Síntese e caracterização de TaC e óxido misto de tântalo e cobre nanoestruturados a partir do precursor oxálico de tântalo através de reações gás-sólido e sólido-sólido a baixa temperatura

The research and development of nanostructured materials have been growing significantly in the last years. These materials have properties that were significantly modified as compared to conventional materials due to the extremely small dimensions of the crystallites. The tantalum carbide (TaC) is an extremely hard material that has high hardness, high melting point, high chemical stability, good resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock and excellent resistance to oxidation and corrosion. The Compounds of Tantalum impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain TaC and mixed tantalum oxide and nanostructured copper from the precursor of tris (oxalate) hydrate ammonium oxitantalato, through gas-solid reaction and solid-solid respectively at low temperature (1000 ° C) and short reaction time. The materials obtained were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Spectroscopy X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG), thermal analysis (DTA) and BET. Through the XRD analyses and the Reitiveld refinement of the TaC with S = 1.1584, we observed the formation of pure tantalum carbide and cubic structure with average crystallite size on the order of 12.5 nanometers. From the synthesis made of mixed oxide of tantalum and copper were formed two distinct phases: CuTa10O26 and Ta2O5, although the latter has been formed in lesser amounts

Modelado del clima en invernaderos: respuesta de la temperatura a cambios de humedad.

El cambio de las condiciones atmosféricas durante los ciclos climáticos hace necesario utilizar invernaderos para proteger ciertos cultivos. Los invernaderos son estructuras cerradas en las que se mantienen microambientes que son adecuados para un buen desarrollo de las plantas. El control efectivo de algunas variables de clima dentro de invernadero es posible con el auxilio de modelos matématicos. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo mejorado mediante una propuesta que incluye el efecto de la humedad sobre la temperatura dentro del invernadero. Esto constituye un avance al estado del arte en modelos de clima de los invernaderos. Se presentan los resultados de la simulación llevada a cabo en este trabajo en donde se muestran las ventajas del modelo propuesto.

Estudo da influência da temperatura de produtos de charcutaria no processo de fatiagem. Estágio curricular na empresa Nobre Alimentação, S.A.

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Processamento de Alimentos - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Perfis de temperatura de produtos refrigerados e congelados durante o armazenamento, picking e distribuição: impacto na qualidade

Mestrado em Engenharia Alimentar - Instituto Superior de Agronomia - UL

Síntese e caracterização de CuNb2O6 e CuNbC através de reação sólido- sólido e gás- sólido a baixa temperatura

The refractory metal carbides have proven important in the development of engineering materials due to their properties such as high hardness, high melting point, high thermal conductivity and high chemical stability. The niobium carbide presents these characteristics. The compounds of niobium impregnated with copper also have excellent dielectric and magnetic properties, and furthermore, the Cu doping increases the catalytic activity in the oxidation processes of hydrogen. This study aimed to the synthesis of nanostructured materials CuNbC and niobium and copper oxide from precursor tris(oxalate) oxiniobate ammonium hydrate through gas-solid and solid-solid reaction, respectively. Both reactions were carried out at low temperature (1000°C) and short reaction time (2 hours). The niobium carbide was produced with 5 % and 11% of copper, and the niobium oxide with 5% of copper. The materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Rietveld refinement, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA , BET and particle size Laser. From the XRD analysis and Rietveld refinement of CuNbC with S = 1.23, we observed the formation of niobium carbide and metallic copper with cubic structure. For the synthesis of mixed oxide made of niobium and copper, the formation of two distinct phases was observed: CuNb2O6 and Nb2O5, although the latter was present in small amounts

Modificação superficial de filmes de poliéster usando plasma a baixa temperatura

A polyester film has a vast application field, due some properties that are inherent of this kind of material such as, good mechanical resistance, chemical resistance to acids and bases and low production cost. However, this material has some limitations as low superficial tension, flat surface, low affinity to dyers, and poor adhesion which impede the use of the same ones for some finality as good wettability. Among the existent techniques to increase the superficial tension, plasma as energy source is the more promising technique, because of their versatility and for not polluting the environment. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchers, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, polyester films were treated with oxygen plasma varying the treatment time from 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) varying the percentage of each gas the mixture from 0 to 100%, the treatment time remaining constant to all treatments (10 min). After plasma treatment the samples were characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, with the aim to study the wettability increase of treated polyester films as its variables. In the (O2/N2) plasma treatment of polyester films can be observed an increase of superficial roughness superior to those treated by O2 plasma. By the other hand, the chemical modification through the implantation of polar groups at the surface is obtained more easily using O2 plasma treatment

Estudo da influência da temperatura de brasagem nas uniões zircônia/aço inox 304 utilizando metalização mecânica

Metal-Ceramic (M/C) Zirconia-stainless steel interfaces have been processed through brazing techniques due to the excellent combination of properties such as high temperature stability, high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. However, some M/C interfaces show some defects, like porosity and cracks results in the degradation of the interfaces, leading even to its total rupture. Most of time, those defects are associated with an improper brazing parameters selection to the M/C system. In this work, ZrO2 Y-TZP and ZrO2 Mg - PSZ were joint with the stainless steel grade 304 by brazing using a eutectic silver-copper (Ag28Cu) interlayer alloy with different thermal cycles. Ceramic surfaces were previous mechanically metallized with titanium to improve adhesion of the system. The effect of temperature on the M/C interface was studied. SEM-EDS and 3 point flexural bend test were performed to evaluate morphology, chemical composition and mechanical resistance of the M/C interfaces. Lower thermal cycle temperatures produced better results of mechanical resistance, and more regular/ homogeneous reaction layers between braze alloy and metal-ceramic surfaces. Also was proved the AgCu braze alloy activation in situ by titanium

Estudo de Matérias-Primas do Rio Grande do Norte para Uso em Revestimento Poroso: Influência do teor de dolomita e temperatura de calcinação nas propriedades físico-mecânicas

The state of Rio Grande do Norte presents a great potentiality for the production of ceramic tiles because of having natural raw material in quantity and quality making its economical exploration possible, beyond the great energetic differential of the state, the natural gás. This works aims to study the influence of the dolomite and granulometry concentration and calcinations temperature in the obtaining of formulations for porous coverings which have to be coherent to the project,s specifications. The experiments have involved the physical-chemical and mineralogical characterizations of raw materials and mechanical tests in the dry and burnt proof bodies preceding a mixture experiment planning with the use of the response surface methodology, in order to get the best raw materials combinations to produce a ceramic mass with specific properties. The twelve ceramic masses studied in this work were prepared by the via dry process, characterized, shaped by uniaxial pressing and sinterized in the temperatures of 940ºC, 1000ºC, 1060ºC, 1120ºC and 1180ºC, using a fast burning cycle. The crystalline phases formed during the sintering in the temperatures in study have revealed the presence of anorthite and diopside beyond quartz with a remaining phase. These phases were the main responsible ones by the physical- mechanical properties of the sinterized proof bodies. The proof bodies after the sintering stage have presented water absorption higher than 10% and a good dimensional stability in all studied temperatures. However, the flexural breaking strength results in the temperatures of 940ºC, 1000ºC and 1060ºC, under the temperature zone of the vitrification of ceramic whiteware do not reach the flexural breaking strength specific for the porous wall tile (15 MPa), but in the temperature of 1120ºC next to the vitrification temperature zone, some whiteware ceramic (formulations) has reached the specified value for the porous wall tile. The results of this work have showed that the studied raw materials have great importance for used in the production of porous wall tiles (BIII)

Análise de homogeneidade de temperatura mínima mensal para o Estado de São Paulo.

Neste trabalho, o pacote Climatol-R foi aplicado a 122 séries mensais de temperatura mínima, cobrindo o interior do estado de São Paulo para os anos 1940 até 2012.

Contribución al estudio de la temperatura de módulos FV de diferentes tecnologías en condiciones de sol real

La energía solar fotovoltaica ha adquirido en los últimos años una presencia cada vez mayor en el mercado mundial de producción energética y, para que realmente sea una forma de producción energética competitiva, es importante abaratar costes y poder tener una estimación fiel de la energía que se puede producir en una instalación fotovoltaica antes de su localización, para así poder tomar decisiones sobre la ubicación y aplicación de las tecnologías más adecuadas. Son varias las tecnologías presentes en el mercado fotovoltaico actual y de todas ellas, la de silicio policristalino es la que está más extendida, siendo sobre la que más se ha investigado y analizado su comportamiento. Actualmente existen nuevas tecnologías de módulos fotovoltaicos que están adquiriendo una cuota de mercado cada vez más significativa, entre las que destacan las de lámina delgada. Para poder realizar una estimación de la energía que puede producir un módulo, es de vital importancia conocer la temperatura de operación del mismo. Por ese motivo, en este trabajo se analiza la aplicabilidad de modelos de predicción de temperatura de operación de módulos existentes en la literatura a las nuevas tecnologías, se proponen nuevos modelos de predicción de temperatura y se utilizan en escalas temporales diferentes para poder comprobar la eficacia de los mismos. El estudio se realiza con módulos trabajando en condiciones de sol real, pues es así como funcionarán las instalaciones fotovoltaicas de producción energética. En este trabajo se ha comprobado que se obtienen mejores resultados en la predicción horaria de temperatura de operación de módulos que en la predicción de temperatura instantánea. También se ha comprobado que uno de los modelos propuestos, el de dos coeficientes, consigue resultados similares a otros modelos existentes previamente en la literatura, pese a la sencillez de cálculo del mismo. La aplicación de este modelo propuesto para la predicción de la producción energética podría ser de gran ayuda para una estimación fiel previa a la instalación de una planta fotovoltaica. El hecho de que sea aplicable a nuevas tecnologías fotovoltaicas de lámina delgada como el telururo de cadmio, el silicio amorfo y el tándem silicio amorfo y microcristalino es un valor añadido. Poder predecir con precisión la producción energética es lo que hará que la energía solar fotovoltaica se perfile como una energía competitiva, y adquiera una posición dominante entre las energías renovables.

Conversão térmica e termocatalítica à baixa temperatura do óleo de girassol para obtenção de bio-óleo

The use of biofuels remotes to the eighteenth century, when Rudolf Diesel made the first trials using peanut oil as fuel in a compression ignition engine. Based on these trials, there was the need for some chemical change to vegetable oil. Among these chemical transformations, we can mention the cracking and transesterification. This work aims at conducting a study using the thermocatalytic and thermal cracking of sunflower oil, using the Al-MCM-41 catalyst. The material type mesoporous Al-MCM-41 was synthesized and characterized by Hydrothermical methods of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, absorption spectroscopy in the infrared and thermal gravimetric analysis (TG / DTG).The study was conducted on the thermogravimetric behavior of sunflower oil on the mesoporous catalyst cited. Activation energy, conversion, and oil degradation as a function of temperature were estimated based on the integral curves of thermogravimetric analysis and the kinetic method of Vyazovkin. The mesoporous material Al-MCM-41 showed one-dimensional hexagonal formation. The study of the kinetic behavior of sunflower oil with the catalyst showed a lower activation energy against the activation energy of pure sunflower oil. Two liquid fractions of sunflower oil were obtained, both in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis. The first fraction obtained was called bio-oil and the second fraction obtained was called acid fraction. The acid fraction collected, in thermal and thermocatalytic pyrolisis, showed very high level of acidity, which is why it was called acid fraction. The first fraction was collected bio-called because it presented results in the range similar to petroleum diesel

Processamento Inteligente de Sinais de Pressão e Temperatura Adquiridos Através de Sensores Permanentes em Poços de Petróleo

Originally aimed at operational objectives, the continuous measurement of well bottomhole pressure and temperature, recorded by permanent downhole gauges (PDG), finds vast applicability in reservoir management. It contributes for the monitoring of well performance and makes it possible to estimate reservoir parameters on the long term. However, notwithstanding its unquestionable value, data from PDG is characterized by a large noise content. Moreover, the presence of outliers within valid signal measurements seems to be a major problem as well. In this work, the initial treatment of PDG signals is addressed, based on curve smoothing, self-organizing maps and the discrete wavelet transform. Additionally, a system based on the coupling of fuzzy clustering with feed-forward neural networks is proposed for transient detection. The obtained results were considered quite satisfactory for offshore wells and matched real requisites for utilization

Sviluppo di un sistema integrato per rampe isocrone di temperatura

Lo scopo del presente lavoro è la realizzazione e l'ottimizzazione di un software che, tramite l'utilizzo di un controllo automatico Proporzionale-Integrativo-Derivativo: PID, gestisca la temperatura di un fornetto in camera a vuoto. È necessario che il sistema sia in grado di eseguire rampe regolari di temperatura di diversa pendenza scelta dall'utente, in modo che possa essere utilizzato in futuro per esperimenti di Desorbimento Termico da parte di vari materiali. La tesi è così suddivisa, nel primo capitolo sono illustrati i concetti teorici di base utilizzati nello sviluppo dei controlli automatici. Nel secondo capitolo è descritta la parte hardware: sono mostrate le diverse sezioni che compongono il fornetto e la camera a vuoto, è inoltre illustrato il cablaggio che permette l'interfaccia del forno alla scheda Arduino ed al software LabVIEW. La terza sezione è dedicata agli studi svolti per la realizzazione del sistema di controllo PID e per la sua ottimizzazione. Il quarto capitolo è invece dedicato alla descrizione del software creato per la gestione del fornetto. Nel quinto capitolo sono infine mostrati i metodi utilizzati per il calcolo delle costanti operative del PID ed i risultati sperimentali ottenuti.