Inequality of opportunity in educational achievement in Latin America: evidence from PISA 2006-2009

We assess inequality of opportunity in educational achievement in six Latin American countries, employing two waves of PISA data (2006 and 2009). By means of a non-parametric approach using a decomposable inequality index, GE(0), we rank countries according to their degree of inequality of opportunity. We work with alternative characterizations of types: school type (public or private), gender, parental education, and combinations of those variables. We calculate incremental contributions of each set of circumstances to inequality. We provide rankings of countries based on unconditional inequalities (using conventional indices) and on conditional inequalities (EOp indices), and the two sets of rankings do not always coincide. Inequality of opportunities range from less than 1% to up to 27%, with substantial heterogeneity according to the year, the country, the subject and the specificication of circumstances. Robustness checks based on bootstrap and the use of an alternative index confirm most of the initial results.

Países en desarrollo y globalización: ¿Gandores o Perdedores?

El comercio internacional y los flujos de inversión se han incrementado en las últimas décadas más rápidamente que el producto interno bruto mundial. Este rápido crecimiento de las transacciones internacionales se conoce comúnmente como globalización. Este fenómeno puede ser visto como un dinamizador del crecimiento y desarrollo, en la medida en que los países tiendan a especializarse en la producción de aquellos bienes en los que tienen ventaja comparativa. Otros, por el contrario, argumentan que la globalización no ha contribuido al crecimiento mundial de manera homogénea, beneficiando solo a un número pequeño de paí- ses y dando lugar a la concentración de los flujos de comercio e inversión y a grandes inequidades. La evidencia muestra, sin embargo, que los efectos de la globalización en los países en desarrollo dependen de diversos factores, especialmente de las características de los países y de las regiones. Las ganancias en bienestar se deben más a las medidas de liberalización implementadas por los países, que a las concesiones de comercio otorgadas por los socios comerciales. Así mismo, la marginalización de algunos países de los mercados mundiales no es inherente al proceso de globalización. Esta se puede explicar más que todo por el tipo de polí- ticas domesticas implementadas por estos países. Algunos países en desarrollo han sido bastante exitosos en la implementación de una estrategia de desarrollo basada en la IED. En estos casos, las inversiones se han asociado con la rápida industrialización y una concomitante expansión de las exportaciones con alto valor tecnológico.

Una Aproximación más a la relación existente entre crecimiento y desigualdad

La literatura económica ha abordado la discusión sobre el crecimiento y la equidad en distintas líneas. La necesidad de tener una sociedad más equitativa es una de las opciones y este escrito intenta aportar nuevas ideas a la discusión dando prioridad a la equidad. Para este efecto, discute, el espacio en el que se trabajará la desigualdad, las causalidades existentes frente a la relación crecimiento y equidad, y las fortalezas y debilidades de sobre los indicadores convencionalmente utilizados para su medición.

How do inequality affect tax morale in Latin America and Caribbean?

Latin America is well known as an inequitable region. As it is recognized, inequality and corruption perception weaken the way that political institutions works and the democratic system. Focusing on Latin American and Caribbean countries, this paper analyzes what are the elements shaping tax morale. In particular, how the context influences ethical grounds decisions such as the predisposition to pay taxes is analyzed, using the survey carried out in 2005 by Latinobarometro. The objective is to analyze how country performance determines tax morale. To do so, four probitmodels are estimated using Gini index, Transparency International Corruption Perception Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDPpc) as explanatory variables. As expected we found that some socio-demographic variables play a relevant role. Interestingly, we also found that, in this attitude, LAC countries do not register a gender bias. However, those are not our main contributions to the literature on the field. The most important results are linked to: 1) the levelmatters, GDPpc increases the probability of people having tax morale, 2) moreover, income distributionalso influence on tax morale but in opposite direction and 3) corruption perception also reduces tax morale. Those results show that the quality of institutions matters and therefore, the way that democracy works play a relevant role.

Spontaneous language measures in monolingual preschool Spanish-speaking children. 'Medidas de evaluación del lenguaje espontáneo en niños hispanohablantes en edad preescolar'.

Resumen en español. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Evaluaci??n de las medidas de atenci??n a la diversidad de la educaci??n primaria en Galicia : impacto escolar. 'Evaluation of the measures of attention to the diversity in the primary education in Galicia : school impact'

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n. Con el apoyo econ??mico del departamento MIDE de la UNED

Controlling social desirability may attenuate faking effects : A study with aggression measures

Resumen tomado de la publicación

The effects of ageing on self-reported aggression measures are partly explained by response bias

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

Cognitive decline before the age of 50 can be detected with sensitive cognitive measures

Resumen tomado de la publicaci??n

View-dependent information theory quality measures for pixel sampling and scene discretization in flatland

In this paper, we present view-dependent information theory quality measures for pixel sampling and scene discretization in flatland. The measures are based on a definition for the mutual information of a line, and have a purely geometrical basis. Several algorithms exploiting them are presented and compare well with an existing one based on depth differences

Informational Aesthetics Measures

The Birkhoff aesthetic measure of an object is the ratio between order and complexity. Informational aesthetics describes the interpretation of this measure from an information-theoretic perspective. From these ideas, the authors define a set of ratios based on information theory and Kolmogorov complexity that can help to quantify the aesthetic experience

A comparative analysis by means of quantum molecular similarity measures of density distributions derived from conventional ab initio and density functional methods

A procedure based on quantum molecular similarity measures (QMSM) has been used to compare electron densities obtained from conventional ab initio and density functional methodologies at their respective optimized geometries. This method has been applied to a series of small molecules which have experimentally known properties and molecular bonds of diverse degrees of ionicity and covalency. Results show that in most cases the electron densities obtained from density functional methodologies are of a similar quality than post-Hartree-Fock generalized densities. For molecules where Hartree-Fock methodology yields erroneous results, the density functional methodology is shown to yield usually more accurate densities than those provided by the second order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory

PhD Students’ Research Group Social Capital in Two Countries: A Clustering Approach with Duocentred Network Measures

The article examines the structure of the collaboration networks of research groups where Slovenian and Spanish PhD students are pursuing their doctorate. The units of analysis are student-supervisor dyads. We use duocentred networks, a novel network structure appropriate for networks which are centred around a dyad. A cluster analysis reveals three typical clusters of research groups. Those which are large and belong to several institutions are labelled under a bridging social capital label. Those which are small, centred in a single institution but have high cohesion are labelled as bonding social capital. Those which are small and with low cohesion are called weak social capital groups. Academic performance of both PhD students and supervisors are highest in bridging groups and lowest in weak groups. Other variables are also found to differ according to the type of research group. At the end, some recommendations regarding academic and research policy are drawn

Practical applications of quantum molecular similarity measures (QMSM): programs and examples

Es descriu l'aproximació de Capes Atòmiques dins de la teoria de la Semblança Molecular Quàntica. Partint només de dades teòriques, s'ha trobat una relació entre estructura molecular i activitat biològica per a diversos conjunts de molècules. Es descriuen els aspectes teòrics de la Semblança Molecular Quàntica i alguns exemples d'aplicació