Consumer’s purchase intention of ethical fashion. Examining beliefs about fashion industry and attitudes towards ethical fashion

Globalization and the developments of supply chain have made inexpensive labor and the low production costs of developing countries available to businesses worldwide. Unfortunately, these developments have also led to the exploitation of human and natural resources. The increasing supply of cheap and fashionable clothing has created a contradiction between consumers’ concerns for sustainability and their purchase behavior in the fashion industry. Since the uncovering of several sweatshop scandals in the 1980’s and 1990’s ethical fashion brands have started to emerge. Ethical fashion has sparked the interest of consumers and studies have shown promising positive attitudes towards it. However, these attitudes have failed to translate into action and purchase behavior of ethical fashion has not reached the expectations. In order to translate the positive attitudes into buying companies must understand consumer’s motivations and reasons behind the purchase decision. The objective of this study is to understand the antecedents behind young consumer’s purchase intention of ethical fashion. The study is based on the theory of planned behavior which has been widely used to study consumer behavior and purchase decisions. The theory has also been used in ethical decision-making and fashion context before. According to the theory, in order to understand purchase intentions consumer’s attitudes toward buying ethical fashion were studied. The theory also states that attitudes are formed from beliefs, thus, consumer’s beliefs about the fashion industry were studied. To contribute to existing research, the effect of sweatshop issues and environmental issues were compared. The data was collected from university students (n=617) with an online survey. The results were analyzed by statistical methods and they revealed that young Finnish consumers hold positive attitudes towards buying ethical fashion as well as positive purchase intentions of ethical fashion. A strong relationship was found between positive attitudes and positive purchase intentions. Also, the more negative consumers’ beliefs of the fashion industry were the more positive their attitudes toward buying ethical fashion were. In contradiction to previous research this study revealed that environmental issues had greater effect on attitudes than sweatshop issues. Interesting differences between consumers were found depending on their field of education. Students from humanities and social sciences held the most negative beliefs as well as most positive attitudes and purchase intentions of ethical fashion.

The role of diaspora networks in opportunity exploitation by ethnic entrepreneurs in Finland

The thesis explores the role of diaspora network in opportunity exploitation by ethnic entrepreneurs in Finland. The purpose of this study is to how ethnic entrepreneurs in Finland can exploit diaspora networks and how significant support of these networks in comparison with governmental and other official institutional support. Increased mobility of the global population and number of immigrants all around the world contribute into interest of academics to this topic. At the same time, in comparison with other European countries for Finland this phenomenon is new. However, increasing number of immigrants add to academic interest to this topic. The theoretical background of this thesis consists of the collection of studies done on diaspora networks and ethnic entrepreneurs as internationally as in Finland. The concept of cooperation between diaspora and ethnic entrepreneurs describes how diaspora can support ethnic entrepreneur and emphasize importance of diaspora ties for business. At the end of the theoretical section theoretical a special grid was proposed as summary of the academic literature review. The empirical research for this study is based on the interviews with five ethnic entrepreneurs in Finland. Empirical data was analyzed and compared with the similar studies done internationally. During the interviews analyses were stressed aspects of the significance of governmental and other official institutional support. During the interviews analyses were stressed aspects of the significance of the governmental and other official institutional support. According to the main findings diaspora can play positive and in some cases crucial role in the business of ethnic entrepreneurs in Finland. Moreover, diaspora can be a facilitator of internationalization of ethnic entrepreneurs. At the same time, there are several factors which might increase or decrease role of diaspora. The ways of the utilization of diaspora network were combined in the empirical grid. The study enhance understanding of the challenges of ethnic entrepreneurs and provides certain recommendations for the policy makers, ethnic entrepreneurs and managers of official institutions involved in cooperation with ethnic entrepreneurs

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1880.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1906.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1908.

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1910.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1890.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1877.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1895.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1886-1888.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

Variante(s) de titre : Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente)

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1900.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1902.

Compte en matières et en deniers de l'exploitation du monopole des tabacs, pour l'année... (achat, fabrication et vente) / Direction générale des tabacs

1899.