Myocardial ischemic preconditioning upregulated protein 1(Mipu1):zinc finger protein 667 - a multifunctional KRAB/C2H2 zinc finger protein

Myocardial ischemic preconditioning upregulated protein 1 (Mipu1) is a newly discovered upregulated gene produced in rats during the myocardial ischemic preconditioning process. Mipu1 cDNA contains a 1824-base pair open reading frame and encodes a 608 amino acid protein with an N-terminal Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) domain and classical zinc finger C2H2 motifs in the C-terminus. Mipu1 protein is located in the cell nucleus. Recent studies found that Mipu1 has a protective effect on the ischemia-reperfusion injury of heart, brain, and other organs. As a nuclear factor, Mipu1 may perform its protective function through directly transcribing and repressing the expression of proapoptotic genes to repress cell apoptosis. In addition, Mipu1 also plays an important role in regulating the gene expression of downstream inflammatory mediators by inhibiting the activation of activator protein-1 and serum response element.

Hydrogen sulfide in posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph drainage alleviates kidney injury in rats

Posthemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph (PHSML) is a key factor in multiple organ injury following hemorrhagic shock. We investigated the role of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in PHSML drainage in alleviating acute kidney injury (AKI) by administering D,L-propargylglycine (PPG) and sodium hydrosulfide hydrate (NaHS) to 12 specific pathogen-free male Wistar rats with PHSML drainage. A hemorrhagic shock model was established in 4 experimental groups: shock, shock+drainage, shock+drainage+PPG (45 mg/kg, 0.5 h prehemorrhage), and shock+drainage+NaHS (28 µmol/kg, 0.5 h prehemorrhage). Fluid resuscitation was performed after 1 h of hypotension, and PHMSL was drained in the last three groups for 3 h after resuscitation. Renal function and histomorphology were assessed along with levels of H2S, cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in renal tissue. Hemorrhagic shock induced AKI with increased urea and creatinine levels in plasma and higher H2S, CSE, TLR4, IL-10, IL-12, and TNF-α levels in renal tissue. PHSML drainage significantly reduced urea, creatinine, H2S, CSE, and TNF-α but not TLR4, IL-10, or IL-12. PPG decreased creatinine, H2S, IL-10, and TNF-α levels, but this effect was reversed by NaHS administration. In conclusion, PHSML drainage alleviated AKI following hemorrhagic shock by preventing increases in H2S and H2S-mediated inflammation.

Time-course effects of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and renal parameters in 2K1C renovascular hypertensive rats

Exercise training (Ex) has been recommended for its beneficial effects in hypertensive states. The present study evaluated the time-course effects of Ex without workload on mean arterial pressure (MAP), reflex bradycardia, cardiac and renal histology, and oxidative stress in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Male Fischer rats (10 weeks old; 150–180 g) underwent surgery (2K1C or SHAM) and were subsequently divided into a sedentary (SED) group and Ex group (swimming 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 weeks). Until week 4, Ex decreased MAP, increased reflex bradycardia, prevented concentric hypertrophy, reduced collagen deposition in the myocardium and kidneys, decreased the level of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the left ventricle, and increased the catalase (CAT) activity in the left ventricle and both kidneys. From week 6 to week 10, however, MAP and reflex bradycardia in 2K1C Ex rats became similar to those in 2K1C SED rats. Ex effectively reduced heart rate and prevented collagen deposition in the heart and both kidneys up to week 10, and restored the level of TBARS in the left ventricle and clipped kidney and the CAT activity in both kidneys until week 8. Ex without workload for 10 weeks in 2K1C rats provided distinct beneficial effects. The early effects of Ex on cardiovascular function included reversing MAP and reflex bradycardia. The later effects of Ex included preventing structural alterations in the heart and kidney by decreasing oxidative stress and reducing injuries in these organs during hypertension.

Multiple facets of HIV-associated renal disease

HIV infection has a broad spectrum of renal manifestations. This study examined the clinical and histological manifestations of HIV-associated renal disease, and predictors of renal outcomes. Sixty-one (64% male, mean age 45 years) HIV patients were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical presentation and renal histopathology were assessed, as well as CD4 T-cell count and viral load. The predictive value of histological lesion, baseline CD4 cell count and viral load for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or death were determined using the Cox regression model. The outcomes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESRD or death were evaluated by baseline CD4 cell count. The percent distribution at initial clinical presentation was non-nephrotic proteinuria (54%), acute kidney injury (28%), nephrotic syndrome (23%), and chronic kidney disease (22%). Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (28%), mainly the collapsing form (HIVAN), acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) (26%), and immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis (ICGN) (25%) were the predominant renal histology. Baseline CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm3 was a protective factor against CKD (hazard ratio=0.997; 95%CI=0.994-0.999; P=0.012). At last follow-up, 64% of patients with baseline CD4 ≥200 cells/mm3 had eGFR >60 mL·min-1·(1.73 m2)-1 compared to the other 35% of patients who presented with CD4 <200 cells/mm3 (log rank=9.043, P=0.003). In conclusion, the main histological lesion of HIV-associated renal disease was HIVAN, followed by AIN and ICGN. These findings reinforce the need to biopsy HIV patients with kidney impairment and/or proteinuria. Baseline CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/mm3 was associated with better renal function after 2 years of follow-up.

Empathy and Emotion Processing in Mild Head Injury and Sub-clinical Psychopathy

The current study sought to investigate the nature of empathic responding and emotion processing in persons who have experienced Mild Head Injury (MHI) and how this relationship between empathetic responding and head injury status may differ in those with higher psychopathic characteristics (i.e., subclinical psychopathy). One-hundred university students (36% reporting having a previous MHI) completed an Emotional Processing Task (EPT) using images of neutral and negative valence (IAPS, 2008) designed to evoke empathy; physiological responses were recorded. Additionally, participants completed measures of cognitive competence and various individual differences (empathy - QCAE; Reniers, 2011; Psychopathy - SRP-III, Williams, Paulhus & Hare, 2007) and demographics questionnaires. MHI was found to be associated with lower affective empathy and physiological reactivity (pulse rate) while viewing images irrespective of valence, reflecting a pattern of generalized underarousal. The empathic deficits observed correlated with the individual’s severity of injury such that the greater number of injury characteristics and symptoms endorsed by a subject, the more dampened the affective and cognitive empathy reactions to stimuli and the lower his/her physiological reactivity. Importantly, psychopathy interacted with head injury status such that the effects of psychopathy were significant only for individuals indicating a MHI. This group, i.e., MHI subjects who scored higher on psychopathy, displayed the greatest compromise in empathic responding. Interestingly, the Callous Affect component of psychopathy was found to account for the empathic and emotion processing deficits observed for individuals who report a MHI; in contrast, the Interpersonal Manipulation component emerged as a better predictor of empathic and emotion deficits observed in the No MHI group. These different patterns may indicate the involvement of different underlying processes in the manifestation of empathic deficits associated with head injury or subclinical psychopathy. It also highlights the importance of assessing for prior head injury in populations with higher psychopathic characteristics due to the possible combined/enhanced influences. The results of this study have important social implications for persons who have experienced a concussion or limited neural trauma since even subtle injury to the head may be sufficient to produce dampened emotion processing, thereby impacting one’s social interactions and engagement (i.e., at risk for social isolation or altered interpersonal success). Individuals who experience MHI in conjunction with certain personality profiles (e.g., higher psychopathic characteristics) may be particularly at risk for being less capable of empathic compassion and socially-acceptable pragmatics and, as a result, may not be responsive to another person’s emotional well-being.

Étude de la fonction vasculaire et du remodelage cardiaque avant l’établissement de l’obésité et de la dyslipidémie chez les rats femelles Sprague-Dawley recevant une diète riche en gras

Des lacunes existent au niveau des connaissances concernant les modifications cardiovasculaires manifestées avant l’établissement d’obésité et en absence d’hyperlipidémie. Dans cette optique, la présente étude a testé l'hypothèse générale qui stipule que l’administration d’une diète riche en gras pour une période de 8 semaines chez les rats femelles influence négativement la fonction et le remodelage cardiaque, avant le développement de l’obésité et en absence d’hyperlipidémie et d’hyperglycémie. Afin de répondre à cette problématique, des rats femelles Sprague-Dawley ont été assignés à une diète standard (SD; 12,5% lipides, kcal) ou riche en gras (HF; 42% lipides, kcal) pour une période de 8 semaines. Cette durée était insuffisante pour induire le développement d’une dyslipidémie ou une augmentation significative de la masse corporelle chez les animaux HF(329±14g) comparativement aux rates SD (300±10g). Toutefois, une hypertension artérielle s’est développée chez les rates HF (130±4 vs 108±6 mmHg, p<0,05), accompagnée d’une altération des relaxations aortiques dépendantes de l’endothélium (relaxation maximale : 22±5% versus 53±8%, pour les animaux HF et SD respectivement, p<0,05). L’administration orale chronique de l’antioxydant resvératrol (RES; 20 mg·kg-1·jr-1) a prévenu le développement de ces altérations pathologiques, attestant d’une implication du stress oxydant. Au niveau cardiaque, le RES n’a toutefois pas inhibé le développement de fibrose périvasculaire secondaire à l’administration de la diète riche en gras. Suite à une insulte d’ischémie-reperfusion, la taille (SD : 0,29±0,09 versus HF : 0,32±0,13 cm), l’épaisseur (SD : 0,05±0,02 versus HF : 0,06±0,01 cm) et le contenu en collagène α1 type 1 (SD : 0,21±0,04 versus HF : 0,20±0,04 unités arbitraires/mm2) de la cicatrice du coeur infarci des rats HF étaient comparables au coeur infarci des rats SD. Malgré ces similitudes, le taux de décès était significativement (p<0,05) plus élevé chez les rats HF (56%) comparativement aux rats SD (5%). L’approche par électrophysiologie a démontré que l’administration de la diète riche en gras était associée à une augmentation (p<0,05) du nombre d’extrasystoles ventriculaires induites. Cette élévation de l’incidence était associé à une hyperinnervation sympathique fonctionnelle, tel que démontré par une élévation (p<0,05) de la densité des fibres neurofilament-M (HF : 2830±250 versus SD : 2020±260 μm2/mm2) et de la protéine de l’hydroxylase de la tyrosine. La fonctionnalité des jonctions intercellulaires était également atteinte, caractérisée par une latéralisation et internalisation de connexine 43 ainsi qu’une diminution de l’expression de connexine 40 au niveau des disques intercalaires. Ainsi, avant l’établissement de l’obésité et d’une dyslipidémie, les rats femelles modestement hypertendus présentent un phénotype arythmogénique cardiaque en partie dû à une hyperinnervation sympathique et une expression altérée concomitante de la distribution et de l’expression des jonctions intercellulaires. L’absence de symptômes cliniques d’obésité dans la présente étude ne fournit aucun indice au clinicien quant à la susceptibilité accrue aux arythmies ventriculaires. Ainsi, en présence d’une hypertension artérielle modérée chez un patient non-obèse, une mesure de l’activité sympathique par la quantification des niveaux circulants de catécholamines pourrait être bénéfique afin de détecter les patients à risque de mort subite.

Pkd1 transgenic mice: Adult model of polycystic kidney disease with extrarenal and renal phenotypes

While high levels of Pkd1 expression are detected in tissues of patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), it is unclear whether enhanced expression could be a pathogenetic mechanism for this systemic disorder. Three transgenic mouse lines were generated from a Pkd1-BAC modified by introducing a silent tag via homologous recombination to target a sustained wild type genomic Pkd1 expression within the native tissue and temporal regulation. These mice specifically overexpressed the Pkd1 transgene in extrarenal and renal tissues from approximately 2- to 15-fold over Pkd1 endogenous levels in a copy-dependent manner. All transgenic mice reproducibly developed tubular and glomerular cysts leading to renal insufficiency. Interestingly, Pkd1(TAG) mice also exhibited renal fibrosis and calcium deposits in papilla reminiscent of nephrolithiasis as frequently observed in ADPKD. Similar to human ADPKD, these mice consistently displayed hepatic fibrosis and approximately 15% intrahepatic cysts of the bile ducts affecting females preferentially. Moreover, a significant proportion of mice developed cardiac anomalies with severe left ventricular hypertrophy, marked aortic arch distention and/or valvular stenosis and calcification that had profound functional impact. Of significance, Pkd1(TAG) mice displayed occasional cerebral lesions with evidence of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. This Pkd1(TAG) mouse model demonstrates that overexpression of wildtype Pkd1 can trigger the typical adult renal and extrarenal phenotypes resembling human ADPKD.

Rôle du tissu adipeux dans l’effet cardioprotecteur du EP 80317, un ligand sélectif du récepteur CD36

Le récepteur CD36 est impliqué dans le transport des acides gras libres non estérifiés (AGNE) au niveau des tissus cardiaque et périphériques. Les dommages tissulaires et la dysfonction cardiaque observés après une ischémie-reperfusion (I/R) du myocarde sont en partie liés à l’internalisation et au métabolisme oxydatif accrus des AGNE dont la concentration sanguine augmente transitoirement après un infarctus du myocarde, contrairement à ce qui est observé chez des souris déficientes en CD36. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse selon laquelle le EP 80317, un ligand synthétique du récepteur CD36, exercerait un effet cardioprotecteur contre les dommages induits par une ischémie transitoire du myocarde. Nos objectifs étaient 1) de vérifier l’effet cardioprotecteur du EP 80317 et 2) de définir son mécanisme, plus précisément de documenter l’effet du traitement sur le métabolisme lipidique. À cette fin, des souris de type sauvage ont été traitées par le EP 80317 (289 nmol/kg) par voie sous-cutanée pendant 14 jours avant d’être soumises à 30 minutes d’ischémie suivant la ligature de l’artère coronaire gauche descendante et de sa reperfusion pendant une période de 6 ou 48 heures. Le cœur et les tissus périphériques (foie, muscle squelettique et dépôts adipeux) ont été prélevés pour déterminer le profil de certains gènes impliqués dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique. Nos travaux ont montré que l’effet cardioprotecteur d’un traitement préventif par le EP 80317 est associé à une augmentation transitoire du stockage des triglycérides et d’une réduction des AGNE circulants.

Conditionnement de l’endothélium de l’artère pulmonaire par thérapie d’inhalation avant la circulation extracorporelle

La circulation extracorporelle (CEC) déclenche une réaction inflammatoire systémique, un dommage d’ischémie-reperfusion (I-R) et une dysfonction de l’endothélium dans la circulation pulmonaire. L’hypertension pulmonaire (HTP) est la conséquence de cette cascade de réactions. Cette HTP augmente le travail du ventricule droit et peut causer sa dysfonction, un sevrage difficile de la CEC et une augmentation des besoins de vasopresseurs après la chirurgie cardiaque. L’administration de milrinone et d’époprosténol inhalés a démontré une réduction de la dysfonction endothéliale dans l’artère pulmonaire. Le but de ce travail est d’évaluer différents types de nébulisateur pour l’administration de la milrinone et d’évaluer l’effet du traitement préventif de la combinaison de milrinone et époprosténol inhalés sur les résultats postopératoires en chirurgie cardiaque. Deux études ont été conduites. Dans la première, trois groupes de porcelets ont été comparés : (1) groupe milrinone avec nébulisateur ultrasonique ; CEC et reperfusion précédées par 2,5 mg de milrinone inhalée, (2) goupe milrinone avec nébulisateur à simple jet ; CEC et reperfusion précédées par 2,5 mg de milrinone inhalée et (3) groupe contrôle ; CEC et reperfusion sans traitement. Durant la procédure, les paramètres hémodynamiques, biochimiques et hématologiques ont été mesurés. Après sacrifice, la relaxation endothélium dépendante de l’artère pulmonaire à l’acétylcholine et à la bradykinine a été étudiée en chambres d’organe. Nous avons noté une amélioration de la relaxation de l’endothélium à la bradykinine et à l’acétylcholine dans le groupe avec inhalation de milrinone avec le nébulisateur ultrasonique. Dans la deuxième étude, une analyse rétrospective de 60 patients à haut risque chirurgical atteints d’HTP et opérés à l’Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal à été effectuée. Deux groupes ont été comparés : (1) 40 patients ayant reçu la combinaison de milrinone et d’époprosténol inhalés avant la CEC (groupe traitement) et (2) 20 patients avec des caractéristiques préopératoires n’ayant reçu aucun traitement inhalé avant la CEC (groupe contrôle). Nous avons observé que les besoins en support pharmacologique vasoactif était réduit à 12 heures et à 24 heures postopératoires dans le groupe traitement. L’utilisation de la nébulisation ultrasonique a un impact favorable sur l’endothélium de l’artère pulmonaire après la CEC lorsque comparée à la nébulisation standard à simple jet. Le traitement préventif des patients atteints d’HTP avec la combinaison de milrinone et d’époprosténol inhalés avant la CEC est associé avec une diminution importante des besoins de support vasoactif aux soins intensifs dans les 24 premières heures après la chirurgie.

Factores asociados a insuficiencia renal postoperatoria en cirugía de revascularización miocárdica

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal postoperatoria (IRP) es una complicación de alta prevalencia y de importancia en la cirugía cardiaca. Se estima que más del 30% de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca desarrollan IRP clínicamente importante. Una estrategia razonable a realizar es la identificación de factores de riesgo modificables para intervenir sobre ellos. Objetivos: Determinar cuáles de los antecedentes clínicos del paciente y factores relacionados con el procedimiento quirúrgico se asocian a la aparición de IRP en pacientes sometidos a cirugía de –revascularización miocárdica (RVM). Métodos: Estudio de casos y controles. Casos fueron pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica electiva que presentaron insuficiencia renal postoperatoria durante el postoperatorio inmediato hasta el egreso. Controles pacientes sometidos a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica electiva que no presentaron insuficiencia renal postoperatoria durante el postoperatorio inmediato hasta el egreso. Estudio realizado entre enero de 2005 y diciembre de 2013. Se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para determinar los factores asociados a insuficiencia renal posoperatoria. Las asociaciones se expresan en OR con sus respectivos intervalos de confianza. Resultados: Edad avanzada OR 1.03 IC 95% (1.01-1.04), presencia preoperatoria de diabetes mellitus OR 1.8 IC 95% (1.9-3.4), enfermedad pulmonar OR 1.3 IC 95% (1.1-1.6), dislipidemia OR 3.5 IC 95% (1.7-7.1), insuficiencia cardiaca OR 2.7 IC 95% (1.1-6.7) y mayor tiempo de perfusión OR 1.02 IC 95% (1.01-1.03) se asociaron a mayor riesgo de IRP. Mayor hematocrito OR 0.86 IC95% (0.82-0.91) y mayor fracción de eyección OR 0.94 IC 95% (0.92-0.96) se asociaron disminuyendo el riesgo de IRP. Conclusiones: En pacientes sometidos a RVM los factores asociados a la presentación de IRP fueron comorbilidades que se asocian a daño renal progresivo dentro y fuera del contexto de la cirugía. Esto implica que las estrategias para minimizar este evento estarán enfocadas a identificar tempranamente los pacientes y realizar una adecuada nefroprotección.

Relationship between sublethal injury and microbial inactivation by the combination of high hydrostatic pressure and citral or tert-butyl hydroquinone

The aim was to investigate (i) the occurrence of sublethal injury in Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae after high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment as a function of the treatment medium pH and composition and (ii) the relationship between the occurrence of sublethal injury and the inactivating effect of a combination of HHP and two antimicrobial compounds, tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) and citral. The three microorganisms showed a high proportion of sublethally injured cells (up to 99.99% of the surviving population) after HHP. In E. coli and L. monocytogenes, the extent of inactivation and sublethal injury depended on the pH and the composition of the treatment medium, whereas in S. cerevisiae, inactivation and sublethal injury were independent of medium pH or composition under the conditions tested. TBHQ alone was not lethal to E. coli or L. monocytogenes but acted synergistically with HHP and 24-h refrigeration, resulting in a viability decrease of >5 log(10) cycles of both organisms. The antimicrobial effect of citral depended on the microorganism and the treatment medium pH. Acting alone for 24 h under refrigeration, 1,000 ppm of citral caused a reduction of 5 log(10) cycles of E. coli at pH 7.0 and almost 3 log(10) cycles of L. monocytogenes at pH 4.0. The combination of citral and HHP also showed a synergistic effect. Our results have confirmed that the detection of sublethal injury after HHP may contribute to the identification of those treatment conditions under which HHP may act synergistically with other preserving processes.

Increased protein SUMOylation following focal cerebral ischemia

Stroke is a major cause of death and disability, which involves excessive glutamate receptor activation leading to excitotoxic cell death. We recently reported that SUMOylation can regulate kainate receptor (KAR) function. Here we investigated changes in protein SUMOylation and levels of KAR and AMPA receptor subunits in two different animal stroke models: a rat model of focal ischemia with reperfusion and a mouse model without reperfusion. In rats, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) resulted in a striatal and cortical infarct. A dramatic increase in SUMOylation by both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2/3 was observed at 6h and 24h in the striatal infarct area and by SUMO-2/3 at 24h in the hippocampus, which was not directly subjected to ischemia. In mice, permanent MCAO resulted in a selective cortical infarct. No changes in SUMOylation occurred at 6h but there was increased SUMO-1 conjugation in the cortical infarct and non-ischemic hippocampus at 24h after MCAO. Interestingly, SUMOylation by SUMO-2/3 occurred only outside the infarct area. In both rat and mouse levels of KARs were only decreased in the infarct regions whereas AMPARs were decreased in the infarct and in other brain areas. These results suggest that posttranslational modification by SUMO and down-regulation of AMPARs and KARs may play important roles in the pathophysiological response to ischemia.

Stimulation of "stress-regulated" mitogen-activated protein kinases (stress-activated protein kinases/c-Jun N-terminal kinases and p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases) in perfused rat hearts by oxidative and other stresses.

"Stress-regulated" mitogen-activated protein kinases (SR-MAPKs) comprise the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs)/c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and the p38-MAPKs. In the perfused heart, ischemia/reperfusion activates SR-MAPKs. Although the agent(s) directly responsible is unclear, reactive oxygen species are generated during ischemia/reperfusion. We have assessed the ability of oxidative stress (as exemplified by H2O2) to activate SR-MAPKs in the perfused heart and compared it with the effect of ischemia/reperfusion. H2O2 activated both SAPKs/JNKs and p38-MAPK. Maximal activation by H2O2 in both cases was observed at 0.5 mM. Whereas activation of p38-MAPK by H2O2 was comparable to that of ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion, activation of the SAPKs/JNKs was less than that of ischemia/reperfusion. As with ischemia/reperfusion, there was minimal activation of the ERK MAPK subfamily by H2O2. MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2), a downstream substrate of p38-MAPKs, was activated by H2O2 to a similar extent as with ischemia or ischemia/reperfusion. In all instances, activation of MAPKAPK2 in perfused hearts was inhibited by SB203580, an inhibitor of p38-MAPKs. Perfusion of hearts at high aortic pressure (20 kilopascals) also activated the SR-MAPKs and MAPKAPK2. Free radical trapping agents (dimethyl sulfoxide and N-t-butyl-alpha-phenyl nitrone) inhibited the activation of SR-MAPKs and MAPKAPK2 by ischemia/reperfusion. These data are consistent with a role for reactive oxygen species in the activation of SR-MAPKs during ischemia/reperfusion.

The Antiapoptotic Effect of Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Reduces Infarct Size and Prevents Heart Failure Development in Rats

Background/Aim. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces myocardial injury and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). We investigated the early alterations provided by G-CSF and the chronic repercussions in infarcted rats. Methods. Male Wistar rats (200-250g) received vehicle (MI) or G-CSF (MI-GCSF) (50 mu g/kg, sc) at 7, 3 and 1 days before MI surgery. Afterwards MI was produced and infarct size was measured 1 and 15 days after surgery. Expression of anti-and proapoptotic proteins was evaluated immediately before surgery. 24 hours after surgery, apoptotic nuclei were evaluated. Two weeks after MI, left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated, followed by in situ LV diastolic pressure-volume evaluation. Results. Infarct size was decreased by 1 day pretreatment before occlusion (36 +/- 2.8 vs. 44 +/- 2.1% in MI; P<0.05) and remained reduced at 15 days after infarction (28 +/- 2.2 vs. 36 +/- 1.4% in MI; P<0.05). G-CSF pretreatment increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein expression, but did not alter Bax in LV. Apoptotic nuclei were reduced by treatment (Sham: 0.46 +/- 0.42, MI: 15.5 +/- 2.43, MI-GCSF: 5.34 +/- 3.34%; P<0.05). Fifteen days after MI, cardiac function remained preserved in G-CSF pretreated rats. The LV dilation was reduced in MI-G-CSF group as compared to MI rats, being closely associated with infarct size. Conclusion. The early beneficial effects of G-CSF were essentials to preserve cardiac function at a chronic stage of myocardial infarction. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel

Immobilized Kidney 28-kDa Endostatin- Related (KES28kDa) Fragment Promotes Endothelial Cell Survival

Background/Objective: Renal ischemia-hypoxia is a leading cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). Ischemia causes extracellular matrix breakdown of the tubular basement membrane. Endostatin (ES) is the C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII generated by proteolytic cleavage. Recent studies have demonstrated that ES expression is upregulated in ischemic kidneys. The present study aimed to characterize ES from ischemic kidneys. Methods: Ischemic renal failure was induced via 45 min of occlusion of the left renal artery and vein. After the ischemic period, blood was collected. Kidneys were harvested and used for immunohistochemical testing and protein extraction. Three-step purification was used. Soluble and immobilized purified ES were tested in cell viability and adhesion assays. Results: The soluble KES28kDa inhibited endothelial cell proliferation: 25 versus 12.5 mu g (p < 0.05); 12.5 versus 3.15 mu g (p < 0.05). Immobilization of KES28kDa supports endothelial cell survival over the control p = 0.021). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells plated on immobilized KES28kDa showed an increase in membrane ruffles and stress fibers. Conclusion: These data demonstrate the local synthesis of a 28-kDa ES-related fragment following AKI and suggest its role in endothelium survival. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel