Name your favorite musician: Effects of masculine generics and of their alternatives in German

Feminist linguists claim that masculine forms used in a generic sense (e.g. he referring to a doctor irrespective of sex) facilitate the cognitive representation of men compared to women and make women less visible. A number of experimental studies have confirmed this assumption with regard to the English language. Concerning other languages, however, this question has been addressed only in very few studies, although gender is a much more pervasive grammatical category and masculine generics are more prominent in languages such as French, Spanish or German. This paper reports three experiments with native speakers of German which were conducted to determine the influence of different types of German generics on the cognitive inclusion of women. Results indicate that inclusion of women is higher with 'non-sexist' alternatives than with masculine generics, a tendency which was consistent over studies. But the different alternative forms show different effects which also vary depending on the context. These results are discussed with regard to their practical consequences in situations such as nominating women and men for awards, political offices etc.

Meta-cognition about biological sex and gender-stereotypic physical appearance: Consequences for the assessment of leadership competence

Previous findings are inconsistent with regard to whether men are judged as being more or less competent leaders than women. However, masculine-relative to feminine-looking persons seem to be judged consistently as more competent leaders. Can this different impact of biological sex and physical appearance be due to the disparate availability of meta-cognitive knowledge about both sources? The results of Study 1 indicated that individuals possess meta-cognitive knowledge about a possible biasing influence of persons’ biological sex, but not for their physical appearance. In Study 2, participants judged the leadership competence of a male versus female stimulus person with either masculine or feminine physical appearance. In addition, the available cognitive capacity was manipulated. When high capacity was available, participants corrected for the influence of stimulus persons’ sex, but they fell prey to this influence under cognitive load. However, the effect of physical appearance was not moderated by cognitive capacity.

Evaluation of Leaders – Does Gender Really Matter?

We examined the leaders’ self-evaluation and their evaluation by subordinates. We found that, over time, female leaders evaluated themselves better than male leaders and that subordinates evaluated female leaders better than male leaders at the beginning of the project. The latter gender differences disappeared over the course of the project.

Narcissism and emotional contagion: do narcissists “catch” the emotions of others?

In this research, we investigated the association between narcissism and one central aspect of empathy, susceptibility for emotional contagion (the transfer of emotional states from one person to another). In an experimental study (N=101), we were able to compare actual susceptibility for emotional contagion (as indicated by a change in emotions that converges with the emotions of another person) and self-reported susceptibility for emotional contagion (assessed via questionnaire). Results showed that in the case of positive emotions, narcissists were actually less susceptible to emotional contagion than individuals low in narcissism. At the same time, however, narcissists believed they were more susceptible to contagion of positive emotions. Thus, narcissists were less likely to “catch the positive emotions” of others than individuals low in narcissism, but at the same time lacked the self-insight capabilities to notice this.

Evaluation of an inventory for the assessment of critical incidents involving football fans

Introduction: Fan violence is a frequent occurrence in Swiss football (Bundesamt für Polizei, 2015) leading to high costs for prevention and control (Mensch & Maurer, 2014). Various theories put forward an explanation of fan violence, such as the Elaborated Social Identity Model (Drury & Reicher, 2000) and the Aggravation Mitigation Model (Hylander & Guvå, 2010). Important observations from these theories are the multi-dimensional understanding of fan violence and the dynamics occurring in the fan group. Nevertheless, none of them deal with critical incidents (CIs) which involve a tense atmosphere combined with a higher risk of fan violence. Schumacher Dimech, Brechbühl and Seiler (2015) tackled this gap in research and explored CIs where 43 defining criteria were identified and compiled in an integrated model of CIs. The defining criteria were categorised in four higher-order themes “antecedents” (e.g. a documented history of fan rivalry), “triggers” (e.g. the arrest of a fan), “reactions” (e.g. fans masking themselves) and “consequences” (e.g. fans avoiding communication with fan social workers). Methods: An inventory based on this model is being developed including these 43 criteria. In an exploratory phase, this inventory was presented as an online questionnaire and was completed by 143 individuals. Three main questions are examined: Firstly, the individual items are tested using descriptive analyses. An item analysis is conducted to test reliability, item difficulty and discriminatory power. Secondly, the model’s four higher-order themes are tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Thirdly, differences between sub-groups are explored, such as gender and agerelated differences. Results: Respondents rated the items’ importance as high and the quota of incomplete responses was not systematic. Two items were removed from the inventory because of low mean or a high rate of “don’t know”-responses. EFA produced a six-factor solution grouping items into match-related factors, repressive measures, fans’ delinquent behaviour, intra-group behaviour, communication and control and inter-group factors. The item “fans consume alcohol” could not be ordered into any category but was retained since literature accentuates this factor’s influence on fan violence. Analyses examining possible differences between groups are underway. Discussion: Results exploring the adequacy of this inventory assessing defining criteria of CIs in football are promising and thus further evaluative investigation is recommended. This inventory can be used in two ways: as a standardised instrument of assessment for experts evaluating specific CIs and as an instrument for exploring differences in perception and assessment of a CI e.g. gender and age differences, differences between interest groups and stakeholders. References: Bundesamt für Polizei. (2015). Jahresbericht 2014. Kriminalitätsbekämpfung Bund. Lage, Massnahmen und Mittel [Electronic Version]. Drury, J., & Reicher, S. (2000). Collective action and psychological change. The emergence of new social identities. British Journal of Social Psychology, 39, 579-604. Hylander, I., & Guvå, G. (2010). Misunderstanding of out-group behaviour: Different interpretations of the same crowd events among police officers and demonstrators. Nordic Psychology, 62, 25-47. Schumacher-Dimech, A., Brechbühl, A. &, Seiler, R. (2016). Dynamics of critical incidents with potentially violent outcomes involving ultra fans: an explorative study. Sport in Society. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2015.1133597

Gender-fairness in schoolbooks revisited: Did improvements in gender equality make a difference?

The present research focuses on two countries differing in their policies of gender equality and gender-fair language use. Content analyses of schoolbooks investigate the gender-fair language use and the depiction of gender stereotypes in them.

Sleep Disturbance in the Homeless Population: The Relationship between Homelessness, Sleep and Health

Little is known about how sleep disruption impacts physical health among the homeless. The association between homelessness, quality of sleep and physical health were investigated in the current study. Convenience sampling was used to select participants from a pool of people attending the programs of Ecclesia Ministries. Interviews were conducted with 32 persons from the Boston metropolitan area, of whom 23 were currently homeless. The researcher assessed level of sleep disturbance, number of health problems and degree of homelessness using a standard demographic questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Our results found evidence of significant sleep disturbance as well as significant mental and physical health problems in the sample. Correlational analyses provided partial support for the hypothesis that degree of homelessness impacts both sleep quality and physical health. Future work should investigate whether change in homelessness status alters sleep quality and physical health and also whether interventions may be utilized in this understudied and vulnerable population.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 642 - "Materialien. Druckseiten aus Zeitschriften", "Menschen im Großbetrieb" und "Vorwort zu: 'Zeugnisse. Theodor W. Adorno zum 60. Geburtstag'" (p. IX 20.11-76-IX 22)

11. Salomon, Albert: "The Spirit of the Soldier and Nazi Militarism". Social Research, Februar 1942, 13 Blatt; 12. Dicks, H.V.: "The Psychological Foundations of the Wehrmacht". Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 42 Blatt; 13. Clark, Robert A.: "Aggressivness and Military Training". American Journal of Sociology, Volume 51, Number 5, March 1946, 5 Blatt; 14. Stagner, Ross: "Fascist Attitudes: Their Determening Conditions". The Journal of Social Psychology, Volume III, Number 4, 1936, 9 Blatt; 15. Apple, Kenneth E.: "Nationalism and Souvereignity: A Psychiatric View." The Journal of Normal and Abnorma Psychology, Volume 40, Number 4, October 1945, 4 Blatt; 16. Schreier, Fritz: "German Aggressivness- Its Reasons and Types". Journal of Normal and Abnormal Psychology, Volume 38, Number 2, April 1943, 7 Blatt; 17. Stagner, Ross: "Fascist Attitudes: An Exploratory Study". The Journal of Social Psychology, Volume III, Number 3, 1936, 6 Blatt; 18. Stagner, Ross und Katzoff, E. T.: "Fascist Attitudes: Factor Analysis of Item Correlations". The Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 1942, 4 Blatt; 19. Stagner, Ross und Osgood, Charles E.: "Impact of War on a Nationalistic Frame of Reference". The Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 1946, 15 Blatt; 20. Day, Daniel Droba und Quackenbusch, O.F.: Attitudes Towards Defensive, Cooperative and Aggressive War". The Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 1942, 5 Blatt; 21. Kecskemeti, Paul und Leites, Nathan: "Some Psychological Hypotheses on Nazi Germany: I". The Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 1947, 22 Blatt; 22. Dieselben: "Some Psychological Hypotheses on Nazi Germany: II". Ebenda, 27, 1948, 14 Blatt; 23. Parsons, Tollcott: "Certain Primary Sources and Pattersens of Aggression in the Social Structure of the Western World". Psychiatry, Volume 10, Number 2, May 1047, 8 Blatt; 24. Zerner, Elizabeth H.: "German Occupation and Anti-Semitism in France". Public Opinion Quarterly, Summer 1948, 5 Blatt; 25. Hauser, Ernest O.: "Doctor [Julian] Huxley`s Wonderful Zoo". The Saturday Evening Post, ohne Datum, 5 Blatt; 26. Zeitungsabschnitt, 1 Blatt; "Menschen im Großbetrieb" (GS 8, S. 95-105); Veröffentlicht in: Deutsche Zeitung, 19.02.1955. a) Typoskript mit dem Titel "Meinungsforschung im Betrieb" mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 10 Blatt b) Typoskript mit dem Titel "Der Mensch im Großbetrieb", mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen und einer handschriftlichen Notiz von Theodor W. Adorno, 17 Blatt c) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 17 Blatt d) Zeitungsdruck mit dem Titel "Menschen im Großbetrieb", mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt e)-f) Dasselbe , 1 Blatt; "Vorwort" zu: "Zeugnisse. Theodor W. Adorno zum 60. Geburtstag"; Veröffentlicht: Ebenda, Frankfurt am Main, 1963. a)-b) Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt c) Typoskript, 2 Blatt;

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 651 - "Vorwort zu Alfred Schmidt: Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre von Marx"; "Vorlesungen über Autorität und Gesellschaft"; "Über Logik"; "Vorlesungsankündigungen" (p. IX 32.1-3-IX 35)

Vorwort von Horkheimer, Max und Ardorno, Theodor W. zu: Schmidt, Alfred: Der Begriff der Natur in der Lehre Marx. Frankfurt am Main 1962, Frankfurter Beiträge zur Soziologie Band 11. Mehrere Typoskripte und zwei Entwürfe, Typoskrip c mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen von Theodor W. Adorno, 2 Blatt; zweiter Entwurf mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen von Friedrich Pollock, 1 Blatt; Schmidt, Alfred: Gutachten über die Inauguraldissertation 'Die Rolle der Natur in der Marxschen Konzeption der Gesselschaft'. Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 4 Blatt; Typoskript, 7 Blatt; Pollock, Friedrich: Eigenhändige Notize und Korrekturvorschläge zur Dissertation von Alfred Schmidt, 24 Blatt; Vorlesungen über Autorität und Gesellschaft [Columbia University New York]; 1936-37 "Authority and Status in Modern Society"; 1937-38 "Authoritarian Thought and Institutions in Europe"; 1938-39 "Authoritarian Doctrines and modern European Institutions"; Einleitende Vorlesung über Autorität und Gesellschaft, 1936/37 (Max Horkheimer). Drei englsiche Fassungen, eine deutsche Fassung (GS 12, S.39-68); Zweite Vorlesung über Autorität und Gesellschaft (Max Horkheimer). Englische Fassung, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 27 Blatt; deutsche Fassung, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 20 Blatt (GS 12, S.39-68); "History" (Herbert Marcuse). Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 7 Blatt; "Empirical Research" (Paul Lazarfeld). Typoskript, 7 Blatt; "Economica" (Friedrich Pollock). Typoskript, 9 Blatt; "Authoritarian State" (Franz Neumann). Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 18 Blatt; Teilstück, Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 1 Blatt; "Education" (Leo Löwenthal ?). Typoskript, 6 Blatt; Einleitung in den psychologischen Teil (Fromm). Englische Fassung, Typoskript, 5 Blatt; Abschlußvorlesung: Zusammenfassung (Max Horkheimer). Englische Fassung, Typoskript mit eigenhändigen und handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 9 Blatt; deutsche Fassung, Typoskript, 5 Blatt (GS 12, S. 39-68); Teilstücke (Entwürfe ?) zu den Vorlesungen. Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 5 Blatt; Eigenhändige Notizen zu den Vorlesungen, 6 Blatt; Literaturlisten. Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 3 Blatt; Vorlesungsankündigungen. Als Typoskript vervielfältigt, 4 Blatt; Typoskript, 2 Blatt; Ohne Namen: "Errors in Professor Horkheimers Lecture". Stichworte zu sprachlichen Fehlern Max Horkheimers, 4 Blatt; "Über Logik": Vorlesung von Max Horkheimer, 1939. Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Ergänzungen von Herbert Marcuse, 17 Blatt; Typoskript mit eigenhändigen Korrekturen, 10 Blatt (GS 12, S. 69-74); Vorlesungsankündigungen der Institutsmitglieder (1941 ?); Horkheimer, Max: "The Social Psychology of Mass Movements"; Horkheimer, Max: "Modern Utopias and their Social Background"; Adorno, Theodor W.: "Sociology of Art"; Adorno, Theodor W.: "Sociology of Popular Music"; Marcuse, Herbert: "Social and Intelectual Foundations of Modern European Democracy"; Marcuse, Herbert: "The Development of Social Thought in der Modern Era"; Neumann, Franz: "History of Modern Political Thought"; Neumann, Franz: "Sociology of Legal Institutions"; Löwenthal, Leo: "Sociology of Modern Popular Literature"; Löwenthal, Leo: "Social Trends in European Literature since the Renaissance"; Kirchheimer, Otto: "Sociology of Political Institutions"; Kirchheimer, Otto: "Development of Criminological Thought". Typoskript, 13 Blatt; Typoskript, 7 Blatt; Typoskript mit handschriftlichen Korrekturen, 14 Blatt;

Hipótesis sobre la crisis de las instituciones y el déficit en la estructuración psíquica

Consideramos que la vigencia del debate en torno a la relación entre el individuo y la sociedad es indiscutible a pesar de llevar ya tanto tiempo. Hoy es un campo de problemas en el que necesariamente deben intervenir distintas disciplinas. En este trabajo se lo va a abordar en general desde la Psicología Social y el Psicoanálisis y en particular desde las instituciones, entendiéndolas como uno de los fenómenos fuertes que participan en el mismo, planteando la hipótesis central de que si hay crisis en las instituciones, ésta afecta también y de manera estructural la configuración del psiquismo del sujeto.