865 resultados para inibitori, istone, deacetilasi, cellule, neoplastiche, terapia, antitumorale


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Uric acid is a major inducer of inflammation in renal interstitium and may play a role in the progression of renal damage in hyperuricemic subjects with primary nephropathies, renal vascular disease, and essential hypertension. At the same time, UA also acts as a water-soluble scavenger of reactive oxygen species. We evaluated the cellular effects of UA on cultured HMC as a potential interstitial target for abnormally elevated levels in acute and chronic renal disease. Intracellular free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was monitored by microfluorometry of fura 2-loaded cells, while oxidation of intracellularly trapped non-fluorescent 2’,7’-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFHDA, 20 uM) was employed to assess the generation of reactive oxygen species during 12-hr incubations with various concentrations of UA or monosodium urate. Fluorescent metabolites of DCFH-DA in the culture media of HMC were detected at 485/530 nm excitation/emission wavelengths, respectively. UA dose-dependently lowered resting [Ca2+]i (from 102±9 nM to 95±3, 57±2, 48±6 nM at 1-100 uM UA, respectively, p <0.05), leaving responses to vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II unaffected. The effect was not due to Ca2+/H+ exchange upon acidification of the bathing media, as acetate, glutamate, lactate and other organic acids rather increased [Ca2+]i (to max. levels of 497±42 nM with 0.1 mM acetate). The decrease of [Ca2+]i was abolished by raising extracellular Ca2+ and not due to effects on Ca2+ channels or activation of Ca2+-ATPases, since unaffected by thapsigargin. The process rather appeared sensitive to removal of extracellular Na+ in combination with blockers of Na+/Ca2+ exchange, such as 2’,4’-dichlorobenzamil, pointing to a countertransport mechanism. UA dose-dependently prompted the extracellular release of oxidised DCFH (control 37±2 relative fluorescence units (RFU)/ml, 0.1uM 47±2, 1 uM 48±2, 10 uM 51±4, 0.1 mM 53±4; positive control, 10 uM sodium nitroprusside 92±5 RFU/ml, p<0.01). In summary, UA interferes with Ca2+ transport in cultured HMC, triggering oxidative stress which may initiate a sequence of events leading to interstitial injury and possibly amplifying renal vascular damage and/or the progression of chronic disease.

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Le acque di vegetazione (AV) costituiscono un serio problema di carattere ambientale, sia a causa della loro elevata produzione sia per l’ elevato contenuto di COD che oscilla fra 50 e 150 g/l. Le AV sono considerate un refluo a tasso inquinante fra i più elevati nell’ambito dell’industria agroalimentare e la loro tossicità è determinata in massima parte dalla componente fenolica. Il presente lavoro si propone di studiare e ottimizzare un processo non solo di smaltimento di tale refluo ma anche di una sua valorizzazione, utlizzandolo come materia prima per la produzione di acidi grassi e quindi di PHA, polimeri biodegradabili utilizzabili in varie applicazioni. A tale scopo sono stati utilizzati due bioreattori anaerobici a biomassa adesa, di identica configurazione, con cui si sono condotti due esperimenti in continuo a diverse temperature e carichi organici al fine di studiare l’influenza di tali parametri sul processo. Il primo esperimento è stato condotto a 35°C e carico organico pari a 12,39 g/Ld, il secondo a 25°C e carico organico pari a 8,40 g/Ld. Si è scelto di allestire e mettere in opera un processo a cellule immobilizzate in quanto questa tecnologia si è rivelata vantaggiosa nel trattamento continuo di reflui ad alto contenuto di COD e carichi variabili. Inoltre si è scelto di lavorare in continuo poiché tale condizione, per debiti tempi di ritenzione idraulica, consente di minimizzare la metanogenesi, mediata da microrganismi con basse velocità specifiche di crescita. Per costituire il letto fisso dei due reattori si sono utilizzati due diversi tipi di supporto, in modo da poter studiare anche l’influenza di tale parametro, in particolare si è fatto uso di carbone attivo granulare (GAC) e filtri ceramici Vukopor S10 (VS). Confrontando i risultati si è visto che la massima quantità di VFA prodotta nell’ambito del presente studio si ha nel VS mantenuto a 25°C: in tale condizione si arriva infatti ad un valore di VFA prodotti pari a 524,668 mgCOD/L. Inoltre l’effluente in uscita risulta più concentrato in termini di VFA rispetto a quello in entrata: nell’alimentazione la percentuale di materiale organico presente sottoforma di acidi grassi volatili era del 54 % e tale percentuale, in uscita dai reattori, ha raggiunto il 59 %. Il VS25 rappresenta anche la condizione in cui il COD degradato si è trasformato in percentuale minore a metano (2,35 %) e questo a prova del fatto che l’acidogenesi ha prevalso sulla metanogenesi. Anche nella condizione più favorevole alla produzione di VFA però, si è riusciti ad ottenere una loro concentrazione in uscita (3,43 g/L) inferiore rispetto a quella di tentativo (8,5 g/L di VFA) per il processo di produzione di PHA, sviluppato da un gruppo di ricerca dell’università “La Sapienza” di Roma, relativa ad un medium sintetico. Si può constatare che la modesta produzione di VFA non è dovuta all’eccessiva degradazione del COD, essendo questa nel VS25 appena pari al 6,23%, ma piuttosto è dovuta a una scarsa concentrazione di VFA in uscita. Questo è di buon auspicio nell’ottica di ottimizzare il processo migliorandone le prestazioni, poiché è possibile aumentare tale concentrazione aumentando la conversione di COD in VFA che nel VS25 è pari a solo 5,87%. Per aumentare tale valore si può agire su vari parametri, quali la temperatura e il carico organico. Si è visto che il processo di acidogenesi è favorito, per il VS, per basse temperature e alti carichi organici. Per quanto riguarda il reattore impaccato con carbone attivo la produzione di VFA è molto ridotta per tutti i valori di temperatura e carichi organici utilizzati. Si può quindi pensare a un’applicazione diversa di tale tipo di reattore, ad esempio per la produzione di metano e quindi di energia.

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The Clusterin (CLU) gene produces different forms of protein products which vary in their biological properties and distribution within the cell. Both the extra- and intracellular CLU forms regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis. Dis-regulation of CLU expression occurs in many cancer types, including prostate cancer. The role that CLU plays in tumorigenesis is still unclear. We found that CLU over-expression inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Here we show that depletion of CLU affects the growth of PC-3 prostate cancer cells. Following siRNA, all protein products quickly disappeared, inducing cell cycle progression and higher expression of specific proliferation markers (i.e. H3 mRNA, PCNA and cyclins A, B1 and D) as detected by RT-qPCR and Western blot. Quite surprisingly, we also found that the turnover of CLU protein is very rapid and tightly regulated by ubiquitin–proteasome mediated degradation. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide showed that CLU half-life is less than 2 hours. All CLU protein products were found poly-ubiquitinated by co-immuniprecipitation. Proteasome inhibition by MG132 caused stabilization and accumulation of all CLU protein products, strongly inducing the nuclear form of CLU (nCLU) and committing cells to caspase-dependent death. In conclusion, proteasome inhibition may induce prostate cancer cell death through accumulation of nCLU, a potential tumour suppressor factor.

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Il presente elaborato è stato finalizzato allo sviluppo di un processo di digestione anaerobica della frazione organica dei rifiuti solidi urbani (FORSU oppure, in lingua inglese OFMSW, Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste) provenienti da raccolta indifferenziata e conseguente produzione di biogas da impiegarsi per il recupero energetico. Questo lavoro rientra nell’ambito di un progetto, cofinanziato dalla Regione Emilia Romagna attraverso il Programma Regionale per la Ricerca Industriale, l’Innovazione e il Trasferimento Tecnologico (PRRIITT), sviluppato dal Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali (DICASM) dell’Università di Bologna in collaborazione con la Facoltà di Ingegneria dell’Università di Ferrara e con la società Recupera s.r.l. che applicherà il processo nell’impianto pilota realizzato presso il proprio sito di biostabilizzazione e compostaggio ad Ostellato (FE). L’obiettivo è stato la verifica della possibilità di impiegare la frazione organica dei rifiuti indifferenziati per la produzione di biogas, e in particolare di metano, attraverso un processo di digestione anaerobica previo trattamento chimico oppure in codigestione con altri substrati organici facilmente fermentabili. E’ stata inoltre studiata la possibilità di impiego di reattori con biomassa adesa per migliorare la produzione specifica di metano e diminuire la lag phase. Dalla sperimentazione si può concludere che è possibile giungere allo sviluppo di metano dalla purea codigerendola assieme a refluo zootecnico. Per ottenere però produzioni significative la quantità di solidi volatili apportati dal rifiuto non deve superare il 50% dei solidi volatili complessivi. Viceversa, l’addizione di solfuri alla sola purea si è dimostrata ininfluente nel tentativo di sottrarre gli agenti inibitori della metanogenesi. Inoltre, l’impiego di supporti di riempimento lavorando attraverso processi batch sequenziali permette di eliminare, nei cicli successivi al primo, la lag phase dei batteri metanogeni ed incrementare la produzione specifica di metano.

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INTRODUCTION: A relationship between inflammatory response and coagulation is suggested by many observations. In particular, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFalpha, promote the activation of coagulation and reduce the production of anticoagulant molecules. It is known that inflammatory bowel diseases show a prothrombotic state and a condition of hypercoagulability. Aim of our study was to evaluate whether anti-TNFalpha therapy induces changes in the levels of coagulation activation markers in IBD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 48 plasma samples obtained before and 1 hour after 24 infliximab infusions (5 mg/kg) in 9 IBD patients (5 men and 4 women; mean age: 47.6+17.6 years; 4 Crohn's disease, 4 Ulcerative Colitis,1 Indeterminate Colitis). F1+2 and D-dymer levels were measured in each sample using ELISA methods.The data were statistically analyzed by means of Wilcoxon matched paired test. RESULTS: Median F1+2 levels were markdely reduced 1 hour after anti-TNFα infusion (median pre-infusion levels were 247.0 pmol/L and median post-infusion levels were 185.3 pmol/L) (p<0.002). Median D-dymer levels were also significantly reduced, from 485.2 ng/mL to 427.6 ng/mL (p< 0.001). These modifications were more evident in patients naive for infliximab therapy (p<0.02 for F1+2 and p<0.02 for D-dymer) and in Crohn's disease compared with Ulcerative Colitis patients (p=0.01 for F1+2 and p<0.007 for D-dymer).CONCLUSIONS: Infusion of infliximab significantly reduces the activation of coagulation cascade in IBD patients. This effect is early enough to suggest a direct effect of infliximab on the coagulation cascade and a possible new anti-inflammatory mechanism of action of this molecule.

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Admission blood lactate concentration has been shown to be a useful indicator of disease severity in human medicine and numerous studies have associated hyperlactatemia with patients at high risk of death who should be treated aggressively regardless of the cause of the lactate generation. The degree and duration of hyperlactacidaemia also have been correlated with the subsequent development of organ failure. Similarly, in a small number of studies about equine colic, blood lactate concentration has been investigated as a useful prognostic variable . In neonatal foals blood lactate was studied first by Magdesian (2003) who described venous blood lactate concentration in 14 normal foals during the initial 48 hours post-partum. A preliminary study about lactate concentration in foals presenting to a neonatal intensive care unit reported that surviving foals had earlier lactate clearance. The measurement of blood lactate concentration is traditionally available with a wet chemistry laboratory method or with blood-gas analyzers, for clinicians working at university or large private hospital. But this methods may not be easily accessible to many practitioners in field conditions. Several relatively inexpensive, easy to use and rapid pocket size monitors to measure lactate concentration have been validated in human patients and athletes. None of these portable lactate analyzer have been evaluated in clinically normal neonatal foals or in foals referred to a neonatal intensive care unit. The aims of this study were to validate the Lactate Scout analyzer in neonatal foals, investigating the correlation between lactate concentration in whole blood measured with the portable monitor and measured in plasma with the reference laboratory analyzer. The effect of hematocrit (Hct) on the accuracy of Lactate Scout was also evaluated. Further, we determined the utility of venous lactate measurement in critically-ill foals, describing lactate values in the most frequent neonatal pathologies, evaluating serial blood lactate measurements during hospitalization and investigating its prognostic value. The study also describes normal range for lactate in healthy neonatal foals during the first 72 hours of life.

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Oxidative stress is considered to be of major relevance for a variety of pathological processes. Thus, it is valuable to identify compounds, which might act as antioxidants, i.e. compounds that antagonize the deleterious action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on biomolecules. The mode of action of these compounds could be either to scavenge ROS directly or to trigger protective mechanisms inside the cell, thereby resulting in improved defense against ROS. Sulforaphane (SF) (1-isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane) is a naturally occurring cancer chemopreventive agent found as a precursor glucosinolate in Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli. Although SF is not a direct-acting antioxidant, there is substantial evidence that SF acts indirectly to increase the antioxidant capacity of animal cells and their abilities to cope with oxidative stress. Induction of phase 2 enzymes is one means by which SF enhances the cellular antioxidant capacity. Enzymes induced by SF include Glutathione S-transferases (GST) and NAD[P]H:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) which can function as protectors against oxidative stress. To protect themselves from oxidative stress, cells are equipped with reducing buffer systems including the GSH and thioredoxin (Trx) reductase. GSH is an important tripeptide thiol which in addition to being the substrate for GSTs maintains the cellular oxidation– reduction balance and protects cells against free radical species. Aim of the first part of this thesis was to investigate the ability of SF to induce the expression and the activity of different phase 2 and antioxidant enzymes (such as GST, GR, GPx, NQO1, TR, SOD, CAT) in an in vitro model of rat cardiomyocytes, and also to define if SF treatment supprts cells in counteracting oxidative stress induced by H2O2 It is well known that acute exhaustive exercise causes significant reactive oxygen species generation that results in oxidative stress, which can induce negative effects on health and well being. In fact, increased oxidative stress and biomarkers (e.g., protein carbonyls, MDA, and 8- hydroxyguanosine) as well as muscle damage biomarkers (e.g. plasmatic Creatine cinase and Lactate dehydrogenase) have been observed after supramaximal sprint exercises, exhaustive longdistance cycling or running as well as resistance-type exercises, both in trained and untrained humans. Markers of oxidative stress also increase in rodents following exhaustive exercise. Moreover, antioxidant enzyme activities and expressions of antioxidant enzymes are known to increase in response to exhaustive exercise in both animal and human tissues. Aim of this project was to evaluate the effect of SF supplementation in counteracting oxidative stress induced by physical activity through its ability to induce phase 2, and antioxidant enzymes in rat muscle. The results show that SF is a nutraceutical compound able to induce the activity of different phase 2 and antioxidant enzymes in both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle. Thanks to its actions SF is becoming a promising molecule able to prevent cardiovascular damages induced by oxidative stress and muscle damages induced by acute exhaustive exercise.