WNT3 is a biomarker capable of predicting the definitive endoderm differentiation potential of hESCs.

Generation of functional cells from human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) through in vitro differentiation is a promising approach for drug screening and cell therapy. However, the observed large and unavoidable variation in the differentiation potential of different human embryonic stem cell (hESC)/induced PSC (iPSC) lines makes the selection of an appropriate cell line for the differentiation of a particular cell lineage difficult. Here, we report identification of WNT3 as a biomarker capable of predicting definitive endoderm (DE) differentiation potential of hESCs. We show that the mRNA level of WNT3 in hESCs correlates with their DE differentiation efficiency. In addition, manipulations of hESCs through WNT3 knockdown or overexpression can respectively inhibit or promote DE differentiation in a WNT3 level-dependent manner. Finally, analysis of several hESC lines based on their WNT3 expression levels allowed accurate prediction of their DE differentiation potential. Collectively, our study supports the notion that WNT3 can serve as a biomarker for predicting DE differentiation potential of hESCs.

Synaptic dysfunction in early encephalopathies : from genes to function

Tese de doutoramento, Medicina (Neurologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina, 2015

Characterization of adenosinergic system in Rett syndrome

Tese de mestrado, Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2015

Development of human central nervous system 3D in vitro models for preclinical research

Neurological disorders are a major concern in modern societies, with increasing prevalence mainly related with the higher life expectancy. Most of the current available therapeutic options can only control and ameliorate the patients’ symptoms, often be-coming refractory over time. Therapeutic breakthroughs and advances have been hampered by the lack of accurate central nervous system (CNS) models. The develop-ment of these models allows the study of the disease onset/progression mechanisms and the preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics. This has traditionally relied on genetically engineered animal models that often diverge considerably from the human phenotype (developmentally, anatomically and physiologically) and 2D in vitro cell models, which fail to recapitulate the characteristics of the target tissue (cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, cell polarity). The in vitro recapitulation of CNS phenotypic and functional features requires the implementation of advanced culture strategies that enable to mimic the in vivo struc-tural and molecular complexity. Models based on differentiation of human neural stem cells (hNSC) in 3D cultures have great potential as complementary tools in preclinical research, bridging the gap between human clinical studies and animal models. This thesis aimed at the development of novel human 3D in vitro CNS models by integrat-ing agitation-based culture systems and a wide array of characterization tools. Neural differentiation of hNSC as 3D neurospheres was explored in Chapter 2. Here, it was demonstrated that human midbrain-derived neural progenitor cells from fetal origin (hmNPC) can generate complex tissue-like structures containing functional dopaminergic neurons, as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Chapter 3 focused on the development of cellular characterization assays for cell aggregates based on light-sheet fluorescence imaging systems, which resulted in increased spatial resolu-tion both for fixed samples or live imaging. The applicability of the developed human 3D cell model for preclinical research was explored in Chapter 4, evaluating the poten-tial of a viral vector candidate for gene therapy. The efficacy and safety of helper-dependent CAV-2 (hd-CAV-2) for gene delivery in human neurons was evaluated, demonstrating increased neuronal tropism, efficient transgene expression and minimal toxicity. The potential of human 3D in vitro CNS models to mimic brain functions was further addressed in Chapter 5. Exploring the use of 13C-labeled substrates and Nucle-ar Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy tools, neural metabolic signatures were evaluated showing lineage-specific metabolic specialization and establishment of neu-ron-astrocytic shuttles upon differentiation. Chapter 6 focused on transferring the knowledge and strategies described in the previous chapters for the implementation of a scalable and robust process for the 3D differentiation of hNSC derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC). Here, software-controlled perfusion stirred-tank bioreactors were used as technological system to sustain cell aggregation and dif-ferentiation. The work developed in this thesis provides practical and versatile new in vitro ap-proaches to model the human brain. Furthermore, the culture strategies described herein can be further extended to other sources of neural phenotypes, including pa-tient-derived hiPSC. The combination of this 3D culture strategy with the implemented characterization methods represents a powerful complementary tool applicable in the drug discovery, toxicology and disease modeling.

Activité des cellules souches : identification de nouveaux effecteurs dans le système hématopoïétique

Les cellules souches somatiques présentent habituellement un comportement très différent des cellules souches pluripotentes. Les bases moléculaires de l’auto-renouvellement des cellules souches embryonnaires ont été récemment déchiffrées grâce à la facilité avec laquelle nous pouvons maintenant les purifier et les maintenir en culture durant de longues périodes de temps. Par contre, il en va tout autrement pour les cellules souches hématopoïétiques. Dans le but d’en apprendre davantage sur le fonctionnement moléculaire de l’auto-renouvellement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques, j’ai d’abord conçu une nouvelle méthode de criblage gain-de-fonction qui répond aux caprices particuliers de ces cellules. Partant d’une liste de plus de 700 facteurs nucléaires et facteurs de division asymétrique candidats, j’ai identifié 24 nouveaux facteurs qui augmentent l’activité des cellules souches hématopoïétiques lorsqu’ils sont surexprimés. J’ai par la suite démontré que neuf de ces facteurs agissent de manière extrinsèque aux cellules souches hématopoïétiques, c’est-à-dire que l’effet provient des cellules nourricières modifiées en co-culture. J’ai également mis à jour un nouveau réseau de régulation de transcription qui implique cinq des facteurs identifiés, c’est-à-dire PRDM16, SPI1, KLF10, FOS et TFEC. Ce réseau ressemble étrangement à celui soutenant l’ostéoclastogénèse. Ces résultats soulèvent l’hypothèse selon laquelle les ostéoclastes pourraient aussi faire partie de la niche fonctionnelle des cellules souches hématopoïétiques dans la moelle osseuse. De plus, j’ai identifié un second réseau de régulation impliquant SOX4, SMARCC1 et plusieurs facteurs identifiés précédemment dans le laboratoire, c’est-à-dire BMI1, MSI2 et KDM5B. D’autre part, plusieurs indices accumulés tendent à démontrer qu’il existe des différences fondamentales entre le fonctionnement des cellules souches hématopoïétiques murines et humaines.

Dérivation de cellules souches pluripotentes induites autologues à partir du clonage somatique équin

Le recours aux cellules souches pour améliorer la réparation et guérison des blessures et maladies musculosquelettiques chez le cheval est de plus en plus fréquent. Les développements récents dans la reprogrammation cellulaire ont permis le développement de nouvelles sources de cellules souches pour ces thérapies régénératives. Des cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) autologues peuvent être dérivées de cellules adultes par la reprogrammation directe à travers l'expression induite des gènes de pluripotence. Le clonage par transfert nucléaire (SCNT) suivi de la dérivation de cellules souches embryonnaires (ES) permet la reprogrammation indirecte des cellules adultes. Cependant, l’efficacité de ces deux méthodes pour la dérivation de cellules pluripotentes génétiquement stables est faible. Nous avons donc combiné les techniques SCNT et iPS dans le but de développer un protocole efficace de dérivation de cellules iPS autologues à partir de fibroblastes de la peau équine. Quatre facteurs de reprogrammation ont été introduits dans les cellules fibroblastes de fœtus clonés (ntFF) ainsi que les cellules ES provenant d’embryons clonés (ntES) pour induire leur reprogrammation en cellules iPS autologues. Les cellules ntFF-iPS et ntES-iPS ont des capacités prolifératives avancées et expriment des marqueurs de pluripotence importants. Par contre, les cellules ntES ont une efficacité de reprogrammation significativement supérieure aux cellules nt-FF et forment des colonies trois fois plus rapidement. Contrairement aux cellules ntES, les cellules ntES-iPS démontrent une augmentation de l’expression des marqueurs de pluripotence et survivent à la culture cellulaire prolongée. Les résultats présentés dans ce mémoire attestent que l’utilisation de la reprogrammation secondaire de cellules FF et ES clonées permet la production de cellules souches pluripotentes autologues stables chez le cheval.

Effets de la reprogrammation sur le gène empreinté H19 chez les équins

Lors de la fécondation, le génome subit des transformations épigénétiques qui vont guider le développement et le phénotype de l’embryon. L'avènement des techniques de reprogrammation cellulaire, permettant la dédifférenciation d'une cellule somatique adulte, ouvre la porte à de nouvelles thérapies régénératives. Par exemple, les procédures de transfert nucléaire de cellules somatique (SCNT) ainsi que la pluripotence par induction (IP) visent à reprogrammer une cellule somatique adulte différentiée à un état pluripotent similaire à celui trouvé durant la fécondation chez l'embryon sans en impacter l'expression génique vitale au fonctionnement cellulaire. Cependant, la reprogrammation partielle est souvent associée à une mauvaise méthylation de séquences géniques responsables de la régulation des empreintes géniques. Ces gènes, étudiés chez la souris, le bovin et l'humain, sont exprimés de manière monoallélique, parent spécifique et sont vitaux pour le développement embryonnaire. Ainsi, nous avons voulu définir le statut épigénétique du gène empreinté H19 chez l'équin, autant chez le gamètes que les embryons dérivés de manière in vivo, SCNT ainsi que les cellules pluripotentes induites (iPSC). Une région contrôle empreinté (ICR) riche en îlots CpG a été observée en amont du promoteur. Couplé avec une analyse de transcrit parent spécifique du gène H19, nous avons confirmé que l'empreinte du gène H19 suit le modèle insulaire décrit chez les autres mammifères étudiés et résiste à la reprogrammation induite par SCNT ou IP. La déméthylation partielle de l'ICR observée chez certains échantillons reprogrammés n'était pas suffisante pour induire une expression biallélique, suggérant un contrôle des empreintes chez les équins durant la reprogrammation.

XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM: LIVING IN THE DARK BUT WITH HOPE IN THERAPY

Xeroderma pigmentosum patients suffer from extreme photosensitivity caused by a genetic defect in DNA repair pathways. This condition obliges them to live in darkness and avoid sunshine. Although the molecular basis of the defect has been known for more than 40 years now, the treatment possibilities are very limited, and to date all have been focused on the skin. Herein, we summarize the effects of sunlight and the molecular mechanisms implicated in the defects that lead to this syndrome, as well as the strategies that have been tested to alleviate skin manifestations, including cancer. Preclinical attempts to correct genetic defects by means of different gene therapy approaches are also described. All these efforts are now bringing hope and some light into the life of patients and their families.

För Sverige i framtiden : Bio-objektifiering av ny medicinsk teknologi

Taking Sweden into the future – Bio-objectification of new medical technology In this article, we analyze how contemporary discursive silences around new biotechnologies such as cybrids and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), have been enabled by earlier policy processes in the area, e.g. boundary work around what is human and non-human, living and non-living, subject and object. The analysis of policy processes around xenotransplantations and the use of human embryonic stem cells, shows that the stem cells’ and xenografts’ “bio-identities” become stabilized through high expectations for the future, a lack of therapeutic possibilities and struggles over definitions of life. The policy processes around human embryonic stem cells and organs from other animals, are characterized by a normalization of certain understandings of ”life”, trust in scientific progress and it’s national financial potentials and a categorization of criticism as irrational. Through these “bio-objectification processes”, debate and decision making has been moved from a political and public context into ethical committees and research funding bodies. The article concludes by discussing consequences of this political non-handling of biomedical technologies and how these bioobjects could be re-politicized.

A necessidade atual em se continuar a pesquisar com células-tronco embrionárias

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and able to generate all cell types of the body, being the most promising cells to the study for regenerative medicine. Following the differentiation path, there are adult stem cells, which are committed with a specific cell lineage, creating limitations on their application. On the extreme opposite of embryonic stem cells there are the induced pluripotent stem cells, originated from a somatic cell after genetic reprogramming. Induced pluripotent stem cells are a recent science discovery and may substitute the use of embryonic stem cells in future research. But with nowadays knowledge, the use of adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are limited due to high expenses and long time process demand. Moreover, the development achieved on all kinds of stem cells study are, in some part, due to the study of embryonic stem cells, what makes the study of these cell type still mandatory. © Todos os direitos reservados a.

Investigação citogenética na síndrome mielodisplásica infantil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Evidence for premature aging due to oxidative stress in iPSCs from Cockayne syndrome

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a human premature aging disorder associated with neurological and developmental abnormalities, caused by mutations mainly in the CS group B gene (ERCC6). At the molecular level, CS is characterized by a deficiency in the transcription-couple DNA repair pathway. To understand the role of this molecular pathway in a pluripotent cell and the impact of CSB mutation during human cellular development, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from CSB skin fibroblasts (CSB-iPSC). Here, we showed that the lack of functional CSB does not represent a barrier to genetic reprogramming. However, iPSCs derived from CSB patients fibroblasts exhibited elevated cell death rate and higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, these cellular phenotypes were accompanied by an up-regulation of TXNIP and TP53 transcriptional expression. Our findings suggest that CSB modulates cell viability in pluripotent stem cells, regulating the expression of TP53 and TXNIP and ROS production.

Optimization of RNA-based transgene expression by targeting Protein Kinase R

The aim of this thesis was to establish a method for repeated transfection of in vitro transcribed RNA (IVT-RNA) leading to a sustained protein expression lasting for days or even weeks. Once transfected cells recognize IVT-RNA as "non-self" and initiate defense pathways leading to an upregulated interferon (IFN) response and stalled translation. In this work Protein Kinase R (PKR) was identified as the main effector molecule mediating this cellular response. We assessed four strategies to inhibit PKR and the IFN response: A small molecule PKR inhibitor enhanced protein expression and hampered the induction of IFN-transcripts, but had to be excluded due to cytotoxicity. A siRNA mediated PKR knockdown and the overexpression of a kinase inactive PKR mutant elevated the protein expression, but the down-regulation of the IFN response was insufficient. The co-transfer of the viral inhibitors of PKR and the IFN response was most successful. The use of E3, K3 and B18R co-transfection enabled repeated IVT-RNA-based transfection of human fibroblasts. Thus, the developed protocol allows a continuous IVT-RNA encoded protein expression of proteins, which could be the basis for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) for several therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine or drug research.

The cloning and expression of myogenin, a gene regulating myogenesis

Expression of the differentiated skeletal muscle phenotype is a process that appears to occur in at least two stages. First, pluripotent stem cells become committed to the myogenic lineage. Although undifferentiated and capable of continued proliferation, determined myoblasts are restricted to a single developmental fate. Upon receiving the appropriate environmental signals, these determined myoblasts withdraw from the cell cycle, fuse to form multi-nucleated myotubes, and begin to express a battery of muscle-specific gene products that make up the functional and contractile apparatus of the muscle. This project is aimed at the identification and characterization of factors that control the determination and differentiation of myogenic cells. We have cloned a cDNA, called myogenin, that plays an important role in these processes. Myogenin is expressed exclusively in skeletal muscle in vivo and myogenic cell lines in vitro. Its expression is sharply upregulated during differentiation. When constitutively expressed in fibroblasts, myogenin converts these cells to the myogenic lineage. Transfected cells behave as myogenic tissue culture cells with respect to the genes they express, the way they respond to environmental cues, and are capable of fusing to form multinucleated myotubes. Sequence analysis showed that this cDNA has homology to a family of transcription factors in a region of 72 amino acids known as the basic helix-loop-helix motif. This domain appears to mediate binding to a DNA sequence element known as an E-box (CANNTG) essential for the activity of the enhancers of many muscle-specific genes.^ Analysis of myogenin in tissue culture cells showed that its expression is responsive to many of the environmental cues, such as the presence of growth factors and oncogenes, that modulate myogenesis. In an attempt to identify the cis- and trans-elements that control myogenin expression and thereby understand what factors are responsible for the establishment of the myogenic lineage, we have cloned the myogenin gene. After analysis of the gene structure, we constructed a series of reporter constructs from the 5$\prime$ upstream sequence of the myogenin gene to determine which cis-acting sequences might be important in myogenin regulation. We found that 184 nucleotides of the 5$\prime$ sequence was sufficient to direct high-level muscle-specific expression of the reporter gene. Two sequence elements present in the 184 fragment, an E-box and a MEF-2 site, have been shown previously to be important in muscle-specific transcription. Mutagenesis of these sites revealed that both sites are necessary for full activity of the myogenin promoter, and suggests that a complex hierarchy of transcription factors control myogenic differentiation. ^