956 resultados para flame retardation


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(+)-Dehydrofukinone (DHF) is a major component of the essential oil of Nectandra grandiflora (Lauraceae), and exerts a depressant effect on the central nervous system of fish. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying DHF action remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the action of DHF on GABAA receptors using a silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) model. Additionally, we investigated the effect of DHF exposure on stress-induced cortisol modulation. Chemical identification was performed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and purity was evaluated using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. To an aquarium, we applied between 2.5 and 50 mg/L DHF diluted in ethanol, in combination with 42.7 mg/L diazepam. DHF within the range of 10-20 mg/L acted collaboratively in combination with diazepam, but the sedative action of DHF was reversed by 3 mg/L flumazenil. Additionally, fish exposed for 24 h to 2.5-20 mg/L DHF showed no side effects and there was sustained sedation during the first 12 h of drug exposure with 10-20 mg/L DHF. DHF pretreatment did not increase plasma cortisol levels in fish subjected to a stress protocol. Moreover, the stress-induced cortisol peak was absent following pretreatment with 20 mg/L DHF. DHF proved to be a relatively safe sedative or anesthetic, which interacts with GABAergic and cortisol pathways in fish.

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Organisaatiot kohtaavat jatkuvasti uusia ja vaativia haasteita. Organisaatiot tarvit-sevat henkilöstön asiantuntemusta ja osaamista, jotta voisivat menestyä kaiken aikaa kovenevassa kilpailutilanteessa. Henkilöstön osaaminen, tiedot ja taidot on tunnistettu organisaation tärkeimmäksi voimavaraksi. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoit-teena oli selvittää, millaista tietoa henkilöstä organisaatiossa johtamis- ja esimies-työtä tekevät tarvitsevat strategisen henkilöstöjohtamisen tueksi. Tutkimus suoritettiin tapaustutkimuksena kehitysvammapalveluja tuottavassa or-ganisaatiossa. Empiirinen aineisto kerättiin ja analysoitiin määrällisin menetelmin kyselytutkimuksena. Analysoinnissa käytettiin lisäksi sisällön analyysia. Tutki-muskysely kohdennettiin kohdeorganisaatiossa johtamis- ja esimiestyötä tekevil-le. Kohdeorganisaation johtamis- ja esimiestyötä tekevät tarvitsevat strategisen hen-kilöstöjohtamisen tueksi monipuolista laadullista ja määrällistä tietoa henkilöstös-tä ja taloudesta sekä palautetta oman esimiestyön laadusta. Tieto henkilöstön työhyvinvoinnista ja työtyytyväisyydestä koettiin tärkeäksi. Tuotetut tiedot tulisi olla saatavissa yhdestä paikasta. Esimiehet tarvitsevat myös osaamisen vahvistamista tuotetun tiedon tulkintaan ja käsittelyyn.

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The incidence of the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and T2 toxin (T2) in popcorn was investigated in 90 samples, belonging to 2 commercial and 28 experimental hybrids planted at experimental stations of the Agronomic Institute of Campinas at the locations of Campinas, Mococa, and Capão Bonito, and in 15 samples of popcorn, 9 branded and 6 unbranded, acquired from commercial outlets in the city of Campinas, SP. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector combined with an alumina:carbon cleanup column. The detection limits were 30ng/g for DON, 50ng/g for DAS, and 40ng/g for T2. Five samples were contaminated with DON, four of them commercial and one from an experimental cultivar. The level of contamination in the commercial samples ranged from 30 to 40ng/g. The sample from the experimental cultivar contained 770ng/g DON. DAS and T2 were not detected in any of the popcorn samples analyzed.

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Antiviral nucleosides are compounds that are used against viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). To act as therapeutic agent, the antiviral nucleoside needs to be phosphorylated to nucleotide in the body in three consecutive phosphorylation steps by cellular or viral enzymes. The first phosphorylation to the nucleoside monophosphate is often inefficient and leads to poor antiviral activity. The antiviral efficacy can be improved by applying a prodrug strategy and delivering the antiviral nucleoside directly as its monophosphate. In prodrug strategies of antiviral nucleotides, the negative charges on the phosphate moiety are temporarily masked with protecting groups. Once inside the cell, the protecting groups are removed by enzymatic or chemical processes. Many prodrug strategies apply biodegradable protecting groups, the removal of which is triggered by esterase enzymes. Several studies have, however, demonstrated that the removal rate of the second and subsequent esterase labile protecting groups significantly slows down after the first protecting group is removed due to the negative charge on the phosphodiester intermediate, which disturbs the catalytic site of the enzyme. In this thesis, esterase labile protecting group strategies where the issue of retardation could be avoided were studied. Prodrug candidates of antiviral nucleotides were synthesized and kinetic studies on the chemical and enzymatic stability were carried out. In the synthesized compounds, the second protecting group is cleaved from the monophosphate some other mechanism than esterase triggered activation or the structure of prodrug requires only one protecting group. In addition, esterase labile protecting group which is additionally thermally removable was studied. This protecting group was cleaved from oligomeric phosphodiesters both enzymatically and thermally and seems most attractive of the studied phosphate protecting groups. However, the rate of the thermal removal still is too slow to allow efficient protection of longer oligonucleotides and needs optimization. Key words: antiviral, nucleotide, prodrug, protecting group, biodegradable

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Two flavors of cookies were developed (savory and peppery) containing a mixture of plants such as "guaraná" (Paullinia cupana) and "catuaba" (Anemopaegma mirandum). A test of acceptance and buying intention was applied to 48 consumers through a structured hedonic scale of 9 points. Afterwards, the centesimal compositions of these cookies were obtained as well as their total contents of copper, iron, and zinc through the method of atomic absorption spectrometry with flame. Sensorial tests indicated that the cookies presented good acceptance with potential to sensorial growth. The amount of fibers in the samples, 3 g/100 g, surpassed expectations since the product was not invented with the intention of being a source of this nutrient. The total amount of copper (0.41 mg.100 g-1), iron (4.50 mg.100 g-1), and zinc (1.32 mg.100 g-1) was considered good. The cookies produced can be considered good sources of fibers, copper, iron, and zinc. Furthermore, they are beneficial to people affected by celiac disease because they lack gluten. They also present functional properties. In addition, the medicinal plants used are considered energetic.

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A simple and low cost method to determine volatile contaminants in post-consumer recycled PET flakes was developed and validated by Headspace Dynamic Concentration and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (HDC-GC-FID). The analytical parameters evaluated by using surrogates include: correlation coefficient, detection limit, quantification limit, accuracy, intra-assay precision, and inter-assay precision. In order to compare the efficiency of the proposed method to recognized automated techniques, post-consumer PET packaging samples collected in Brazil were used. GC-MS was used to confirm the identity of the substances identified in the PET packaging. Some of the identified contaminants were estimated in the post-consumer material at concentrations higher than 220 ng.g-1. The findings in this work corroborate data available in the scientific literature pointing out the suitability of the proposed analytical method.

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The volatile compositions from organic and conventional passion fruit pulps produced in Brazil were investigated. The pulps were also physicochemically characterized. The volatile compounds from the headspace of the passion fruit pulp were stripped to a Porapak Q trap for 2 hours; they were eluted with 300 µL of dichloromethane, separated by gas chromatography/flame ionisation detection and identified through gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Both pulps conformed to the requirements of the Brazilian legislation, indicating they were suitable to be industrialized and consumed. A total of 77 compounds were detected in the headspace of the passion fruit pulps - 60 of which were identified, comprising 91% of the total chromatogram area. The major compounds were the following: ethyl butanoate, 52% and 57% of the total relative area of the chromatogram for the organic and conventional passion fruit pulps, respectively; ethyl hexanoate, 22% and 9%, respectively; and hexyl butanoate, 2% and 5%, respectively. The aroma of the organic passion fruit pulp is mainly related to the following volatile compounds: ethyl hexanoate, methyl hexanoate, β-myrcene and D-limonene. The conventional passion fruit pulp presented methyl butanoate, butyl acetate, hexanal, 1-butanol, butyl butanoate, trans-3-hexenyl acetate, cis-3-hexen-1-ol, butyl hexanoate, hexyl butanoate, 3-hexenyl butanoate and 3-hexenyl hexanoate as the main volatile compounds for aroma.

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Fruits and nuts from the North and Northeast regions of Brazil were collected to determine the fatty acid profile of their oils. The species studied were Brazil (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K.), Mucajá (Couma rigida M.), Inajá (Maximiliana maripa D.), Jenipapo (Genipa Americana L.), and Buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) nuts. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID). Brazil nut major fatty acid was 18:3n-3 (α-linolenic acid), and Buriti nut had approximately 23 times more 18:3n-3 than the pulp. Mucajá nut presented high content of 12:0 (lauric acid) and 16:0 (palmitic acid), and Mucajá pulp showed significant levels of 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid). Considering the PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) sum values, almost all fruits and nuts analyzed presented very high levels of these compounds. Regarding n-6/n-3 ratio, only Brazil Nut, Buriti Nut, Inajá pulp, and Jenipapo pulp corresponded to the desired profile. These Brazilian fruits and nuts could be of potential interest due to their high nutritive value and lipid content.

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Encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in São Paulo state, Brazil, were evaluated for their identity (fatty acids profile) and compliance with nutrition labeling (fatty acids and Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol) contents). Twenty one samples [flaxseed oil (6), evening primrose (5), safflower (8), borage (1), and black currant (1)] purchased from local markets or collected by the health surveillance agency were analyzed. The fatty acids and vitamin E contents were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector and liquid chromatography with UV detector, respectively. Nine samples were adulterated (5 samples of safflower oil, 3 of flaxseed oil, and one of evening primrose). Among them, 3 flaxseed and 2 safflower oil samples were probably adulterated by the addition of soybean oil. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was found in two safflower oils samples although the sale of oils with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is not permitted by the National Health Surveillance Agency in Brazil (ANVISA). Only two samples presented all values in compliance with nutrition labeling (one safflower oil sample and one borage oil sample). The results show that a continuous monitoring of encapsulated specialty oils commercialized in Brazil is necessary including a greater number of samples and sanitary surveillance.

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Thermal cutting methods, are commonly used in the manufacture of metal parts. Thermal cutting processes separate materials by using heat. The process can be done with or without a stream of cutting oxygen. Common processes are Oxygen, plasma and laser cutting. It depends on the application and material which cutting method is used. Numerically-controlled thermal cutting is a cost-effective way of prefabricating components. One design aim is to minimize the number of work steps in order to increase competitiveness. This has resulted in the holes and openings in plate parts manufactured today being made using thermal cutting methods. This is a problem from the fatigue life perspective because there is local detail in the as-welded state that causes a rise in stress in a local area of the plate. In a case where the static utilization of a net section is full used, the calculated linear local stresses and stress ranges are often over 2 times the material yield strength. The shakedown criteria are exceeded. Fatigue life assessment of flame-cut details is commonly based on the nominal stress method. For welded details, design standards and instructions provide more accurate and flexible methods, e.g. a hot-spot method, but these methods are not universally applied to flame cut edges. Some of the fatigue tests of flame cut edges in the laboratory indicated that fatigue life estimations based on the standard nominal stress method can give quite a conservative fatigue life estimate in cases where a high notch factor was present. This is an undesirable phenomenon and it limits the potential for minimizing structure size and total costs. A new calculation method is introduced to improve the accuracy of the theoretical fatigue life prediction method of a flame cut edge with a high stress concentration factor. Simple equations were derived by using laboratory fatigue test results, which are published in this work. The proposed method is called the modified FAT method (FATmod). The method takes into account the residual stress state, surface quality, material strength class and true stress ratio in the critical place.

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Väkevän hapon katalysoiman hydrolyysin avulla lignoselluloosasta on mahdollista valmistaa arvokkaita sokereita. Katalyyttinä toimiva happo voidaan käyttää uudelleen hydrolyysissä, jos se saadaan erotettua sokereista ilman neutralointia. Tämän kandidaatintyön tavoitteena oli selvittää, soveltuuko happoretardaatiotekniikka väkevähappohydrolysaatin fraktiointiin. Työssä verrattiin happoretardaatiotekniikkaa elektrolyyttiekskluusiotekniikkaan. Työn kirjallisuusosassa käsiteltiin happoretardaation ja elektrolyyttiekskluusion teoriaa. Lisäksi esiteltiin elektrolyyttiekskluusioon ja happoretardaatioon liittyviä tutkimuksia. Työn kokeellisessa osassa suoritettiin panoskromatografiakokeita käyttäen syöttöliuoksena rikkihappoa, etikkahappoa, glukoosia ja ksyloosia sisältävää synteettistä liuosta. Erotusmateriaaleina käytettiin neljää eri anionin- ja yhtä kationinvaihtohartsia. Kokeiden perusteella tutkittiin anioninvaihtohartsin tyypin ja kolonnin latauksen vaikutusta happoretardaatiotekniikalla saavutettavaan erotustulokseen sekä verrattiin elektrolyyttiekskluusiota happoretardaatioon. Työn tulosten perusteella rikkihappo laimeni happoretardaatiotekniikalla jopa 20-kertaisesti kromatografiakolonniin syötettyyn liuokseen verrattuna, riippumatta kolonnin latauksesta ja anioninvaihtohartsista. Rikkihapon laimenemisen vuoksi happoretardaatio ei soveltunut lignoselluloosapohjaisten väkevähappohydrolysaattien fraktiointiin. Elektrolyyttiekskluusiotekniikalla rikkihapon laimeneminen oli merkittävästi vähäisempää, minkä vuoksi elektrolyyttiekskluusion todettiin soveltuvan happoretardaatiota paremmin lignoselluloosapohjaisten väkevähappohydrolysaattien fraktiointiin.

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Comprend : Fol 3 v° - Je fuyois l'amour et sa flame - Fol 4 v° - Ma foy, vous estes trop parfaite - Fol 5 v° - Alés facheux plain de loysir - Fol 6 v° - Ie suy exclave arresté - Fol 7 v° - Ayant ayme fidellement - Fol 8 v° - C'est pour l'amour de ma belle - Fol 9 v° - Il me faut trouver estrange - Fol 10 v° - N'est ce pas icy cette main - Fol 11 v° - Ce que j'avais prédit n'est que trop veritable - Fol 12 v° - Voulo, vous sçavoir mon malheur - Fol 13 v° - Amante plus inlortunée - Fol 14 v° - Un jour que ma cruelle - Fol 15 v° - Amour, vous avez l'oeil bandé - Fol 16 v° - Margot, il est Temps de conclure - Fol 17 v° - On a beau me cacher ton jour - Fol 18 v° - Ma bergere infidèlle - Fol 19 v° - Vous en allés vous mon soucy - Fol 20 v° - Quelle glace craintive - Fol 21 v° - Le mal qu'on ase das couvrir - Fol 22 v° - Que j'aime cas petits rivages - Fol 23 v° - Qui n'eut este vaincu d'un si fort ennemy - Fol 24 v° - Amans qui nuit et jour - Fol 25 v° - Que douce est la violence - Fol 26 v° - Que tous las feux du ciel ensemble - Fol 27 v° - Puisque l'amour peut bien exercer la puissance - Fol. 28 v° - Nous cherchons parmy ces prées - Fol. 29 v° - Berçevoy ne croyés pas - Fol. 50 v° - Ha beaux yeux je me rends non non, pluy jene joy - Fol. 51 v° - Père Bacchus, fils de femelle - Fol. 32 v° - Combien que ta fière beauté - Fol. 33 v° - Ma femme m'a dit un matin - Fol. 34 v° - Voy yeux qui font tant d'effets - Fol. 55 v° - Philis en songeant au tres pas - Fol. 56 v° - Beau pro qui charmoy mon Ame - Fol. 37 v° - Tu me dis adieu sans subjet - Fol. 38 v° - Quoy vous faites de la succrée - Fol. 39 v° - Ma foy, je vous trouve bien fin - Fol. 40 v° - L'infidelle qui commence

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Affiliation: CHU Ste-Justine, Université de Montréal

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Malgré les avancées médicales, la prédiction précoce du devenir développemental des enfants nés prématurément demeure un défi. Ces enfants sont à risque de séquelles plus ou moins sévères telles l'infirmité motrice d'origine cérébrale, les déficiences intellectuelles et sensorielles ainsi que les difficultés d'apprentissage. Afin de diminuer l’impact fonctionnel de ces séquelles, l’identification de marqueurs précoces devient un enjeu important. Dans le contexte actuel de ressources financières et humaines limitées, seuls les enfants nés avant 29 semaines de gestation ou avec un poids de naissance (PN) <1250g sont systématiquement suivis, laissant pour compte 95% des enfants prématurés. L’identification de marqueurs précoces permettrait de cibler les enfants nés après 28 semaines de gestation porteurs de séquelles. Le principal objectif des présents travaux visait à évaluer l’utilité de l’Évaluation neurologique d’Amiel-Tison (ENAT) dans l’identification et le suivi des enfants nés entre 29 et 37 semaines de gestation et qui présenteront des problèmes neurodéveloppementaux à l’âge corrigé (AC) de 24 mois. Plus précisément, la fidélité inter-examinateurs, la stabilité ainsi que la validité prédictive de l’ENAT ont été évaluées. La cohorte était composée initialement de 173 enfants nés entre 290/7 et 370/7 semaines de gestation, avec un PN<2500g et ayant passé au moins 24 heures à l’unité de soins néonatals du CHU Sainte-Justine. Les enfants étaient évalués avec l’ENAT à terme et aux AC de 4, 8, 12 et 24 mois. À l’AC de 24 mois, leur développement était évalué à l’aide du Bayley Scales of Infant Development–II. Les principaux résultats révèlent une excellente fidélité inter-examinateurs ainsi qu’une bonne stabilité au cours des deux premières années de vie du statut et des signes neurologiques. Des différences significatives à l’AC de deux ans ont été relevées aux performances développementales en fonction du statut neurologique à terme, qui constitue l’un des meilleurs facteurs prédictifs de ces performances. Les résultats encouragent l’intégration du statut neurologique tel que mesuré par l’ENAT comme marqueur précoce dans le cours d’une surveillance neurodéveloppementale des enfants les plus à risque.

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La polykystose rénale autosomique dominante (PKRAD) est la maladie génétique rénale la plus commune touchant 1/500 personnes. Elle se caractérise principalement par la formation de kystes rénaux dans tous les segments du néphron, entraînant l’insuffisance rénale, et par des manifestations extrarénales kystiques (foie, pancréas, rate) et non-kystiques (anomalies cardiaques, vasculaires et cérébrales). Deux gènes, PKD1 et PKD2, sont responsables de 85 et 15% des cas respectivement. Ces gènes encodent les polycystine-1 (PC-1) et -2 (PC-2) qui forment un complexe à la membrane plasmique et ciliaire des cellules épithéliales rénales. PC-1 est une protéine transmembranaire de 4302 acides aminés possédant un court domaine intracellulaire incluant un motif coiled-coil impliqué dans l’interaction entre PC-1 et PC-2 in-vitro. L’importance du coiled-coil est démontrée par des mutations affectant spécifiquement ce motif chez des patients PKRAD. Le mécanisme pathogénétique responsable de la PKRAD est indéterminé. Chez la souris, la PKRAD se développe suite à l’ablation (Pkd1-/-) ou lors de la surexpression (SBPkd1TAG) de Pkd1, ce qui suggère un effet de dosage. Des anomalies ciliaires sont aussi souvent associées à PKRAD. Mon objectif était de déterminer in-vivo le mécanisme pathogénétique de la polycystine-1 dans le développement des symptômes PKRAD rénaux et extrarénaux et plus spécifiquement, le rôle du motif coiled-coil dans le mécanisme de kystogenèse. Pour ce faire, nous avons généré deux constructions, Pkd1 sauvage (Pkd1TAG) et Pkd1 tronquée de son motif coiled-coil (Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil), par recombinaison homologue à partir du BAC-Pkd1 sauvage comprenant la séquence murine entière de Pkd1. Trois lignées de souris Pkd1TAG générées par microinjection démontrent un niveau d’expression de Pkd1 qui corrèle avec le nombre de copie du transgène (2, 5 et 15 copies). Les souris Pkd1TAG reproduisent la PKRAD en développant des kystes rénaux dans toutes les parties du néphron et des cils primaires plus longs que les contrôles non transgéniques. Les analyses physiologiques supportent que les souris Pkd1TAG développent une insuffisance rénale et démontrent une augmentation du volume urinaire de même qu’une diminution de l’osmolalité, de la créatinine et des protéines urinaires. De plus, les souris Pkd1TAG développent des kystes hépatiques, des anomalies cardiaques associées à des dépôts de calcium et des anévrismes cérébraux. La sévérité du phénotype augmente avec l’expression de Pkd1 appuyant l’hypothèse d’un mécanisme de dosage. Nous avons aussi déterminé que l’expression du transgène Pkd1TAG complémente le phénotype létal-embryonnaire des souris Pkd1-/-. D’autre part, nous avons générés 4 lignées de souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil (2 et 15 copies du transgène) dont le nombre de copies corrèle avec le niveau d’expression du transgène. Ces souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil, contrairement aux Pkd1TAG de même âge, ne développent pas de kystes et possèdent des cils primaires de longueur normale. Afin d’évaluer le rôle du motif coiled-coil en absence de polycystine-1 endogène, nous avons croisé les souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil avec les souris Pkd1-/-. Contrairement aux souris Pkd1-/- qui meurent in-utéro, les souris Pkd1ΔCoiled-coil; Pkd1-/- survivent ~10 à 14 jours après la naissance. Elles démontrent des kystes rénaux et pancréatiques sévères, un retard de croissance et des anomalies pulmonaires. Tous les segments du néphron sont affectés. Mon projet démontre que la surexpression de Pkd1 est un mécanisme pathogénique de la PKRAD tant au niveau rénal qu’extrarénal. De plus, il démontre que le motif coiled-coil est un élément déterminant dans la kystogenèse/PKRAD in-vivo.