Applying the Transtheoretical Model to Physical Activity Behavior in Individuals With Non-Cystic Fibrosis Bronchiectasis

BACKGROUND: The transtheoretical model has been successful in promoting health behavior change in general and clinical populations. However, there is little knowledge about the application of the transtheoretical model to explain physical activity behavior in individuals with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. The aim was to examine patterns of (1) physical activity and (2) mediators of behavior change (self-efficacy, decisional balance, and processes of change) across stages of change in individuals with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.

METHODS: Fifty-five subjects with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (mean age ± SD = 63 ± 10 y) had physical activity assessed over 7 d using an accelerometer. Each component of the transtheoretical model was assessed using validated questionnaires. Subjects were divided into groups depending on stage of change: Group 1 (pre-contemplation and contemplation; n = 10), Group 2 (preparation; n = 20), and Group 3 (action and maintenance; n = 25). Statistical analyses included one-way analysis of variance and Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests.

RESULTS: Physical activity variables were significantly (P < .05) higher in Group 3 (action and maintenance) compared with Group 2 (preparation) and Group 1 (pre-contemplation and contemplation). For self-efficacy, there were no significant differences between groups for mean scores (P = .14). Decisional balance cons (barriers to being physically active) were significantly lower in Group 3 versus Group 2 (P = .032). For processes of change, substituting alternatives (substituting inactive options for active options) was significantly higher in Group 3 versus Group 1 (P = .01), and enlisting social support (seeking out social support to increase and maintain physical activity) was significantly lower in Group 3 versus Group 2 (P = .038).

CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of physical activity across stages of change is consistent with the theoretical predictions of the transtheoretical model. Constructs of the transtheoretical model that appear to be important at different stages of change include decisional balance cons, substituting alternatives, and enlisting social support. This study provides support to explore transtheoretical model-based physical activity interventions in individuals with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis.

The impact of an educational DVD on pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a randomised controlled trial

Background The diagnosis of gestational diabetes (GDM) during pregnancy can lead to anxiety. Little research has focused on the education these women receive and how this is best delivered in a busy clinic. Aim This study evaluated the impact of an innovative patient-centred educational DVD on anxiety and glycaemic control and in newly diagnosed women with GDM. Method 150 multi-ethnic women, aged 19-44 years, from three UK hospitals were randomised to either standard care plus DVD (DVD group, n=77) or standard care alone (control group, n=73) at GDM diagnosis. Women were followed up at their next clinic visit at a mean ± SD of 2.5 ± 1.6 weeks later. Primary outcomes were anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and mean 1-hour postprandial capillary self-monitored blood glucose for all meals, on day prior to follow-up. Secondary outcomes included pregnancy specific stress (Pregnancy Distress Questionnaire), emotional adjustment to diabetes (Appraisal of Diabetes Scale), self-efficacy (Diabetes Empowerment Scale) and GDM knowledge (non-validated questionnaire). Other outcomes included mean fasting and 1-hour postprandial blood glucose at each meal, on day prior to follow-up. Women in the DVD group completed a feedback questionnaire on the resource. Results No significant difference between the DVD and control group were reported, for anxiety (37.7 ± 11.7 vs 36.2 ± 10.9; mean difference after adjustment for covariates (95%CI) 2.5 (-0.8, 5.9) or for mean 1-hour postprandial glucose (6.9 ± 0.9 vs 7.0 ± 1.2 mmol/L; -0.2 (-0.5, 0.2). Similarly, no significant differences in the other psychosocial variables were identified between the groups. However, the DVD group had significantly lower postprandial breakfast glucose compared to the control group (6.8 ± 1.2 vs 7.4 ± 1.9 mmol/L; -0.5 (-1.1, -<0.1; p=0.04). Using a scale of 0-10, 84% rated the DVD 7 or above for usefulness (10 being very useful), and 88% rated it 7 or above when asked if they would recommend to a friend (10 being very strongly recommend). Women described the DVD as ‘reassuring’, ‘a fantastic tool’, that ‘provided a lot of information in a quick and easy way’ and ‘helped reinforce all the information from clinic’. Discussion While no significant change was observed in anxiety or mean postprandial glucose, the DVD was rated highly by women with GDM and may be a useful resource to assist with educating newly diagnosed women. This project is supported by BRIDGES, an IDF programme supported by an educational grant from Lilly Diabetes.

Public perceptions of personalised nutrition through the lens of Social Cognitive Theory

Social Cognitive Theory has been used to explain findings derived from focus group discussions (N = 4) held in the United Kingdom with the aim of informing best practice in personalised nutrition. Positive expectancies included weight loss and negative expectancies surrounded on-line security. Monitoring and feedback were crucial to goal setting and progress. Coaching by the service provider, family and friends was deemed important for self-efficacy. Paying for personalised nutrition symbolised commitment to behaviour change. The social context of eating, however, was perceived a problem and should be considered when designing personalised diets. Social Cognitive Theory could provide an effective framework through which to deliver personalised nutrition.

Reliability and factorial validity of Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitude (ATI-TA) Scores in Scottish and Northern Irish adolescents

The contemporary literature investigating the construct broadly known as time perspective is replete with methodological and conceptual concerns. These concerns focus on the reliability and factorial validity of measurement tools, and the sample-specific modification of scales. These issues continue to hamper the development of this potentially useful psychological construct. An emerging body of evidence has supported the six-factor structure of scores on the Adolescent Time Inventory-Time Attitudes Scale, as well as their reliability. The present study utilized data from the first wave of a longitudinal study in the United Kingdom to examine the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the scale. Results showed that the hypothesized six-factor model provided the best fit for the data; all alpha and omega estimates were >. .70; scores on ATI-TA factors related meaningfully to self-efficacy scores; and the factor structure was invariant across both research sites. Results are discussed in the context of the extant temporal literature.

Intentions Toward Physical Activity and Resting Behavior in Pregnant Women: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior Framework in a Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women are recommended to 1) perform daily moderate-intensity physical activity and 2) limit the amount of sedentary time. Many women do not meet these recommendations. Reduced physical activity and increased sedentary behavior may result from women actively intending to rest during pregnancy. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) has been used to assess attitudes (e.g., positive/negative beliefs), subjective norms (e.g., perception of others' views), perceived behavioral control (PBC) (e.g., self-efficacy), and intention toward exercising while pregnant but has not been applied to aspects pertaining to resting during pregnancy.

METHODS: Pregnant women (n = 345) completed a cross-sectional questionnaire that included two TPB Questionnaires where the target behaviors were 1) being physically active and 2) resting. Bootstrapped paired t tests, ANOVA, and linear hierarchal regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of intentions and whether intentions toward the two behaviors varied at different stages of pregnancy.

RESULTS: As women progressed in their pregnancy, their attitude, PBC, and intention toward being physically active all significantly declined. A positive attitude, subjective norms, and intention toward resting all significantly increased with the advancing trimester. Self-reported health conditions predicted lower intention for physical activity but not for resting.

DISCUSSION: The significantly inverse relationship between physical activity and resting across time suggests that women feel they should focus on one behavior at the expense of the other. Finding that women generally do not perceive these behaviors as mutually compatible has implications in strategizing as to how to encourage women to be active during pregnancy.

Psychological determinants of consumer acceptance of personalised nutrition in 9 European countries

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model of the psychological factors which predict people's intention to adopt personalised nutrition. Potential determinants of adoption included perceived risk and benefit, perceived self-efficacy, internal locus of control and health commitment.

METHODS: A questionnaire, developed from exploratory study data and the existing theoretical literature, and including validated psychological scales was administered to N=9381 participants from 9 European countries (Germany, Greece, Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the UK, and Norway).

RESULTS: Structural equation modelling indicated that the greater participants' perceived benefits to be associated with personalised nutrition, the more positive their attitudes were towards personalised nutrition, and the greater their intention to adopt it. Higher levels of nutrition self-efficacy were related to more positive attitudes towards, and a greater expressed intention to adopt, personalised nutrition. Other constructs positively impacting attitudes towards personalised nutrition included more positive perceptions of the efficacy of regulatory control to protect consumers (e.g. in relation to personal data protection), higher self-reported internal health locus of control, and health commitment. Although higher perceived risk had a negative relationship with attitude and an inverse relationship with perceived benefit, its effects on attitude and intention to adopt personalised nutrition was less influential than perceived benefit. The model was stable across the different European countries, suggesting that psychological factors determining adoption of personalised nutrition have generic applicability across different European countries.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that transparent provision of information about potential benefits, and protection of consumers' personal data is important for adoption, delivery of public health benefits, and commercialisation of personalised nutrition.

Stress, eustress and the National Student Survey

The aim was to explore the relationship between sources of stress and a range of coping behaviours on student
satisfaction and motivation. Most research exploring sources of stress construes stress as distress, with little
attempt to consider positive, good stress or ‘eustress’ experiences. A cohort of first-year psychology students (N=88)
were surveyed on a range of stressors. These were amended from the UK National Student Survey (NSS, 2011).
Published university league tables draw heavily on student course satisfaction but study results suggest there was
also merit in measuring students’ intellectual motivation and the extent to which they felt part of a learning
community. Using multiple regression analyses, it was found that even the attributes that normally help one to adjust to change, such as self-efficacy, do little to help the new student adjust to university life, such was the acuteness of perceived stress in the first year. Social opportunities within the university were important to help new students integrate into university life and to help them network and build support. Educators need to consider how course experiences contribute, not just to potential distress but to potential eustress.

A aprendizagem musical como elemento de aperfeiçoamento de competências matemáticas

Tomando como ponto de partida a relação entre música e matemática, nesta investigação temos como principal objetivo estudar a influência da aprendizagem musical no desempenho matemático. Pretendeu-se ainda observar o efeito de um conjunto de preditores no referido desempenho, mais concretamente do nível socioeconómico, da inteligência e de variáveis cognitivo-motivacionais (motivação, expectativas de autoeficácia e atribuições causais). Numa primeira parte, delineámos as linhas teóricas desta investigação. Começámos por relatar a relação entre música e matemática no âmbito da musicologia histórica, da teoria e análise musicais, da acústica e das tendências na composição musical, evidenciando os mecanismos de ligação entre elementos e conceitos musicais e tópicos e temas matemáticos. Relatámos os benefícios da exposição musical ao nível do desenvolvimento cognitivo e intelectual, destacando o aumento do raciocínio espacial, do desempenho matemático e da inteligência com a aprendizagem musical. De seguida, descrevemos o impacto das aulas de música no aumento do desempenho académico a várias disciplinas, nomeadamente a Matemática, enfatizando a associação da duração da aprendizagem musical com o aumento das capacidades matemáticas; para além do efeito da aprendizagem musical, procurámos ainda explicação de um desempenho académico melhorado com base em variáveis potenciadoras da performance, tais como o nível socioeconómico e a inteligência. Nesta linha de abordagem, explorámos os efeitos de variáveis influentes do desempenho académico fora do contexto musical, reportando-nos ao nível socioeconómico, à inteligência e às dimensões cognitivo-motivacionais (motivação, expectativas de autoeficácia e atribuições causais), destacando o poder preditivo da inteligência, seguido do nível socioeconómico e da motivação. Por fim, referimo-nos à interação entre música e encéfalo por meio das temáticas da plasticidade neural estrutural e funcional, do efeito da aprendizagem e performance musicais, da cognição musical e domínios não musicais, bem como dos fatores genéticos; sublinhamos a possibilidade de ligações entre a cognição musical e os domínios espacial e matemático. Numa segunda parte, apresentamos a investigação que desenvolvemos em contexto escolar com 112 alunos do 7º ano de escolaridade provenientes de 12 escolas do Ensino Básico. Nove são do Ensino Especializado de Música e três são do Ensino Regular. No total, as escolas enquadram-se nas zonas urbanas de Braga, Coimbra e Lisboa. O estudo possui carácter longitudinal e abrange três anos letivos, do 7º ao 9º anos de escolaridade. Após explanação dos objetivos, das hipóteses de investigação, da caracterização da amostra, da descrição dos instrumentos de avaliação e respetiva validação empírica, relatamos os resultados que encontrámos. Estes permitiram, por um lado, validar a hipótese de que os alunos submetidos ao ensino formal de música apresentam um desempenho matemático superior comparativamente aos alunos que não frequentaram este tipo de ensino (H1) e, por outro, sustentar que o número de anos de aprendizagem musical contribui para o aumento do desempenho matemático (H3). Sublinha-se, ainda, que os alunos de instrumento de teclado revelaram desempenho matemático mais elevado em relação aos seus pares que estudaram outros instrumentos. Já no que se refere ao poder preditivo do tipo de ensino (Ensino Especializado de Música vs. Ensino Regular), apurámos que a formação em música prevê melhores desempenhos a matemática; destaca-se que as variáveis em estudo, tais como o nível socioeconómico, a motivação, as expectativas de autoeficácia e a inteligência adicionam capacidade explicativa do desempenho matemático, sendo que a presença da aprendizagem musical perdeu aptidão preditiva apenas na presença da inteligência. Contudo, após controlo estatístico da inteligência, foi possível concluir que a aprendizagem musical mantém o poder preditivo no desempenho matemático (H2). Os resultados permitiram identificar em que tópicos e temas matemáticos relacionados com os elementos e conceitos musicais os alunos com aprendizagem musical apresentam melhores desempenhos, evidenciando-se os tópicos no âmbito da Geometria (H4). Observámos, também, que é possível prever o desempenho matemático a partir do raciocínio espacial dos alunos (H5). Finalmente, referimos as limitações, refletimos sobre as implicações que estes resultados poderão trazer no âmbito do ensino da música em Portugal e apontamos pistas conducentes ao desenvolvimento de investigações futuras.

Construção de competências transversais no sector das telecomunicações : percepções e estilos de aprendizagem

Tem sido frequentemente referido na literatura que os diplomados do ensino superior estão mal preparados para as exigências do mercado de trabalho. Face à situação económica actual, mais do que conhecimentos académicos, os estudantes necessitam desenvolver competências que promovam a sua empregabilidade e aprendizagem ao longo da vida. Isto é particularmente relevante no sector das Telecomunicações, face às constantes mutações tecnológicas e organizacionais. Estas competências são usualmente designadas por competências transversais, englobam o conjunto de competências que são comuns às diferentes actividades profissionais. Trata-se de competências imprescindíveis à empregabilidade, uma vez que permitem aos indivíduos agir numa multiplicidade de tarefas e funções. O presente trabalho propõe uma caracterização da construção das competências transversais no sector das Telecomunicações, tendo por base as percepções dos estudantes de engenharia, mas também as percepções das empresas do sector. No sentido de apoiar a fundamentação de estratégias práticas promotoras do desenvolvimento das competências transversais, o presente trabalho analisou os estilos de aprendizagem dos alunos de engenharia, tendo sido realizado um estudo para a adaptação do Index of Learning Styles (Felder & Soloman, n.d.) para a população portuguesa. No presente trabalho, 337 estudantes avaliaram o seu domínio num conjunto de competências transversais, bem como a sua importância para um futuro profissional. Desta avaliação foram identificados gaps de competências transversais que traduzem necessidades de desenvolvimento e formação. Foram também analisadas as relações entre as competências transversais e os estilos de aprendizagem dos estudantes, e as relações entre as competências transversais e um conjunto de variáveis psicológicas relacionadas com o desempenho competente: auto-eficácia, auto-regulação e optimismo. Representantes de empresas do sector das Telecomunicações avaliaram a importância das mesmas competências transversais para as práticas de negócio. A interpretação dos resultados, bem como as possíveis implicações destes no desenvolvimento de estratégias promotoras da construção das competências transversais, são discutidos à luz da literatura relevante.

A Psychological Exploration of Long-Term LSD Users

All research involving the psychoactive compound lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was terminated globally following its prohibition more than 50 years ago, though illicit use remained fairly stable. A considerable resurgence of research interest in LSD has received considerable attention in various publications and professional fora. One of the main applications considered is LSD-assisted psychotherapy to address a number of difficulties like end-of-life anxiety, addiction/alcoholism, post-traumatic stress, and depression. However, due to the highly contradictory nature of early research findings and division in the literature, one is left uncertain as to whether psychology as a profession is currently equipped to critically evaluate these advances, let alone embrace them. The purpose of the present study was to contribute to current psychological knowledge on long-term LSD use. A group of long-term LSD users who claimed beneficial use were the focus here. A mixed methods design was employed. 110 users completed an online survey assessing for demographics, patterns of use, and specific personality traits through three psychometric measures, Big Five Inventory (BFI), General Self Efficacy scale (GSE) and Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). Eight individual interviews were also conducted and analysed by Thematic Analysis (TA). Gaining different perspectives on reality and increasing self- awareness appeared to be essential elements of the belief system that these non-problematic long-term LSD users adopted in order to make sense of their LSD use. Qualitative findings also suggested the existence of a common set of life values, rules and the adoption of a hierarchical system between LSD users. Novices appeared to be tutored and guided by elders whose presence and input was valued and who were listened to and respected. A role for ‘wiser/elder’ users as those imparting valuable knowledge to novices was therefore also suggested. The underlying aim may possibly be an attempt to minimise risks and maximise potential benefits of LSD use. A prospective role for LSD as a deterrent of substance misuse, a ‘gateway drug to no drugs’ was also hinted and remains in need of iv further investigation. Claims regarding beneficial LSD use and ‘change’ through LSD use were confirmed by the participant sample. No noteworthy differences between psychometric scores of the LSD-using group and those of the general population (as suggested by normative data comparisons) were found, possibly due to methodological limitations, especially considering the highly subjective nature of the LSD experience and its effects. The determining role of extra-pharmacological variables or ‘set and setting’ in the outcome of LSD use suggested in earlier literature was re-validated. Knowledge on their specific components was enriched, and a potentially significant value for adopting a flexible, adaptable and solution-focused mind-set in order to better manage the effects of LSD was highlighted. Due to the highly selected nature of the participant sample, present findings should serve as suggestions for further research in order to clarify the aforementioned issues and to make explicit the mechanisms by which they operate. The complex nature of LSD, its use and its effects have been re-confirmed here. It is imperative that the current knowledge base on the substance is enriched before LSD is introduced in a clinical psychology professional context.

Prédictions sportives chez des athlètes de basketball: perception d’efficacité personnelle et illusion de contrôle

Les athlètes sont nombreux à parier sur les sports et leurs connaissances en sport pourraient les amener à s’y sentir compétents. Les théories similaires de la perception d’efficacité personnelle (PEP) et de l’illusion de contrôle offrent des pistes de réflexion sur cette impression de compétence. Comme la PEP peut se généraliser entre tâches similaires, la PEP des athlètes à une tâche sportive pourrait se généraliser, sous forme d’illusions de contrôle, vers la PEP à des prédictions sportives. L’objectif principal du mémoire est de vérifier si la PEP à une tâche de basketball se généralise vers des prédictions. Un objectif secondaire est de vérifier le lien entre la PEP aux prédictions sportives et l’illusion de contrôle. Vingt-trois basketteurs de niveau collégial ou universitaire sont répartis aléatoirement en deux conditions : PEP augmentée et diminuée. Lors d’une tâche de basketball, les athlètes doivent statuer le nombre de paniers qu’ils croient réussir et tenter de l’atteindre. Pour manipuler la PEP, il est mentionné aux athlètes qu’ils ont deux minutes pour accomplir la tâche, mais ont plus ou moins 15 % de ce temps. Ils effectuent ensuite des prédictions sur le basketball et sur un autre sport. Les résultats révèlent l’augmentation et la diminution significative de la PEP à la tâche de basketball, sans généralisation aux prédictions, puisque les athlètes des deux conditions rapportent une PEP élevée aux prédictions sur le basketball et modérée sur l’autre sport. Aussi, le lien PEP − illusion de contrôle n’est pas significatif. Les résultats illustrent toutefois que les athlètes présentent une PEP et une illusion de contrôle plus élevées aux prédictions sur le basketball que sur l’autre sport. Il semble que les basketteurs se sentent plus compétents pour prédire des événements de basketball qu’un autre sport, et ce, indépendamment de leur PEP à une tâche motrice de basketball.

Student’s Engagement in School: Conceptualization and relations with Personal Variables and Academic Performance

This article reviews the literature regarding Student’s Engagement in School (SES), its relationship with personal variables, as well as with academic performance. Although SES’ conceptualization may vary across studies, there is general agreement concerning the multidimensional nature of this construct, encompassing three dimensions – cognitive, affective and behavioural. It is seen as an antecedent of several required outcomes, at academic level, but also as a valorous construct itself, both as mediator and product. More particularly, this concept has been the focus of debate concerning academic success and school dropout. There can also be found a significant number of studies which suggest that personal (self-efficacy, self-concept), as well as contextual (peers, school, family) factors are related with school engagement; additionally, the lack of engagement is linked with low academic performance, behavioural problems and school dropout. Thus, Student’s Engagement in School is perceived as a potentially effective response to the problems affecting schools and their students, and an aspect to be considered in preventing problematic patterns related to scholary contexts.

"O cruzamento de metodologias no ensino e aprendizagem do Desenho"

Relatório da Prática de Ensino Supervisionada, Mestrado em Ensino de Artes Visuais, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Autoeficácia e satisfação no trabalho em técnicos de diagnóstico e terapêutica

Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Contabilidade e Administração do Porto para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Gestão das Organizações, Ramo de Gestão de Empresas Orientada por Professora Doutora Diana Margarida Pinheiro de Aguiar Vieira Esta dissertação não inclui as críticas e as sugestões feitas pelo júri

HIV Voluntary Testing among Portuguese Women Attending Family Planning Clinics: Implications for HIV Prevention Education and Testing

Objectives: The aim of this article is to analyze the factors associated with HIV testing among 767 sexually active women. Methods: Participants were administered several self-report questionnaires that assessed behavioral and psychosocial measures. Results: Overall, 59.8% of the participants reported ever having tested for HIV. Results show that higher levels of education, being pregnant or having been pregnant, concern about AIDS, AIDS knowledge, self-efficacy in condom negotiation and perception of no risk in partner significantly predicted the likelihood of testing among women. Attending the mass was negatively associated with HIV testing. Conclusions: These findings provide information that can be used in the development of a focused gender sensitive HIV prevention program to increase HIV testing.