Interface state mapping in a Schottky barrier of the organic semiconductor terrylene

In this work we quantitatively map interface states in energy in a Schottky barrier between aluminum and the vacuum sublimed organic semiconductor terrylene. The density map of these interface states was extracted from the, admittance spectroscopy data. They revealed an interface state density of 2 x 10(12). cm(-2)eV(-1) close to the valence band which decreases slightly towards midgap. Additional do measurements show that the semiconductor bulk activation energy is 0.33 eV which may correspond to an acceptor level. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Schottky barrier diodes from semiconducting polymers

Schottky barrier diodes based on Al/poly(3-methylthiophene)/Au have been fabricated and their electrical behaviour investigated. I-V characteristics revealed a dependence on the fabrication conditions, specifically on the time under vacuum prior to evaporation of the rectifying contact and post-metal annealing at elevated temperature. The available evidence is consistent with the formation of a thin insulating layer between the metal and the polymer following these procedures. Long periods under vacuum prior to deposition of the aluminium electrode reduced the likelihood of such a layer forming. Capacitance-voltage plots of the devices were stable to voltage cycling, so long as the forward voltage did not exceed similar to 1 V. Above this a small degree of hysteresis was observed, which is attributed to the filling/emptying of interface states or traps in the polymer.

Trattamento plasma assistito di acqua con una sorgente Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD): analisi delle specie reattive prodotte e potere battericida

La proliferazione di batteri in liquido è una problematica che riguarda anche le acque di fiumi e mari. In questo progetto di tesi sperimentale si indagherà un trattamento plasma assistito diretto di acqua sintetica riprodotta in laboratorio con l’obiettivo di ottenere un effetto battericida sul liquido contaminato. L’acqua trattata verrà analizzata chimicamente, in particolare si andranno a misurare i TRO (Total Residual Oxidant, composti dell’ossigeno derivanti dalla parziale ozonizzazione dell’acqua) che dovranno essere presenti in quantità minori di 0,1 mg/l. Il dispositivo utilizzato per i test biologici è una sorgente di tipologia DBD (Dielectric Barrier Discharge) indiretto. Gli elettrodi della sorgente sono separati dal solo strato di materiale dielettrico e uno di questi è composto da una rete metallica in acciaio inossidabile. Il plasma si forma tra le maglie della rete e induce la formazione di specie reattive, radiazioni UV, particelle cariche, campi elettromagnetici e calore. Ciò che raggiunge la soluzione contaminata è l’afterglow del plasma, ovvero tutte le specie reattive a lunga vita prodotte dalla ionizzazione dell’aria e dalle radiazioni UV. La sorgente è stata dapprima caratterizzata elettricamente studiando le forme d’onda di tensione e corrente a determinate condizioni operative. Il liquido da trattare è contaminato con il batterio Escherichia coli. è emerso che in tutti i casi testati i livelli degli ossidanti sono entro il limite prestabilito di 0,1 mg/l. Il trattamento plasma in soli 10 secondi è responsabile di una decontaminazione parziale del batterio E. coli. Da ulteriori studi si potranno trovare delle condizioni tali da inattivare totalmente la carica batterica presente date le grandi potenzialità di questo trattamento.

Barrier Island Response to Sea Level Rise in North Carolina

The state of North Carolina is home to some of the most spectacular barrier islands in the world. These features are constantly shifting, impacted by waves, tides, and wind. Studies of the Outer Banks, North Carolina have resulted in varied results, but a detailed analysis of the barrier system as a whole is lacking. Using historic topographic surveys (T-sheets) from the 19th, the positions of various barrier segments were analyzed in relation to modern imagery. Changes in area, width, and center line locations were evaluated over the past 150 years. In total, 74 percent of modern transects have decreased in area. Total reductions in size were 130 km2 for the study period. Mean centerlines as a function of migration showed that 53 percent of segments were demonstrating directional movement away from the ocean. The average movement towards the bay between modern and historic centerlines was 8 meters. Thusly, barrier islands in North Carolina are demonstrating both decreases in total area and directional movement inland in response to sea level rise.

Phytochemical mediated-modulation of the expression and transporter function of breast cancer resistance protein at the blood-brain barrier:an in-vitro study

Clinical translation of BCRP inhibitors have failed due to neurotoxicity and novel approaches are required to identify suitable modulators of BCRP to enhance CNS drug delivery. In this study we examine 18 compounds, primarily phytochemicals, as potential novel modulators of AhR-mediated regulation of BCRP expression and function in immortalised and primary porcine brain microvascular endothelial cells as a mechanism to enhance CNS drug delivery. The majority of modulators possessed a cellular viability IC50 > 100 µM in both cell systems. BCRP activity, when exposed to modulators for 1 hour, was diminished for most modulators through significant increases in H33342 accumulation at < 10 µM with 2,6,4-trimethoflavone increasing H33342 intracellular accumulation by 3.7–6.6 fold over 1–100 µM. Western blotting and qPCR identified two inducers of BCRP (quercetin and naringin) and two down-regulators (17-β-estradiol and curcumin) with associated changes in BCRP efflux transport function further confirmed in both cell lines. siRNA downregulation of AhR resulted in a 1.75 ± 0.08 fold change in BCRP expression, confirming the role of AhR in the regulation of BCRP. These findings establish the regulatory role AhR of in controlling BCRP expression at the BBB and confirm quercetin, naringin, 17-β-estradiol, and curcumin as novel inducers and down-regulators of BCRP gene, protein expression and functional transporter activity and hence potential novel target sites and candidates for enhancing CNS drug delivery.

Monitoring and modelling the morphodynamic evolution of a breached barrier beach system

Predicting the evolution of a coastal cell requires the identification of the key drivers of morphology. Soft coastlines are naturally dynamic but severe storm events and even human intervention can accelerate any changes that are occurring. However, when erosive events such as barrier breaching occur with no obvious contributory factors, a deeper understanding of the underlying coastal processes is required. Ideally conclusions on morphological drivers should be drawn from field data collection and remote sensing over a long period of time. Unfortunately, when the Rossbeigh barrier beach in Dingle Bay, County Kerry, began to erode rapidly in the early 2000’s, eventually leading to it breaching in 2008, no such baseline data existed. This thesis presents a study of the morphodynamic evolution of the Inner Dingle Bay coastal system. The study combines existing coastal zone analysis approaches with experimental field data collection techniques and a novel approach to long term morphodynamic modelling to predict the evolution of the barrier beach inlet system. A conceptual model describing the long term evolution of Inner Dingle Bay in 5 stages post breaching was developed. The dominant coastal processes driving the evolution of the coastal system were identified and quantified. A new methodology of long term process based numerical modelling approach to coastal evolution was developed. This method was used to predict over 20 years of coastal evolution in Inner Dingle Bay. On a broader context this thesis utilised several experimental coastal zone data collection and analysis methods such as ocean radar and grain size trend analysis. These were applied during the study and their suitability to a dynamic coastal system was assessed.

Effects of plasticizing and crosslinking on the mechanical and barrier properties of coatings based on blends of starch and poly(vinyl alcohol)

In the last decades, intensive research has been carried out in order to replace oil-based polymers with bio-based polymers due to growing environmental concerns. So far, most of the barrier materials used in food packaging are petroleum-based materials. The purpose of the barrier is to protect the packaged food from oxygen, water vapour, water and fat. The mechanical and barrier properties of coatings based on starch-plasticizer and starch-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH)-plasticizer blends have been studied in the work described in this thesis. The plasticizers used were glycerol, polyethylene glycol and citric acid. In a second step, polyethylene coatings were extruded onto paperboard pre-coated with a starch-PVOH-plasticizer blend. The addition of PVOH to the starch increased the flexibility of the film. Curing of the film led to a decrease in flexibility and an increase in tensile strength. The flexibility of the starch-PVOH films was increased more when glycerol or polyethylene glycol was added than citric acid. The storage modulus of the starch-PVOH films containing citric acid increased substantially at high temperature. It was seen that the addition of polyethylene glycol or citric acid to the starch-PVOH blend resulted in an enrichment of PVOH at the surface of the films. Tensile tests on the films indicated that citric acid acted as a compatibilizer and increased the compatibility of the starch and PVOH in the blend. The addition of citric acid to the coating recipe substantially decreased the water vapour transmission rate through the starch-PVOH coated paperboard, which indicated that citric acid acts as a cross-linker for starch and/or PVOH. The starch-PVOH coatings containing citric acid showed oxygen-barrier properties similar to those of pure PVOH or of a starch-PVOH blend without plasticizer when four coating layers were applied on a paperboard. The oxygen-barrier properties of coatings based on a starch-PVOH blend containing citric acid indicated a cross-linking and increase in compatibility of the starch-PVOH blends. Polyethylene extrusion coating on a pre-coated paperboard resulted in a clear reduction in the oxygen transmission rate for all the pre-coating formulations containing plasticizers. The addition of a plasticizer to the pre-coating reduced the adhesion of polyethylene to pre-coated board. Polyethylene extrusion coating gave a board with a lower oxygen transmission rate when the paperboard was pre-coated with a polyethylene-glycol-containing formulation than with a citric-acid-containing formulation. The addition of polyethylene glycol to pre-coatings indicated an increase in wetting of the pre-coated paperboard by the polyethylene melt, and this may have sealed the small defects in the pre-coating leading to low oxygen transmission rate. The increase in brittleness of starch-PVOH films containing citric acid at a high temperature seemed to have a dominating effect on the barrier properties developed by the extrusion coating process. 

SCDOT Qualified Product List 49 - Permanent Traffic Barrier Components

The South Carolina Department of Transportation publishes Qualified Products Listings which include pre-qualified materials that may be used on construction and maintenance projects as specified in the project proposal. This document deals with permanent traffic barrier components.

Natural Wax-Based Water Vapour Barrier Coatings on PLA for MAP Food Packaging

PLA is a bio-based polymer that is obtained from renewable resources and it is very promising for a sustainable packaging manufacturing. However, its gas and vapour barrier properties are not enough to comply with the requirements of MAP packaging of fresh foods, which need specific concentration of water and oxygen to avoid spoilage and to keep the organoleptic properties unaltered throughout their shelf-life. The use of waxes from natural renewable sources such as plants (e.g., candelilla wax, carnauba wax, rice bran wax, sunflower wax) or animals (e.g., beeswax) could tackle down the permeation of water vapour through the packaging without affecting its bio-based content. The core of this work is developing wax-based coatings with enhanced thermo-mechanical properties so that they can undergo thermoforming and a proper adhesion to the PLA substrate can be ensured. Chemical modifications and crosslinking of waxes are performed to produce wax-based alkyd resins. The synthesised materials are characterised both by DSC and FTIR. Films of the wax-based alkyds are produced in order to assess their water vapour permeability.

Proposal for the acoustic requalification of a site of the "Bologna Engineering School", including the design of a noise barrier

Il lavoro di questa tesi ha riguardato lo studio e l'analisi acustica del sito della Scuola di Ingegneria di Bologna in Via Terracini con l’obiettivo di trovare una soluzione per mitigare il disturbo sonoro rilevato nella zona. Dalle diverse misurazioni fonometriche si è stabilita l’entità numerica di partenza che ha richiesto un’implentazione attraverso delle misurazioni di tipo qualitativo con delle registrazioni in formato wave ed annotando al contempo il numero ed il tipo di veicoli che circolavano. Attraverso l'implementazione dei vari dati ricavati dai rilievi delle diverse sezioni, è stata convalidata la consapevolezza del principale problema dell'area: l'inquinamento acustico causato dal traffico stradale. Lo studio è proseguito monitorando le bande di frequenza che interessavano questo tipo di rumore e quantificando il livello in dB che superava i limiti imposti dalla normativa. Non essendo possibile ridurre il traffico acustico direttamente alla fonte, si è optato per misure di protezione del recettore che si sono configurate nell'inserimento dell'asfalto fonoassorbente e nella progettazione di una barriera acustica. Dopo aver ricercato i diversi tipi di barriere, si è deciso per la barriera con cristalli sonici. Si è indagato quali fattori influissero sulle proprietà dei cristalli sonici: la distribuzione geometrica, la frazione di riempimento e la dimensione degli elementi periodici influenzano la formazione delle bande proibite, la loro larghezza e quindi la capacità fonoisolante del cristallo sonico. In base all'altezza degli edifici e alla loro distanza dalla strada, Via Terracini è stata suddivisa in quattro sezioni. Infine, per le varie sezioni, è stato riprodotto il grafico frequenza/perdita di inserzione che ha confermato una riduzione del livello sonoro di quasi 15 dB. Il progetto ha previsto anche il dimensionamento e la verifica delle azioni statiche (carichi e azione del vento) e dell'azione sismica del sistema strutturale della barriera.

Analysing Road Barrier using GIS Software: The Case Study of Bologna

The direct attention of this thesis is the maintenance of road elements to improve road safety. The goal of the research is to prioritise maintenance for barriers based on factors such as the terrain of the site, deformations, degradation of the components, and adherence to the original installation. Using these factors, a coefficient is calculated to determine the maintenance priority for each barrier. To ease understanding and visualisation, data was uploaded and processed in a GIS environment to generate analysis and maps. This was done using GIS, a free and open-source GIS software. Information about the features of the barriers was collected through both on-site and online examination. During on-site inspections, a database of geotagged photos was created to aid in the survey. GIS capabilities word fully utilised by using geoprocessing tools for more in-depth analysis.

Role Of Astrocytes In Thiamine Deficiency.

Thiamine deficiency (TD) is the underlying cause of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE), an acute neurological disorder characterized by structural damage to key periventricular structures in the brain. Increasing evidence suggests these focal histological lesions may be representative of a gliopathy in which astrocyte-related changes are a major feature of the disorder. These changes include a loss of the glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST concomitant with elevated interstitial glutamate levels, lowered brain pH associated with increased lactate production, decreased levels of GFAP, reduction in the levels of glutamine synthetase, swelling, alterations in levels of aquaporin-4, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. This review focusses on how these manifestations contribute to the pathophysiology of TD and possibly WE.

Endocytosis Of Tight Junctions Caveolin Nitrosylation Dependent Is Improved By Cocoa Via Opioid Receptor On Rpe Cells In Diabetic Conditions.

Retinal pigment epithelium cells, along with tight junction (TJ) proteins, constitute the outer blood retinal barrier (BRB). Contradictory findings suggest a role for the outer BRB in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the mechanisms involved in these alterations are sensitive to nitrosative stress, and if cocoa or epicatechin (EC) protects from this damage under diabetic (DM) milieu conditions. Cells of a human RPE line (ARPE-19) were exposed to high-glucose (HG) conditions for 24 hours in the presence or absence of cocoa powder containing 0.5% or 60.5% polyphenol (low-polyphenol cocoa [LPC] and high-polyphenol cocoa [HPC], respectively). Exposure to HG decreased claudin-1 and occludin TJ expressions and increased extracellular matrix accumulation (ECM), whereas levels of TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were upregulated, accompanied by increased nitric oxide levels. This nitrosative stress resulted in S-nitrosylation of caveolin-1 (CAV-1), which in turn increased CAV-1 traffic and its interactions with claudin-1 and occludin. This cascade was inhibited by treatment with HPC or EC through δ-opioid receptor (DOR) binding and stimulation, thereby decreasing TNF-α-induced iNOS upregulation and CAV-1 endocytosis. The TJ functions were restored, leading to prevention of paracellular permeability, restoration of resistance of the ARPE-19 monolayer, and decreased ECM accumulation. The detrimental effects on TJs in ARPE-19 cells exposed to DM milieu occur through a CAV-1 S-nitrosylation-dependent endocytosis mechanism. High-polyphenol cocoa or EC exerts protective effects through DOR stimulation.

Molecular Variations In Aromatic Cosolutes: Critical Role In The Rheology Of Cationic Wormlike Micelles.

Wormlike micelles formed by the addition to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) of a range of aromatic cosolutes with small molecular variations in their structure were systematically studied. Phenol and derivatives of benzoate and cinnamate were used, and the resulting mixtures were studied by oscillatory, steady-shear rheology, and the microstructure was probed by small-angle neutron scattering. The lengthening of the micelles and their entanglement result in remarkable viscoelastic properties, making rheology a useful tool to assess the effect of structural variations of the cosolutes on wormlike micelle formation. For a fixed concentration of CTAB and cosolute (200 mmol L(-1)), the relaxation time decreases in the following order: phenol > cinnamate> o-hydroxycinnamate > salicylate > o-methoxycinnamate > benzoate > o-methoxybenzoate. The variations in viscoelastic response are rationalized by using Mulliken population analysis to map out the electronic density of the cosolutes and quantify the barrier to rotation of specific groups on the aromatics. We find that the ability of the group attached to the aromatic ring to rotate is crucial in determining the packing of the cosolute at the micellar interface and thus critically impacts the micellar growth and, in turn, the rheological response. These results enable us for the first time to propose design rules for the self-assembly of the surfactants and cosolutes resulting in the formation of wormlike micelles with the cationic surfactant CTAB.

Application Of A Semi-empirical Model For The Evaluation Of Transmission Properties Of Barite Mortar.

The aim of this study was to estimate barite mortar attenuation curves using X-ray spectra weighted by a workload distribution. A semi-empirical model was used for the evaluation of transmission properties of this material. Since ambient dose equivalent, H(⁎)(10), is the radiation quantity adopted by IAEA for dose assessment, the variation of the H(⁎)(10) as a function of barite mortar thickness was calculated using primary experimental spectra. A CdTe detector was used for the measurement of these spectra. The resulting spectra were adopted for estimating the optimized thickness of protective barrier needed for shielding an area in an X-ray imaging facility.