Produção de micropartículas de alginato contendo Flavobacterium columnare inativada pelo método de emulsão para vacinação de peixes por via oral

Alginate microparticles were prepared by an emulsion method aiming oral controlled release of antigens to fish. The effects of emulsification temperature and impeller type on particle morphology, average diameter, and size distribution were evaluated. Microparticles contaning formalin-killed Flavobacterium columnare cells (a model antigen) were prepared and characterized regarding bacterial release and particle stability when exposed to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) typical gastrointestinal conditions. This methodology allowed the production of microparticles containing up to 14.3 g/L of bacterin, stable at a pH range from 2.0 to 9.0 for 12 h and smaller than 35 μm.

Método extendido de Hildebrand en la predicción de la solubilidad del ketoprofeno en mezclas cosolventes etanol + agua

Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) developed by Martin et al. was applied to evaluate the solubility of ketoprofen (KTP) in ethanol + water cosolvent mixtures at 298.15 K. Calculated values of molar volume and solubility parameter for KTP were used. A good predictive capacity of EHSA was found by using a regular polynomial model in order five to correlate the W interaction parameter and the solubility parameters of cosolvent mixtures (δmix). Nevertheless, the deviations obtained in the estimated solubilities with respect to the experimental solubilities were on the same order like those obtained directly by means of an empiric regression of the logarithmic experimental solubilities as a function of δmix values.

Desenvolvimento de um método reflectométrico ambientalmente mais amigável para a determinação de metoclopramida em formulações farmacêuticas

A simple and more environmentally friendly method by combined spot test-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for determining metoclopramide in pharmaceutical formulations is described. The method is based on the reaction between metoclopramide and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde, in the presence of HCl, producing a colored compound (λmáx = 580 nm) on the filter paper. The linear range was from 5.65 x 10-4-6.21x10-3 mol L-1 (r = 0.999). The limit of detection was 1.27 x 10-4 mol L-1. The proposed reflectometric method was applied successfully to the determination of metoclopramide in pharmaceuticals and it was favorably compared with the Brazilian or British Pharmacopoeia methods at 95% confidence level.

Determinação da entalpia de vaporização de líquidos pelo método do isoteniscópio de Smith e Menzies

This article proposes an experimental procedure to determine the enthalpy (and entropy) of vaporization of organic liquid compounds, by the Smith-Menzies (isoteniscope) method. The values of vapor pressure at different temperatures were obtained and ΔvH (and ΔvS) were graphically determined, using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. The results for diethyl-ether, propanone, ethanol and n-hexane are in very good agreement with those from literature. A historical and thermodynamic discussion on equations that correlates vapor pressures and temperature precedes the experimental proposition.

Salinidade em petróleo bruto: otimização de metodologia e proposta de um novo método para extração de sais em petróleo

The quantity of salts in the crude oils depends on the origin and of the wells production and these salts cause several problems during the transport and the process of refine as corrosions, incrustations and deactivation of the employed catalysts in the refineries. In this study were implemented changes for improvements in the execution of ASTM D 6470 method and has also developed a new methodology of extraction system of salts using process of mechanical agitation without heating. The results of the optimization produce larger efficiency and safety to the process compared to the traditional ASTM method.

Desenvolvimento e validação de um método analítico simples e rápido por espectroscopia UV para quantificação de aciclovir em matrizes hidrofílicas de liberação prolongada

This work reports the validation of an analytical UV spectrophotometric method to assay acyclovir in hydrophilic matrices (assay and dissolution studies). The method was linear in the range between 2.5-20 µg mL-1, presenting a good correlation coefficient ( r = 0,9999). Precision and accuracy analysis showed low relative standart deviation (< 2.0 %) and a good recoveries percentual (98.9-100 %). The procedure was linear, accurate, and robust. The method is simple and cheap. It does not use polluting reagents and can be applied in dissolution studies, being an adequate alternative to assay acyclovir in hydrophilic matrices tablets.

Interferência do acido ascórbico na determinação de açúcares redutores pelo método de Lane e Eynon

Two studies, both set up as completely randomized design, in a 5x5 and 7x5 factorial schemes, evaluated the interference of 5 and 7 ascorbic acid concentrations and 5 glucose or 5 sucrose concentrations, respectively, on the determination of total and reducing sugars by Lane and Eynon method. The ascorbic acid reducing power (AARP) over the Fehling liquor interfered in the results of total and reducing sugars. On average the AARP was equivalent to 74.83 and 69.71% of the reducing power of glucose and of hydrolyzed sucrose, respectively. The ascorbic acid was stable in all study conditions.

Validação de método para determinação de resíduos de amoxicilina aplicado à validação de limpeza em indústria farmacêutica de penicilânicos

The aim of this work was the single-laboratory validation of a quantitative method for the determination of amoxicillin residues in support of cleaning control and validation. Linearity was demonstrated between 2.5 and 17.5 μg/mL, without matrix effects. Mean recoveries ranged from 84.00 to 103.74% and the relative standard deviation under repetitivity and within-reproducibility conditions were from 0.58 to 4.20% and from 0.79 to 4.39%, respectively. The theoretical limits of detection and quantification were 0.133 and 0.442 μg/mL, respectively. The studied method was suitable for cleaning control purpose within good manufacturing practices.

Um método verde, rápido e simples para determinar o valor energético de farinhas e cereais matinais

The Energy Value (EV) corresponds to the sum of the energetic contributions from food macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates and fats) and is required on the labels of pre-packaged foods. The determinations of these parameters are based on distinct analytical procedures, each one being time-consuming, laborious and producing residues. This work presents multivariate models to determine the EV contents of industrialized foods for human consumption by using X-ray fluorescence spectra of samples with known parameters, determined through conventional methods. The proposed method is an alternative to conventional analytical methods and does not require any reagent, given the demands of the "green chemistry".

Crescimento de cristais de rubi e safira pelo método do fluxo

This work reports the growth of corundum crystals by the flux method. The main objective was the evaluation of versatility, effectiveness and real possibilities of the flux method to the synthesis and doping of monocrystals with impurities of particular interest. In this work the chosen impurities were i) Cr and ii) Fe and Ti, aiming the synthesis of rubies and sapphires, respectively. The crystals were grown by heating a mixture of Al2O3:Cr or Al2O3:Fe:Ti and flux (MoO3). The maximum crystal size obtained was 1.0 mm, all transparent, presenting well developed faces, bipiramidal hexagonal shape, and showing a typical red (ruby) and/or light blue (sapphire) color. EDX and XPD experiments were performed in order to characterize some of the synthesized crystals. All crystallized specimens presented the α-alumina atomic structure.

Validação de método analítico para determinar a migração de ε-caprolactama das embalagens para alimentos gordurosos

ε-Caprolactam (CAP) is a monomer of nylon 6 used as food packaging for bologna sausage, turkey blanquettes, fowl breast, pâtés and ham luncheon meat. After polymerization a part of the monomer can remain in the packaging and migrate into the food. The aim of this work was develop and validate a single laboratory method to determine CAP in ethanol 95% that simulates fatty food characteristics. Thus, linear range was 2 to 32 mg/L of CAP, detection and quantification limits were 0.83 and 1.63 mg/L, respectively. Repeatability showed Hor Rat values lower than 2 while recovery range was 97.5 to 106.5%. The method was considered adequate for purpose.

Otimização e validação de método para determinação de ácidos orgânicos em vinhos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

The organic acids (tartaric, malic, citric, lactic and succinic) are de main components responsible for the acidity in the wine. This method for simultaneous determination of organic acids and interfering peaks in wines can be achieved in 16 min. The sample preceded by a dilution and filtration step. The chromatographic separation required one reversed phase column, isocratic mobile phase (acetonitrila, formic acid in water) and detection wavelength was set at 212 nm. The validation confirmed good repeatability, recovery and application in red and white wines.

Cálculo do volume na equação de van der Waals pelo método de cardano

Analytical solutions of a cubic equation with real coefficients are established using the Cardano method. The method is first applied to simple third order equation. Calculation of volume in the van der Waals equation of state is afterwards established. These results are exemplified to calculate the volumes below and above critical temperatures. Analytical and numerical values for the compressibility factor are presented as a function of the pressure. As a final example, coexistence volumes in the liquid-vapor equilibrium are calculated. The Cardano approach is very simple to apply, requiring only elementary operations, indicating an attractive method to be used in teaching elementary thermodynamics.

Validação de método espectrofotométrico na região do UV para quantificação de famotidina em cápsulas

This work describes the validation of a method for quantification of famotidine in capsules by UV spectrophotometry using as solvents buffer solution at pH 2.5 and buffer solution at pH 4.5. The results show that the method is practical, selective, accurate, precise and linear from 10.0 to 25.0 µg/mL of famotidine in both solvents. However, a variance analysis showed a lower mean percentage of famotidine when buffer at pH 2.5 is used. This effect was attributed to the instability of famotidine in acidic media. Therefore, the use of pH 4.5 buffer was considered suitable for analysis of famotidine in capsules.

Validação de método para a determinação de 5-hidroximetilfurfural em mel por cromatografia líquida e sua influência na qualidade do produto

In honey 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (HMF) is one of the most typical products of degradation: it is usually absent in fresh honey, but its concentration tends to rise as a result of heating processes or long-term storage. The validation protocol was performed in terms of detection and quantification limits, precision (by repeatability and intermediate precision), linearity and accuracy (by recovery tests). The method has been tested on 15 honey samples of different ages and geographical origin. HMF correlated highly with the age of the samples has been considered a very important parameter to put these honeys on the market or not and/or to estimate their shelf life.