La exigibilidad del control de convencionalidad de las sentencias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: el principio de subsidiariedad en el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano

92 p.

Abundância das formas imaturas de Psaroniocompsa incrustata ( Lutz, 1910) (Diptera: Simuliidae) em um criadouro natural no rio Pium/RN, e sua fauna associada

The species psaroniocompsa incrustata (Lutz, 1910) was studied in relation to its abundance in different and seasonal periods, the physico-chemical of the breending ground and the fauna predation added to the immature of the species. The study was developed during eight months, from April to July, 2005 (rainy season) and from October, 2005 to January, 2006 (drought season), in one natural breending ground situated in the Pium river, that is part of the hydrographical basin of the Pirangi river in Rio Grande do Norte. The immature of Simuliidae were collected manually in vegetal substrate. At the same place, it was made one sampling of the associated fauna using Suber collectors and the measurement of the environment variants. It was also made one analysis of the stomach content of possible enemies of the simulídeos, to observe the predation of the associated fauna. It was collected 7.713 samples, all from de species P. Incrustata, it was observed a bigger abundance in the drought season, and the entomologic fauna associated totalizing 20.1314 species, distributed in the kinds: Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Trichoptera, e Hemiptera, with a bigger representativity of Dipteros. The analysis of the stomach content of the species from the families Libellulidae and Hydropsychidae showed the presence of the simulídeos in only 4% of the material analysed, therefore it was not confirmed the presence of one efficient biological control of the simulídeos in this breending ground

The study of agricultural non-point source pollution control policy system

As the agricultural non-point source pollution(ANPSP) has become the most significant threat for water environmental deterioration and lake eutrophication in China, more and more scientists and technologists are focusing on the control countermeasure and pollution mechanism of agricultural non-point source pollution. The unreasonable rural production structure and limited scientific management measures are the main reasons for acute ANSPS problems in China. At present, the problem for pollution control is a lack of specific regulations, which affects the government's management efficiency. According to these characteristics and problems, this paper puts forward some corresponding policies. The status of the agricultural non-point source pollution of China is analyzed, and ANSPS prevention and control model is provided based on governance policy, environmental legislation, technical system and subsidy policy. At last, the case analysis of Qiandao Lake is given, and an economic policy is adopted based on its situation.

Distribution of Light in the Human Retina under Natural Viewing Conditions

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness inAmerica. The fact that AMD wreaks most of the damage in the center of the retina raises the question of whether light, integrated over long periods, is more concentrated in the macula. A method, based on eye-tracking, was developed to measure the distribution of light in the retina under natural viewing conditions. The hypothesis was that integrated over time, retinal illumination peaked in the macula. Additionally a possible relationship between age and retinal illumination was investigated. The eye tracker superimposed the subject’s gaze position on a video recorded by a scene camera. Five informed subjects were employed in feasibility tests, and 58 naïve subjects participated in 5 phases. In phase 1 the subjects viewed a gray-scale image. In phase 2, they observed a sequence of photographic images. In phase 3 they viewed a video. In phase 4, they worked on a computer; in phase 5, the subjects walked around freely. The informed subjects were instructed to gaze at bright objects in the field of view and then at dark objects. Naïve subjects were allowed to gaze freely for all phases. Using the subject’s gaze coordinates, and the video provided by the scene camera, the cumulative light distribution on the retina was calculated for ~15° around the fovea. As expected for control subjects, cumulative retinal light distributions peaked and dipped in the fovea when they gazed at bright or dark objects respectively. The light distribution maps obtained from the naïve subjects presented a tendency to peak in the macula for phases 1, 2, and 3, a consistent tendency in phase 4 and a variable tendency in phase 5. The feasibility of using an eye-tracker system to measure the distribution of light in the retina was demonstrated, thus helping to understand the role played by light exposure in the etiology of AMD. Results showed that a tendency for light to peak in the macula is a characteristic of some individuals and of certain tasks. In these situations, risk of AMD could be increased. No significant difference was observed based on age.

Factors driving the abundance of ixodes ricinus ticks and the prevalence of zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in natural foci

Environmental factors may drive tick ecology and therefore tick-borne pathogen (TBP) epidemiology, which determines the risk to animals and humans of becoming infected by TBPs. For this reason, the aim of this study was to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the abundance of immature-stage Ixodes ricinus ticks and on the prevalence of two zoonotic I. ricinus-borne pathogens in natural foci of endemicity. I. ricinus abundance was measured at nine sites in the northern Iberian Peninsula by dragging the vegetation with a cotton flannelette, and ungulate abundance was measured by means of dung counts. In addition to ungulate abundance, data on variables related to spatial location, climate, and soil were gathered from the study sites. I. ricinus adults, nymphs, and larvae were collected from the vegetation, and a representative subsample of I. ricinus nymphs from each study site was analyzed by PCR for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA. Mean prevalences of these pathogens were 4.0% ± 1.8% and 20.5% ± 3.7%, respectively. Statistical analyses confirmed the influence of spatial factors, climate, and ungulate abundance on I. ricinus larva abundance, while nymph abundance was related only to climate. Interestingly, cattle abundance rather than deer abundance was the main driver of B. burgdorferi sensu lato and A. phagocytophilum prevalence in I. ricinus nymphs in the study sites, where both domestic and wild ungulates coexist. The increasing abundance of cattle seems to increase the risk of other hosts becoming infected by A. phagocytophilum, while reducing the risk of being infected by B. burgdorferi sensu lato. Controlling ticks in cattle in areas where they coexist with wild ungulates would be more effective for TBP control than reducing ungulate abundance.

Evidence of Leishmania infantum infection in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in a natural area in Madrid, Spain

Leishmaniasis is one of most important neglected zoonosis and remains endemic in at least 88 developing countries in the world. In addition, anthropogenic environmental changes in urban areas are leading to its emergency world-wide. Zoonotic leishmaniasis control might only be achieved by an integrated approach targeting both the human host and the animal reservoirs, which in certain sylvatic cycles are yet to be identified. Recently, hares have been pointed out as competent reservoirs of Leishmania infantum in Spain, but the role of other lagomorphs has not been clarified. Here, 69 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) from a natural area in Madrid in which a high density was present were analyzed using indirect (immunofluorescence antibody test, IFAT) and direct (PCR, culture) techniques. Fifty-seven (82.6%) of the animals were positive to at least one technique, with IFAT yielding the highest proportion of positive samples. L. infantum was isolated in 13% animals demonstrating the occurrence of infection in this setting. Our results suggest that rabbits could play a role of competent reservoir of L. infantum and demonstrate that the prevalence of infection is high in the analyzed area.

La peste porcina africana en el este de Europa: evolución de los aislados circulantes y evaluación de las herramientas diagnósticas para su control

La Peste Porcina Africana (PPA) es una enfermedad porcina de etiología vírica muy compleja, de carácter infecto-contagioso, para la que actualmente no existe vacuna. Por su gran importancia económica y sanitaria aparece incluida dentro del grupo de enfermedades de declaración obligatoria de la lista de la OIE y de la Unión Europea y su presencia conduce a restricciones inmediatas sobre el comercio de cerdo y productos derivados. Está causada por el virus de la Peste porcina africana (vPPA), un virus ADN de gran tamaño y estructura compleja, que presenta una envuelta lipoprotéica y una elevada variabilidad genética y antigénica, con 22 genotipos diferentes descritos hasta la fecha. Pertenece a la familia Asfarviridae, genero Asfivirus, de la que es el único integrante. Actualmente está presente en 22 países del África subsahariana, en la isla de Cerdeña, Italia, y desde su introducción en Georgia en 2007, tanto en la región transcaucásica como en el centro y sur de la zona occidental de la Federación Rusa (FR). La compleja situación epidemiológica de la PPA en el este de Europa, con focos continuados en la FR y afectando también a otros países vecinos de la UE como Bielorrusia y Ucrania, originó finalmente la entrada de la enfermedad en varios países de la UE en 2014, Lituania, Polonia, Letonia y Estonia en los que, hasta agosto de 2015, se realizaron más de 1000 notificaciones principalmente en jabalí, y en mucha menor medida en cerdo doméstico. Únicamente las especies de la familia Suidae y a las garrapatas blandas del género Ornithodoros son infectadas de forma natural por el vPPA. En cerdos domésticos y jabalíes europeos las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad son variables. Por el contrario, los suidos silvestres africanos son resistentes a la infección, habitualmente con cursos clínicos de tipo inaparente...

Strategic Diplomacies: Indigenous Governance, International Politics, and Natural Resources in Canada

International Relations theory would predict that central governments, with their considerable material resources, would be unlikely to face a challenge from a substate government. However, substate governments, and particularly Indigenous governments, are pushing back against central government control in both domestic and international spheres. Indigenous governments are leveraging their local mining sectors to realize their interests and express local identities—interests and identities that may not be congruent with those of the central government. Applying the case study of the resource extraction sector in Canada, this thesis asks: under what conditions are substate governments able to challenge the authority of central governments in the international arena? Canada’s reliance on the global extractive resource sector is a major driver of its international policy preferences, but the increased engagement of Indigenous governments in the sector challenges the control of the federal government. Focusing on the resource extraction sectors in British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Ontario, this thesis argues that there is a mutually reinforcing relationship between Indigenous governments’ international engagement and their domestic autonomy; both challenge the parameters of state authority. Both force the state to respond to claims of control from multiple sites and to clarify convoluted policy environments. A confluence of factors—including increased Indigenous connections to the globalized economy, new Canadian regulatory frameworks, and recent Supreme Court of Canada cases regarding Indigenous lands—have all altered the space in which Indigenous governments in Canada participate in the resource extraction sector and produce overlapping or multilevel governance structures. This thesis demonstrates that Indigenous international engagement entrenches the authority and political legitimacy manifest in Indigenous governments’ insistence on equitable and horizontal negotiations in Canada’s lucrative resource extraction sector. A cumulative process occurs in which domestic and international expressions of political autonomy reinforce each other, produce further opportunities to express authority in both environments, and trouble the state’s capacity to fully realize its international policy preferences.

Resolución 07 del 24 de enero de 2007: ¿Cuáles son los lineamientos que tiene en cuenta la cámara de comercio para el control de homonimia?¿Que diferencias hay entre el nombre comercial y nombre social y cual de estos es sujeto de control por las Cámaras de comercio?

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Approaches to Aquatic Invasive Species Integrated Pest Management Control and Common ID

This PowerPoint presentation goes over the ways in which aquatics pest and weeds can be controlled.

Beaver management and control in South Carolina

This publication gives the history of the beaver in South Carolina, its description, biology, impact, control and depredation permits. Also listed are addresses and telephone numbers for wildlife management field offices.

The impact and control of malignant catarrhal fever in Tanzania

Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF), an often-lethal infectious disease, presents as a variable complex of lesions in susceptible ungulate species. The disease is caused by a -herpesvirus following transmission from an inapparent carrier host. Two major epidemiological forms exist: wildebeest-associated MCF (WA-MCF), in which the virus is transmitted to susceptible species by wildebeest calves less than approximately four months of age, and sheepassociated MCF (SA-MCF) in which the virus is spread by sheep (primarily adolescents). Due to the lack of an in-vitro propagation system for the causative agent of the more economically significant SA-MCF, and with the expectation that cross-protective immunity may be provided, vaccine development has focused on the more easily propagated alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) that causes WA-MCF. In 2008 a direct viral challenge trial showed that a novel vaccine, employing an attenuated AlHV-1 (atAlHV-1) `C5000 virus strain, protected British Friesian-Holstein (FH) cattle against an intranasal challenge with virulent AlHV-1 `C5000 virus. For cattle keeping people living near wildebeest calving areas in sub-Saharan Africa an effective vaccine would have value as it would release them from the costly annual disease avoidance strategy of having to move their herds away from the oncoming wildebeest. On the other hand, an effective vaccine will release herd owners from the need to avoid MCF, allowing them to graze their cattle alongside wildebeest on the highly nutritious pastures of the calving areas. As such conservationists have raised concerns that the development of a vaccine might lead to detrimental grazing competition. The principle objective of this study was to test the novel vaccine on Tanzanian shorthorn zebu cross cattle (SZC).We did this firstly using a natural challenge field trial (Chapter Two) which demonstrated that immunisation with the atAlHV-1 vaccine was well tolerated and induced an oro-nasopharyngeal AlHV-1-specific and -neutralising antibody response. This resulted in an immunity in SZC cattle that was partially protective and reduced naturally transmitted infection by 56%. We also demonstrated that non-fatal infections occurred with a much higher frequency than previously thought. Because the calculated efficacy of the vaccine was less than that seen in British FH cattle we wanted to determine whether host factors, particular to SZC cattle, had impacted the outcomes of the field trial. To do this we repeated the 2008 direct viral challenge trial using SZC cattle (Chapter Four). During this trial we also investigated whether the recombinant bacterial flagellin monomer (FliC), when used as an adjuvant, might improve the vaccine’s efficacy. The findings from this trial indicated that direct challenge with pathogenic AlHV-1 is effective at inducing MCF in SZC cattle and that FliC is not an appropriate adjuvant for this vaccine. Furthermore, with less control group cattle dying of MCF than expected we speculate that SZC cattle may have a degree of resistance to MCF that affords them protection from infection and developing fatal disease. In Chapter Three we investigated aspects of the epidemiology of MCF, specifically whether wildebeest placenta, long implicated by Maasai cattle owners as a source of MCF, might play a role in viral transmission. Additionally, through comparative sequence analysis, at two specific genes (A9.5 and ORF50) of wild-type and atAlHV-1, we investigated whether the `C5000 strain, the source of which was taken from Africa more than 40 years ago, was appropriate for vaccine development. The detection of AlHV-1 virus in approximately 50% of placentae indicated that infection can occur in-utero and that this tissue might play a role in disease transmission. And, despite describing three new alleles of the A9.5 gene (supporting previous evidence that this gene is polymorphic and encodes a secretory protein with interleukin-4 as the major homologue), the observation that the most frequently detected haplotypes, in both wild-type and attenuated AlHV-1, were identical suggests that AlHV-1 has a slow molecular clock and that the attenuated strain was appropriate for vaccine development. In Chapter Five we present the first quantitative assessment of the annual MCF avoidance costs that Maasai pastoralists incur. In particular we estimated that as a result of MCF avoidance 64% of the total daily milk yield during the MCF season was not available to be used by the 81% of the family unit remaining at the permanent boma. This represents an upper-bound loss of approximately 8% of a household0s annual income. Despite these considerable losses we concluded that, given an incidence of fatal MCF in cattle living in wildebeest calving areas of 5% to 10%, if herd owners were to stop trying to avoid MCF by allowing their cattle to graze alongside wildebeest, any gains made through increased availability of milk, improved body condition and reduced energy demands would be offset by an increase in MCF-incidence. With the development of an effective vaccine, however, this alternative strategy might become optimal. The overall conclusion we draw therefore is that, despite the substantial costs incurred each year avoiding MCF, the partial protection afforded by the novel vaccine strategy is not sufficient to warrant a wholesale change in disease avoidance strategy. Nonetheless, even the partial protection provided by this vaccine could be of value to protect animals that cannot be moved, for example where some of the herd remain at the boma to provide milk or where land-use changes make traditional disease avoidance difficult. Furthermore, the vaccine may offer a feasible solution to some of the current land-use challenges and conflicts, providing a degree of protection to valuable livestock where avoidance strategies are not possible, but with less risk of precipitating the potentially damaging environmental consequences, such as overgrazing of highly nutritious seasonal pastures, that might result if herd owners decide they no longer need to avoid wildebeest.

Impacto de la biología en los modelos de gestión y control organizacional

Desde el inicio de las organizaciones han existido modelos de control rígidos como los sistemas mecanicistas y formales en donde la perspectiva racional sobresale y no se tienen en cuenta los aspectos humanos en el diseño de los sistemas. Estos modelos de control rígidos, estandarizados y centralizados suponen un problema para el adecuado desarrollo estratégico y operativo de las organizaciones. Sin embargo, desde los sistemas biológicos se pueden observar aportes de autores que destacan la ausencia de control y su consecuente funcionamiento armónico a través de propiedades como la auto-organización y la emergencia. De esta forma, este artículo de revisión tiene como objetivo identificar las aproximaciones teóricas que se han realizado en torno a los principales aportes que los modelos biológicos han hecho a la gestión administrativa y específicamente al control organizacional mediante el análisis de la producción bibliográfica realizada en los últimos 10 años.

EL AMBIENTE NATURAL Y LA INCIDENCIA DE LA LEPTOSPIROSIS EN HUMANOS: CUBA Y COSTA RICA, RESULTADO DE DOS ESTUDIOS ECOLOGICOS

La importancia del ambiente natural en la incidencia de la leptospirosis ha sido mencionada en la literatura científica, sin embargo, no abundan las investigaciones que intenten medir su efecto. Este trabajo tiene el objetivo fundamental de mostrar la asociación entre el paisaje natural, síntesis de un conjunto de variables relacionadas con la ecología de las leptospiras, y la incidencia de esta entidad en humanos. Los resultados que se muestran corresponden a conclusiones posteriores sobre dos estudios epidemiológicos nacionales realizados por un colectivo de autores en Cuba, en correspondencia con la solicitud del Programa de Control de Zoonosis (1), y en Costa Rica por interés de la Dirección Nacional de Epidemiología (2). En ambos casos se seleccionó un diseño ecológico con fundamento en unidades espaciales, de acuerdo con el nivel de conocimientos sobre las variables tratadas, las características de estas, los recursos disponibles, y la premura que se exigía para su conclusión. La información analizada, sobre casos notificados, fue ofrecida por las respectivas autoridades de salud de salud de ambos países. Se realizó la zonificación epidemiológica del paisaje natural y se calculó la frecuencia de la entidad por zonas naturales. Se tomó en cuenta el posible efecto confusor de otras variables socioeconómicas relacionadas con el paisaje natural y reconocidas como riesgosas. Se muestra la tendencia al aumento de la incidencia de leptospirosis a medida que comienzan a predominar las llanuras acumulativas, paisaje considerado como el de mayor favorabilidad para la vida del agente etiológico. Se recomienda verificar los resultados obtenidos en estudios analíticos de mayor detalle y tomarlos en cuenta en la planificación de programas de promoción y preventivos de la leptospirosis.

Selection of Trichogramma pretiosum lineages for control of Grapholita molesta in peach.

Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) é uma das principais pragas do pessegueiro no Brasil, causando perdas de 3-5% da produção. Dentre os agentes de controle biológico Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) tem sido encontrado nos pomares de pessegueiros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a criação de T. pretiosum em ovos de G. molesta e Anagasta kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e selecionar as linhagens de T. pretiosum com potencial de controle de G. molesta. A seleção de linhagens foi realizada com cinco populações de T. pretiosum coletadas em pomares de pessegueiro cultivados sob o sistema orgânico de produção. O estudo foi realizado em condições controladas de temperatura (25 ± 2°C), umidade relativa (70 ± 10%) e fotofase (14h). Ovos de G. molesta são hospedeiros adequados ao desenvolvimento de T. pretiosum uma vez que, nas variáveis estudadas número de ovos parasitados, porcentagem de parasitismo e razão sexual, os valores foram equivalentes aos criados em ovos de A. kuehniella . O maior parasitismo de ovos de G. molesta ocorreu com posturas de até 48h de desenvolvimento embrionário. Das linhagens de T. pretiosum coletadas, H08, PO8, PEL e L3M apresentaram melhor desempenho biológico, sendo, portanto, indicadas para estudos de semi-campo e campo para o controle biológico da mariposa-oriental.