Sex biased spatial strategies relying on the integration of multimodal cues in a rat model of schizophrenia: impairment in predicting future context?

Male and female Wistar rats were treated postnatally (PND 5-16) with BSO (l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine) to provide a rat model of schizophrenia based on transient glutathione deficit. In the watermaze, BSO-treated male rats perform very efficiently in conditions where a diversity of visual information is continuously available during orientation trajectories [1]. Our hypothesis is that the treatment impairs proactive strategies anticipating future sensory information, while supporting a tight visual adjustment on memorized snapshots, i.e. compensatory reactive strategies. To test this hypothesis, BSO rats' performance was assessed in two conditions using an 8-arm radial maze task: a semi-transparent maze with no available view on the environment from maze centre [2], and a modified 2-parallel maze known to induce a neglect of the parallel pair in normal rats [3-5]. Male rats, but not females, were affected by the BSO treatment. In the semi-transparent maze, BSO males expressed a higher error rate, especially in completing the maze after an interruption. In the 2-parallel maze shape, BSO males, unlike controls, expressed no neglect of the parallel arms. This second result was in accord with a reactive strategy using accurate memory images of the contextual environment instead of a representation based on integrating relative directions. These results are coherent with a treatment-induced deficit in proactive decision strategy based on multimodal cognitive maps, compensated by accurate reactive adaptations based on the memory of local configurations. Control females did not express an efficient proactive capacity in the semi-transparent maze, neither did they show the significant neglect of the parallel arms, which might have masked the BSO induced effect. Their reduced sensitivity to BSO treatment is discussed with regard to a sex biased basal cognitive style.

Estudi de les alteracions en la capacitat neuroprotectora dels astròcits reactius en l'envelliment

En el periodo 2005-2008 hemos publicado tres artículos sobre las alteraciones de los astrocitos reactivos en el cerebro durante el envejecimiento. En el primer estudio, evaluamos la capacidad neuroprotectora de los astrocitos en un modelo experimental in vitro de envejecimiento. Los cambios en el estrés oxidativo, la captación del glutamato y la expresión proteica fueron evaluados en los astrocitos corticales de rata cultivados durante 10 y 90 días in vitro (DIV). Los astrocitos envejecidos tenían una capacidad reducida de mantener la supervivencia neuronal. Estos resultados indican que los astrocitos pueden perder parcialmente su capacidad neuroprotectora durante el envejecimiento. En el segundo estudio el factor neurotrófico derivado de la línea glial (GDNF) fue probado para observar sus efectos neurotróficos contra la atrofia neuronal que causa déficits cognitivos en la vejez. Las ratas envejecidas Fisher 344 con deficiencias en el laberinto de Morris recibieron inyecciones intrahippocampales de un vector lentiviral que codifica GDNF humano en los astrocitos o del mismo vector que codifica la proteína fluorescente verde humana como control. El GDNF secretado por los astrocitos mejoró la función de la neurona como se muestra por aumentos locales en la síntesis de los neurotransmisores acetilcolina, dopamina y serotonina. El aprendizaje espacial y la prueba de memoria demostraron un aumento significativo en las capacidades cognitivas debido a la exposición de GDNF, mientras que las ratas control mantuvieron sus resultados al nivel del azar. Estos resultados confirman el amplio espectro de la acción neurotrófica del GDNF y abre nuevas posibilidades de terapia génica para reducir la neurodegeneración asociada al envejecimiento. En el último estudio, examinamos cambios en la fosforilación de tau, el estrés oxidativo y la captación de glutamato en los cultivos primarios de astrocitos corticales de ratones neonatos de senescencia acelerada (SAMP8) y ratones resistentes a la senescencia (SAMR1). Nuestros resultados indican que las alteraciones en cultivos del astrocitos de los ratones SAMP8 son similares a las detectadas en cerebros enteros de los ratones SAMP8 de 1-5 meses de edad. Por otra parte, nuestros resultados sugieren que esta preparación in vitro es adecuada para estudiar en este modelo murino el envejecimiento temprano y sus procesos moleculares y celulares.

Complementary function and integrated wiring of the evolutionarily distinct Drosophila olfactory subsystems.

To sense myriad environmental odors, animals have evolved multiple, large families of divergent olfactory receptors. How and why distinct receptor repertoires and their associated circuits are functionally and anatomically integrated is essentially unknown. We have addressed these questions through comprehensive comparative analysis of the Drosophila olfactory subsystems that express the ionotropic receptors (IRs) and odorant receptors (ORs). We identify ligands for most IR neuron classes, revealing their specificity for select amines and acids, which complements the broader tuning of ORs for esters and alcohols. IR and OR sensory neurons exhibit glomerular convergence in segregated, although interconnected, zones of the primary olfactory center, but these circuits are extensively interdigitated in higher brain regions. Consistently, behavioral responses to odors arise from an interplay between IR- and OR-dependent pathways. We integrate knowledge on the different phylogenetic and developmental properties of these receptors and circuits to propose models for the functional contributions and evolution of these distinct olfactory subsystems.

Estudi del jardí romàntic del Palau Novella, Parc del Garraf

Durant molts anys, els jardins del Palau Novella han patit una sèrie de canvis que han desembocat en el seu abandonament i degradació. La falta de gestió i manteniment ha comportat l’aparició de fitopatologies en una part important dels individus, així com la colonització d’espècies invasores, tant de flora com de faun,a o la degradació dels elements arquitectònics. D’altra banda, la seva importància com a connector o la presència d’arbres i comunitats d’especial interès, li atorguen a la zona un gran valor a nivell ecològic. Per tant, tant per a la seva protecció, com per a la millora de les condicions actuals de degradació, seran necessàries una sèrie de mesures correctores que ajudin a restaurar i conservar la zona, de manera que, l’objectiu principal d’aquest estudi, serà l’avaluació de tots els factors, tant positius com negatius, per tal de poder elaborar les mesures esmentades.

Els horts urbans a la ciutat de Barcelona: les experiències d'horts urbans comunitaris com a formes d'intervenció social i ambiental

Aquest estudi presenta la situació actual dels horts urbans (i periurbans) a la ciutat de Barcelona, els quals s'han classificat segons el tipus d'organització desenvolupada a cada projecte. Així, podem trobar horts de gestió: a) individual i autogestionada; b) comunitària i autogestionada; c) individual i supervisada, i d) comunitària i supervisada. Els horts urbans es presenten, en general, com una eina interessant en la millora de la sostenibilitat urbana. A més de tenir una clara funció d'entreteniment, són propostes que consideren la internalització a les ciutats de la producció de part dels aliments que s'hi consumeixen i alhora aprofiten part dels residus que s'hi produeixen. En particular, els horts urbans comunitaris i autogestionats – el centre d'aquest estudi – es plantegen com espais de participació i autogestió d'acord a la complexitat del context local, d'integració social a través de noves formes de relació i de creació, d'educació ambiental i de transmissió i intercanvi de coneixements inter-generacional. A més, es presenten com una alternativa d'organització realment participativa del territori urbà. Finalment, i d'acord amb l'anterior, es destaquen un conjunt de característiques dels projectes d'horts urbans comunitaris, que juguen un rol fonamental en la capacitat d'aquests per intervenir en aspectes socials i ambientals de la ciutat; característiques que s'haurien de tenir en compte a l'hora de promocionar i implementar projectes d'horts urbans de qualsevol tipus.

A homing procedure for studying spatial memory in immature and adult rodents

In this procedure, subjects learn the spatial position of one hole out of many, that allows them to escape from a large open-field into their home cage. The arena is circular and can be rotated between trials so that no proximal landmark is permanently associated with the target hole. This task is thus similar to the Morris water maze procedure, since subjects must remember the position of the escape hole relative to extra-arena cues only. In addition it allows studying the importance of olfactory cues such as scent marks in or around a hole. Since the motivation is to reach home and the motor requirement is low, this task provides a useful alternative to the Morris place navigation task for studying spatial orientation in weanling or senescent rats. Examples are given showing that various behavioural parameters provide a good estimation as how subjects learn this task.

Mecanismes neuronals de la facilitació de l'aprenentatge i la memoria per autoestimulació eléctrica intracranial en rates: espines dendrítiques

La potenciación de procesos de aprendizaje y memoria por autoestimación eléctrica intracraneal (AEIC) se ha observado principalmente en tareas de aprendizaje de tipo implícito, caracterizado por necesitar de múltiples ensayos y por dar lugar a una respuesta conductual rígida. Los efectos de la AEIC sobre formas de aprendizaje consideradas más complejas, como la memoria de navegación espacial, son menos conocidos. En nuestro laboratorio hemos observado recientemente que el tratamiento de AEIC es también capaz de facilitar tanto la adquisición como la retención de una tarea relacional, en el laberinto acuático de Morris (MWM) (Ruiz-Medina et al., 2008). El proyecto de investigación objeto de esta memoria continúa el estudio de este efecto potenciador yendo un paso más allá al profundizar en los mecanismos neurales de este efecto. Lo relativo a las espinas dendríticas, su tamaño, forma y aparición es uno de los campos más actuales en el estudio de las bases neurales de la memoria. Trabajos previos apuntan a un incremento en la densidad de espinas inmaduras -las consideradas de aprendizaje- como efecto tanto del entrenamiento en el MWM como de la AEIC. Relacionar la potenciación de memoria en el MWM resultado de la AEIC con cambios significativos en la población de espinas dendríticas hipocampales sería uno de los principales objetivos del presente trabajo, que se realizará en colaboración con el Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Madrid.

Rapidly fatal poisoning with an insecticide containing rotenone.

Introduction: Rotenone is a botanical pesticide derived from extracts of Derris roots, which is traditionally used as piscicide, but also as an industrial insecticide for home gardens. Its mechanism of action is potent inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation by blocking electron transport at complex-I. Despite its classification as mild to moderately toxic to humans (estimated LD50, 300-500 mg/kg), there is a striking variety of acute toxicity of rotenone depending on the formulation (solvents). Human fatalities with rotenone-containing insecticides have been rarely reported, and a rapid deterioration within a few hours of the ingestion has been described previously in one case. Case report: A 49-year-old Tamil man with a history of asthma, ingested 250 mL of an insecticide containing 1.24% of rotenone (3.125 g, 52.1-62.5 mg/kg) in a suicide attempt at home. The product was not labeled as toxic. One hour later, he vomited repeatedly and emergency services were alerted. He was found unconscious with irregular respiration and was intubated. On arrival at the emergency department, he was comatose (GCS 3) with fixed and dilated pupils, and absent corneal reflexes. Physical examination revealed hemodynamic instability with hypotension (55/30 mmHg) and bradycardia (52 bpm). Significant laboratory findings were lactic acidosis (pH 6.97, lactate 17 mmol/L) and hypokalemia (2 mmol/L). Cranial computed tomography (CT) showed early cerebral edema. A single dose of activated charcoal was given. Intravenous hydration, ephedrine, repeated boli of dobutamine, and a perfusor with 90 micrograms/h norepinephine stabilized blood pressure temporarily. Atropine had a minimal effect on heart rate (58 bpm). Intravenous lipid emulsion was considered (log Pow 4.1), but there was a rapid deterioration with refractory hypotension and acute circulatory failure. The patient died 5h after ingestion of the insecticide. No autopsy was performed. Quantitative analysis of serum performed by high-resolution/accurate mass-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography (LC-HR/AM-MS): 560 ng/mL rotenone. Other substances were excluded by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Conclusion: The clinical course was characterized by early severe symptoms and a rapidly fatal evolution, compatible with inhibition of mitochondrial energy supply. Although rotenone is classified as mild to moderately toxic, physicians must be aware that suicidal ingestion of emulsified concentrates may be rapidly fatal. (n=3): stridor, cyanosis, cough (one each). Local swelling after chewing or swallowing soap developed at the earliest after 20 minutes and persisted beyond 24 hours in some cases. Treatment with antihistamines and/or steroids relieved the symptoms in 9 cases. Conclusion: Bar soap ingestion by seniors carries a risk of severe local reactions. Half the patients developed symptoms, predominantly swellings of tongue and/or lips (38%). Cognitive impairment, particularly in the cases of dementia (37%), may increase the risk of unintentional ingestion. Chewing and intraoral retention of soap leads to prolonged contact with the mucosal membranes. Age-associated physiological changes of oral mucosa probably promote the irritant effects of the surfactants. Medical treatment with antihistamines and corticosteroids usually leads to rapid decline of symptoms. Without treatment, there may be a risk of airway obstruction.

Dynamic visual information plays a critical role for spatial navigation in water but not on solid ground.

In the Morris water maze (MWM) task, proprioceptive information is likely to have a poor accuracy due to movement inertia. Hence, in this condition, dynamic visual information providing information on linear and angular acceleration would play a critical role in spatial navigation. To investigate this assumption we compared rat's spatial performance in the MWM and in the homing hole board (HB) tasks using a 1.5 Hz stroboscopic illumination. In the MWM, rats trained in the stroboscopic condition needed more time than those trained in a continuous light condition to reach the hidden platform. They expressed also little accuracy during the probe trial. In the HB task, in contrast, place learning remained unaffected by the stroboscopic light condition. The deficit in the MWM was thus complete, affecting both escape latency and discrimination of the reinforced area, and was thus task specific. This dissociation confirms that dynamic visual information is crucial to spatial navigation in the MWM whereas spatial navigation on solid ground is mediated by a multisensory integration, and thus less dependent on visual information.

Environmental pollution with soil-transmitted helminths in Sanliurfa, Turkey

Soil transmitted helminth (STH) infection are endemic in developing countries. A study was carried out of sewage farms, streams and vegetables to determine the sources and routes of STH infection in Sanliurfa, Turkey. Stool samples from farmhouse inhabitants as well as soil and vegetable samples from the gardens were collected and examined. In addition, water samples from streams and vegetable samples from the city market were collected and examined. One hundred and eighty-seven (59.5%) of a total of 314 samples, including 88.4% of the stool samples, 60.8% of the water samples, 84.4% of the soil samples and 14% of the vegetable samples, were found to be positive for STH eggs. These results indicate that the water, soil and vegetables are heavily contaminated, and suggest a vicious circle between humans and the environment. Improving environmental sanitation is imperative for the control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Sanliurfa.

Pràctiques i rituals funeraris a Tàrraco i el seu ager (segles II aC-III/IV dC)

L’objectiu d’aquest projecte ha estat identificar i analitzar els rituals funeraris a celebrats als suburbis de Tàrraco i el seu territorium. Per tal d’assolir-lo hem revisat col•leccions de museus, arxius i informes arqueològics arribant a documentar 721 enterraments. A través de la recerca, hem estudiat les peculiaritats i els elements d’aixovar que les tombes presenten amb el suport de les fonts escrites. Hem detectat pràctiques rituals com ara libacions, sacrificis i objectes relacionats amb ofrenes funeràries a l’exterior de les tombes. Hem documentat certa una uniformitat general i repetiva pel que fa a la selecció dels aixovars funerari. No obstant això, hi ha algunes diferències sobretot en aixovars que provenen de les tombes d’individus morts prematurament (individus no casats, infants). També s’ha constatat una diferència sexual entre dones i homes pel que fa als objectes d’aixovar. Hem utilitzat l’evidència arqueològica i literària per tal de trobar el significat d’aquests artefactes quotidians que canvien de significat quan entren en contacte amb els morts. En revisar la informació procedent d’excavacions hem identificat espais rituals específics dins de la necròpolis com jardins funeraris i ustrina. Aquest estudi ha explorat la manera com l’arqueologia ens permeten identificar les pràctiques rituals dins les àrees funeràries. L’estudi de materials arqueològics documentats als estrats de freqüentació de les necròpolis ens ha permès detectar l’evidència material de la ritualitat.

Healthy Gardening

Helping Local People and Local Communities create a Healthier Environment The healthy gardening project is a ten week programme which runs in community gardens/allotments throughout the county in partnership with community development projects. The underpinning values of the approach taken are holistic in nature and cover the areas of individual and community health and wellbeing, ecosystem health, environment and sustainablility. HSE and VEC Initiative Type Nutrition Education and Training Programmes Location Letterkenny Funding HSE and VEC Partner Agencies Community projects County council Family resource centre VEC Adult Education Service

WALK Community Garden

WALK operate a Community Garden in Dublin 12 which promotes the growing of fresh fruit, vegetable, salad leaves and flowers which change seasonally. The garden helps create a sense of community and advocates the benefits of growing healthy food, environmental awareness and sustainability. It offers an opportunities for people to take part in hand-on, activity based learning with some formal training offered to local groups and individuals with varying levels of skill and ability. This outdoor space fosters an interest in growing and guides people in learning new skills which can be transferred to their own gardens or allotments. Dublin City Council Initiative Type Community Food Growing Projects Location Dublin 12 Funding Dublin City Council Partner Agencies Dublin City Council Dublin Mainstream Access Project Scoil Colm

Building a Transition Community

Footprints is developing a Transition Community Initiative which will be another distinct area of work within the Healthy Living Project, as part of the group's ongoing endeavours to influence change within the Colin community, tackling health inequalities. The Building a Transition Community Initiative oversees the development of the grounds at Footprints Women's Centre and offers food growing training to local residents who will be encouraged to volunteer in the garden. A local gardener has been hired and oversees the development and training of the volunteers. The project will grow fruit and vegetables within the grounds of Footprints Women's Centre and this produce will be used within the Footprints Catering Services. Any supplies surplus to requirements will be used in schools in the neighbourhood. Skills learned by the volunteers will also be transferred to their gardens at home throughout the Colin neighbourhood. The aim is also to demonstrate how participation in this project will increase and improve the physical activity levels and mental wellbeing of residents. Part of theDemonstration Programme 2010-2012 Initiative Type Community Food Growing Projects Location Antrim Target Groups Women Partner Agencies safefood

Knockvicar Organic Garden

On less than an acre we grow vegetables, herbs and soft fruit, in tunnels and outdoors, organically. We run school gardens and have a community garden group. The Co-op also hosts a weekly community market. Knockvicar Garden offers trainings on site and off, a number of free programmes and (usually free) advisory service. Initiative Type Community Food Growing Projects Location Roscommon Partner Agencies Pobal CSP Website http://www.knockvicargardener.com/