-triil)indeno-4,8-dicarbossimmide e di composti relazionati tramite reazione Diels-Alder intramolecolare.

Il progetto di tesi specialistica svolto durante questo anno accademico si è suddiviso in due parti: un primo periodo, da settembre 2010 a gennaio 2011, presso il dipartimento di Chimica Organica “A. Mangini” della Facoltà di Chimica Industriale dell’Università di Bologna e un secondo periodo in Spagna, da marzo ad agosto 2011, presso la Unitat de Química Farmacèutica de la Facultat de Farmàcia de la Universitat de Barcelona. Nel primo periodo a Bologna mi sono occupato della sintesi di 4-bromo-pirazoli da utilizzare come precursori di composti eterociclici condensati. Inizialmente è stato sintetizzato un pirazolo 1,3,5-trisostituito tramite cicloaddizione 1,3-dipolare tra un acetilene e una nitril immina generata in situ da un idrazonoil cloruro. Il pirazolo è stato poi bromurato facendo uno screening di diversi agenti bromuranti e condizioni di reazione per ottenere la migliore resa e chemoselettività. Infine è stata studiata la ciclizzazione intramolecolare del prodotto bromurato tramite reazione di cross-coupling catalizzata da metalli di transizione. Nel secondo periodo a Barcellona mi sono occupato della sintesi di dicarbossimmidi tricicliche con struttura a gabbia con il fine di creare alcheni altamente piramidalizzati e di studiarne la dimerizzazione ad un derivato del dodecaedrano. La strategia sintetica è stata impostata utilizzando come reagente di partenza una semplice succinimmide per giungere, dopo numerosi passaggi, al precursore del prodotto triciclico, del quale è stata studiata la ciclizzazione tramite reazione Diels-Alder intramolecolare.

Informationsgehalt von ERS-1/-2 SAR-Daten zur Erfassung der Arteninventare und des Zustandes landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden und Vegetation

Auf einer drei Anbauperioden umfassenden Ground Truth Datenbasis wird der Informationsgehalt multitemporaler ERS-1/-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Daten zur Erfassung der Arteninventare und des Zustandes landwirtschaftlich genutzter Böden und Vegetation in Agrarregionen Bayerns evaluiert.Dazu wird ein für Radardaten angepaßtes, multitemporales, auf landwirtschaftlichen Schlägen beruhendes Klassifizierungsverfahren ausgearbeitet, das auf bildstatistischen Parametern der ERS-Zeitreihen beruht. Als überwachte Klassifizierungsverfahren wird vergleichend der Maximum-Likelihood-Klassifikator und ein Neuronales-Backpropagation-Netz eingesetzt. Die auf Radarbildkanälen beruhenden Gesamtgenauigkeiten variieren zwischen 75 und 85%. Darüber hinaus wird gezeigt, daß die interferometrische Kohärenz und die Kombination mit Bildkanälen optischer Sensoren (Landsat-TM, SPOT-PAN und IRS-1C-PAN) zur Verbesserung der Klassifizierung beitragen. Gleichermaßen können die Klassifizierungsergebnisse durch eine vorgeschaltete Grobsegmentierung des Untersuchungsgebietes in naturräumlich homogene Raumeinheiten verbessert werden. Über die Landnutzungsklassifizierung hinaus, werden weitere bio- und bodenphysikalische Parameter aus den SAR-Daten anhand von Regressionsmodellen abgeleitet. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Paramter oberflächennahen Bodenfeuchte vegetationsfreier/-armer Flächen sowie die Biomasse landwirtschaftlicher Kulturen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß mit ERS-1/-2 SAR-Daten eine Messung der Bodenfeuchte möglich ist, wenn Informationen zur Bodenrauhigkeit vorliegen. Hinsichtlich der biophysikalischen Parameter sind signifikante Zusammenhänge zwischen der Frisch- bzw. Trockenmasse des Vegetationsbestandes verschiedener Getreide und dem Radarsignal nachweisbar. Die Biomasse-Informationen können zur Korrektur von Wachstumsmodellen genutzt werden und dazu beitragen, die Genauigkeit von Ertragsschätzungen zu steigern.

Synthese, n.c.a. 18F-Markierung und Evaluierung von Antagonisten der Strychnin-unempfindlichen-Glycinbindungsstelle auf Basis der 4-Amino-5,7-Dichlor-1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-Chinolin-2-Carbonsäure

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDer glutamaterge N-Methyl-D-aspartat-Rezeptor (NMDA) ist ein wichtiger ionotroper Rezeptor, der die exzitatorische synaptische Transmission im zentralen Nervensystem von Säugetieren vermittelt. Der NMDA-Rezeptor nimmt unter den Glutamatrezeptoren dabei eine Sonderstellung ein, da er mit einer Reihe von neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen wie dem Morbus Parkinson, dem Morbus Huntington, dem Morbus Alzheimer, der Schizophrenie und der Epilepsie in Zusammenhang gebracht wird. Daher besteht ein großes Interesse an der Entwicklung geeigneter 18F-markierter NMDA-Rezeptorliganden zur nicht-invasiven Visualisierung des NMDA-Rezeptorkomplexes mittels der Positronenemissionstomographie.Die 19F-Analoga ADTC1, tADTC1 und tADTC3 - 5 und das nicht-fluorierte 12C-Analogon tADTC2 wurden synthetisiert und ihre in-vitro Affinität und Lipophilie bestimmt. Mit Ausnahme von ADTC1 und tADTC5 die mikromolare Affinitäten besitzen, haben die Liganden in [H-3]MDL-105,519 Rezeptorbindungsassays niedrige nanomolare Affinitäten für die Glycinbindungsstelle. Die Lipophilie der Verbindungen wurde mit drei verschiedenen Verfahren untersucht und ergab logD7,4-Werte von ungefähr 1 für cADTC1 und tADTC1 – 4, während tADTC5 mit einem logD7,4 von –1,15 eine sehr niedrige Lipophilie aufwies. Die Radiosynthesen der 18F-Liganden wurden hinsichtlich der Umsetzung der Markierungsvorläufer mit 2-[F-18]Fluorethyltosylat oder [F-18]Fluorid untersucht und optimiert. Die höchsten radiochemischen Ausbeuten von ungefähr 90% wurden, unter Verwendung von NaOH als Hilfsbase, bei der 18F-Fluorethylierung von t[F-18]ADTC4 und t[F-18]ADTC5 mit 2-[F-18]Fluorethyltosylat erzielt.

1-, 2- and 3-dimensional phenylene-based materials for optoelectronic applications

A series of oligo-phenylene dendronised conjugated polymers was prepared. The divergent synthetic approach adopted allowed for the facile synthesis of a range of dendronised monomers from a common intermediate, e.g. first and second generation fluorene. Only the polymerisation of the first generation and alkylarylamine substituted dendronised fluorene monomers yielded high molecular weight materials, attributed to the low solubility of the remaining dendronised monomers. The alkylarylamine substituted dendronised poly(fluorene) was incorporated into an organic light emitting diode (OLED) and exhibited an increased colour stability in air compared to other poly(fluorenes). The concept of dendronisation was extended to poly(fluorenone), a previously insoluble material. The synthesis of the first soluble poly(fluorenone) was achieved by the incorporation of oligo-phenylene dendrons at the 4-position of fluorenone. The dendronisation of fluorenone allowed for a polymer with an Mn of 4.1 x 104 gmol-1 to be prepared. Cyclic voltammetry of the dendronised poly(fluorenone) showed that the electron affinity of the polymer was high and that the polymer is a promising n-type material. A dimer and trimer of indenofluorene (IF) were prepared from the monobromo IF. These oligomers were investigated by 2-dimensional wide angle x-ray spectroscopy (2D-WAXS), polarised optical microscopy (POM) and dielectric spectroscopy, and found to form highly ordered smetic phases. By attaching perylene dye as the end-capper on the IF oligomers, molecules that exhibited efficient Förster energy transfer were obtained. Indenofluorene monoketone, a potential defect structure for IF based OLED’s, was synthesised. The synthesis of this model defect structure allowed for the long wavelength emission in OLED’s to be identified as ketone defects. The long wavelength emission from the indenofluorene monoketone was found to be concentration dependent, and suggests that aggregate formation is occurring. An IF linked hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene (HBC) dimer was synthesised. The 2D-WAXS images of this HBC dimer demonstrate that the molecule exhibits intercolumnar organisation perpendicular to the extrusion direction. POM images of mixtures of the HBC dimer mixed with an HBC with a low isotropic temperature demonstrated that the HBC dimer is mixing with the isotropic HBC.