FALSE-NEGATIVE DENGUE CASES IN RORAIMA, BRAZIL: AN APPROACH REGARDING THE HIGH NUMBER OF NEGATIVE RESULTS BY NS1 AG KITS

Serum samples from 150 NS1-negative (Platelia ELISA) patients presumptively diagnosed with dengue were analyzed by the TaqMan probed real-time reverse transcription PCR (TaqMan qRT-PCR) method. The qRT-PCR positive samples were tested for serotype by semi-nested RT-PCR and a qualitative immunochromatographic assay for IgG and IgM. Molecular detection methods showed 33 (22%) positive samples out of 150 NS1-antigen negative samples. Of these, 72% were collected up to day 2 after the onset of symptoms, when diagnostic sensitivity of NS1-antigen test assays is significantly enhanced. Most of the cases were not characterized as secondary infection. Twenty-eight samples were successfully serotyped, 75% of which for DENV-4, 14% for DENV-2, 7% for DENV-3 and 4% for DENV-1. These findings reaffirm the hyperendemic situation of the state of Roraima and suggest a lower sensitivity of the NS1 test, mainly when DENV-4 is the predominant serotype. Health care providers should therefore be aware of samples tested negative by NS1 antigen assays, especially when clinical symptoms and other laboratory data results show evidence of dengue infection.

SEROLOGICAL MARKERS OF VIRAL, SYPHILITIC AND TOXOPLASMIC INFECTION IN CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS WITH NEPHROTIC SYNDROME: CASE SERIES FROM MATO GROSSO STATE, BRAZIL

Some infections can be the cause of secondary nephrotic syndrome. The aim of this study was to describe the experience of a Renal Disease Reference Clinic from Central Brazil, in which serological markers of some infectious agents are systematically screened in children with nephrotic syndrome. Data were obtained from the assessment of medical files of all children under fifteen years of age, who matched nephrotic syndrome criteria. Subjects were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies against T. gondii and cytomegalovirus; antibodies against Herpes simplex, hepatitis C virus and HIV; and surface antigen (HBsAg) of hepatitis B virus. The VDRL test was also performed. 169 cases were studied. The median age on the first visit was 44 months and 103 (60.9%) patients were male. Anti-CMV IgG and IgM were found in 70.4% and 4.1%, respectively. IgG and IgM against Toxoplasma gondii were present in 32.5% and 5.3%, respectively. Two patients were positive for HBsAg, but none showed markers for HIV, hepatitis C, or Treponema pallidum. IgG and IgM against herpes simplex virus were performed on 54 patients, of which 48.1% and 22.2% were positive. IgM antibodies in some children with clinical signs of recent infection suggest that these diseases may play a role in the genesis of nephrotic syndrome.

The Role of the Humoral Immune Response in the Molecular Evolution of the Envelope C2, V3 and C3 Regions in Chronically HIV-2 Infected Patients

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate, for the first time, the short-term molecular evolution of the HIV-2 C2, V3 and C3 envelope regions and its association with the immune response. Clonal sequences of the env C2V3C3 region were obtained from a cohort of eighteen HIV-2 chronically infected patients followed prospectively during 2-4 years. Genetic diversity, divergence, positive selection and glycosylation in the C2V3C3 region were analysed as a function of the number of CD4+ T cells and the anti-C2V3C3 IgG and IgA antibody reactivity RESULTS: The mean intra-host nucleotide diversity was 2.1% (SD, 1.1%), increasing along the course of infection in most patients. Diversity at the amino acid level was significantly lower for the V3 region and higher for the C2 region. The average divergence rate was 0.014 substitutions/site/year, which is similar to that reported in chronic HIV-1 infection. The number and position of positively selected sites was highly variable, except for codons 267 and 270 in C2 that were under strong and persistent positive selection in most patients. N-glycosylation sites located in C2 and V3 were conserved in all patients along the course of infection. Intra-host variation of C2V3C3-specific IgG response over time was inversely associated with the variation in nucleotide and amino acid diversity of the C2V3C3 region. Variation of the C2V3C3-specific IgA response was inversely associated with variation in the number of N-glycosylation sites. CONCLUSION: The evolutionary dynamics of HIV-2 envelope during chronic aviremic infection is similar to HIV-1 implying that the virus should be actively replicating in cellular compartments. Convergent evolution of N-glycosylation in C2 and V3, and the limited diversification of V3, indicates that there are important functional constraints to the potential diversity of the HIV-2 envelope. C2V3C3-specific IgG antibodies are effective at reducing viral population size limiting the number of virus escape mutants. The C3 region seems to be a target for IgA antibodies and increasing N-linked glycosylation may prevent HIV-2 envelope recognition by these antibodies. Our results provide new insights into the biology of HIV-2 and its relation with the human host and may have important implications for vaccine design.

Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Quetiapin-Induced Bullous Pemphigoid in an HIV-Infected Patient

The authors present the case of a 48-year-old woman with HIV-­associated dementia treated with antiretroviral therapy and psychoactive drugs, to whom bullous pemphigoid(BP) was diagnosed. Given incomplete response to corticotherapy, and azathioprine-­induced bicytopenia,intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) was initiated. Despite transient disease control, recurrent flares suggested a persistent triggering factor. Specifically, quetiapin was implicated and discontinued with an immediate clinical response. Inadvertent re-­challenge with olanzapine(a related drug)led to a new eruption, confirming drug-­induced BP (DIBP). A total of six IVIG cycles were completed, without severe side effects to report, namely HIV disease progression. HIV-­related autoimmune bullous diseases are rare. Treatment of severe drug eruptions is primarily based on immunossupressive drugs, raising concerns regarding additional immunossupression. This case suggests IVIG as a valuable option for the treatment of BP in HIV patients. In addition, quetiapin should be added to the list of neuroleptics previously linked to DIBP.

A NEW POSSIBILITY FOR SURVEILLANCE: DO WE IDENTIFY ALL CASES OF LEPTOSPIROSIS?

SUMMARY Leptospirosis is a febrile disease with a typically underestimated global incidence, especially in regions where dengue is endemic. Therefore, it is difficult to accurately determine the number of leptospirosis cases in these areas, which contributes to significant under-reporting this disease. In this study, we estimated the number of possible leptospirosis cases among dengue-like cases that were reported during 2008, 2010, and 2012 in the city of Fortaleza, northeast Brazil. Patients were evaluated for dengue and leptospirosis using immunoenzymatic tests for IgM antibodies that were specific to each pathogen. Among the suspected cases of dengue that resulted as negative in laboratory tests, 10.8% (2008), 19.2% (2010), and 30.8% (2012) were confirmed to be leptospirosis. Considering the cases reported by the surveillance authority as dengue that were subsequently discarded based on the laboratory test results, we estimate that the number of actual leptospirosis cases may be 26 to 49 times higher than those diagnosed and reported by the Health Services. Furthermore, we believe that approximately 20% of dengue-like cases may be leptospirosis cases in areas where the two diseases are endemic.

SEROLOGICAL DETECTION OF HEPATITIS A VIRUS IN FREE-RANGING NEOTROPICAL PRIMATES (Sapajus spp., Alouatta caraya) FROM THE PARANÁ RIVER BASIN, BRAZIL

Nonhuman primates are considered as the natural hosts of Hepatitis A virus (HAV), as well as other pathogens, and can serve as natural sentinels to investigate epizootics and endemic diseases that are of public health importance. During this study, blood samples were collected from 112 Neotropical primates (NTPs) (Sapajus nigritus and S. cay, n = 75; Alouatta caraya, n = 37) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin, Brazil, located between the States of Paraná and Mato Grosso do Sul. Anti-HAV IgG antibodies were detected in 4.5% (5/112) of NTPs, specifically in 6.7% (5/75) of Sapajus spp. and 0% (0/37) of A. caraya. In addition, all samples were negative for the presence of IgM anti-HAV antibodies. These results suggest that free-ranging NTPs were exposed to HAV within the geographical regions evaluated.

Linfoma Primitivo do Sistema Nervoso Central em Doente com Sida

O aumento da incidência do linfoma cerebral primitivo parece ser real em pessoas imunologicamente normais. Contudo, os linfomas do sistema nervoso central têm uma muito maior incidência em doentes imunodeprimidos tais como os submetidos a transplantes cardíacos ou renais, doentes com deficiência de IgA ou síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich. Assim, não é surpreendente o aumento da predisposição dos doentes com a síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida para os linfomas do sistema nervoso central, sendo esta a segunda causa mais frequente de lesão ocupando espaço intracerebral nesta população. Os autores descrevem o caso de uma mulher de 36 anos com síndrome de imunodeficiência adquirida e uma lesão ocupando espaço intracerebral que demonstraram tratar-se de um linfoma cerebral.

Investigações sôbre inibidores para o vírus da poliomielite, presentes em soros de bovinos

Inibidores contra as amostras de poliovírus do tipo 1, Mahoney e CHAT, foram estudados no sistema de gel de hidróxido de alumínio. O inibidor comportou-se como uma macroglobulina do tipo 19 S (IgM), através filtração em gel (Sephadex G-200), partição em DEAE-Celulose e sedimentação por ultra-centrifugação em gradiente de sacarose. O inibidor foi ainda destruído através o tratamento com 2-Mercapto-Etanol. O inibidor une-se à superfície do vírus na ausência de células. O complexo formado pelo vírus e o inibidor pode ser precipitado por um sôro preparado contra a globulina bovina; o mesmo complexo dissocia-se em idêntico valor de pH ao do complexo vírus-anticorpo 19 S. A chamada infecciosidade residual (cêrca de 10%) que permanece após a neutralização de poliovírus com sôro bovino representa uma dissociação parcial do inibidor da partícula de vírus, quando em presença das células em cultura. Foram obtidas amostras de vírus resistentes à ação específica de soros bovinos. Estas amostras permanecem sensíveis à ação de outros soros bovinos ativos, bem como à ação de anticorpos 7 S e 19 S. Através experiências de adsorção de atividade inibidora, foi possível mostrar a existência de inibidores monoespecíficos, com diferentes especificidades contra as amostras CHAT e Mahoney, respectivamente.

Imunoglobulina Intravenosa na Isoimunização Rh do Recém-Nascido

Estudaram-se retrospectivamente 38 processos de Recém-Nascidos (RN) com isoimunização Rh, 25 dos quais foram tratados com imunoglobulina intravenosa (IGIV) — 500 mg/Kg. Esta terapêutica iniciada no ano 1995 teve como objectivo diminuir a hemólise e consequentemente evitar a exsanguíneo- -transfusão (ET) que seria sempre efectuada desde que se verificassem os critérios classicamente aceites para a evolução e níveis séricos de bilirrubina. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que apenas 28% dos 25 RN que fizeram IGIV necessitaram de ET contrastando com 92% dos 13 casos diagnosticados nos 2 anos imediatamente anteriores ao início desta terapêutica. Parece assim ter sido eficaz na contenção da hemólise mesmo quando a apresentação inicial da doença evidenciou uma anemia que necessitou de ser corrigida. A transfusão de concentrado eritrocitário foi efectuada logo no 1.° dia a 13 dos 25 RN, 68% de todos os casos transfundidos em toda a evolução da doença. Admitimos que esta terapêutica seja uma alternativa válida com menor morbilidade. No nosso estudo não verificámos qualquer efeito secundário.

Síndrome de Guillain-Barré em Idade Pediátrica. Protocolo de Actuação

O protocolo de actuação na Síndrome de Guillain-Barré em idade pediátrica foi elaborado com o intuito de rever as mais recentes recomendações internacionais e de traçar linhas orientadoras de actuação. É constituído por duas partes: a primeira é a introdução teórica, resultante da revisão bibliográfica, e a segunda o Protocolo de actuação. Tratando-se de uma patologia para a qual ainda não existe um consenso, sobretudo no que respeita ao tratamento, optou-se por incluir as várias opções de tratamento recomendadas, permitindo a cada Unidade aplicar aquela com a qual possui mais experiência.

Renal Disease in Madeira Islands: Twenty-Seven Years' Experience of Native Kidney Biopsies

Introduction: Renal biopsy plays an essential role either in the diagnosis or in the prognosis of patients with renal disease. In order to assess its epidemiology and evolution in Madeira Islands, we analysed twenty-seven years of native kidney biopsies. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of clinical records, including histological revision from 1986 to 2012, totalling 315 native kidney biopsies. They were assessed regarding the temporal evolution both for the quality/indications for renal biopsy and for the patterns of kidney disease. Results: A total of 315 native kidney biopsies were analysed. The patients’ mean age was of 40.8 ± 18.4 years and 50.5%(n = 159) were males. The most common indications for renal biopsy were nephrotic syndrome (36.2%, n = 114) and acute kidney injury (20.0%, n = 63). Among primary glomerular diseases (41.5%, n = 115) the most common were IgA nephropathy (26.1%, n = 30) and focal-segmental glomerulosclerosis (17.4%, n = 20) and among secondary glomerular diseases (31.4%, n = 87), lupus nephritis (51.7%, n = 45) and amyloidosis (20.7%, n = 18). Statistical analysis revealed significant correlation between gender and major pathological diagnosis (Fisher’s exact test, p <.01) and between indications for renal biopsy and major pathological diagnosis (χ2, p <.01). Regarding the temporal evolution, no statistically significant differences were found in the number of renal biopsies (χ2, p =.193), number of glomeruli per sample (Fisher’s exact test, p =.669), age (Kruskal-Wallis, p =.216), indications for renal biopsy (χ2, p =.106) or major pathological diagnosis groups (χ2,p =.649). However, considering the specific clinico-pathological diagnoses and their temporal variation, a statistically significant difference (Fisher’s exact test, p <.05) was found for lupus nephritis and membranous nephropathy with an increasing incidence and for amyloidosis with an opposite tendency. Discussion: The review of the native kidney biopsies from a population with particular characteristics, geographically isolated, such as those from Madeira Islands, showed parallel between epidemiological numbers referring to other European subpopulations, allowing simultaneously a comprehensive approach to our renal biopsy policies.

Aspectos imunológicos da Leishmaniose Cutis Difusa

Um caso de Leishmaniose Cutis Difusa é estudado quanto aos seus aspectos imunológicos. A imunidade celular foi investigada com testes intradérmicos, sensibilização artificia! do DNCB e dosagem de fator de inibição do macrófago (MIF). Embora alguns antígenos injetados tivessem dado reação positiva, a leishmanina foi não reatora evidenciando uma anergia específica. As imunoglobulinas G e M estavam elevadas. 0 encontro de anticorpos circulantes por alguns autores associando ao fato de que o complemento C3 era baixo em nosso paciente, levou-nos a considerar o consumo deste que fixado a complexos Ag-Ac circulantes poderiam explicar os surtos de febre e artralgias. Por fim são considerados os pontos de vista de autores diferentes em relação ao fato de que a LCD seria causada por espécie diferente de leishmânia, ou por defeito imunológico do paciente, destacando-se o trabalho de Convit³ em favor desta útlima hipótese.

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura Associated with Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma

Introduction: The Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an immunoglobulin A (IgA)-mediated smallvessel systemic vasculitis, rare in adults. The association with solid tumours has been described, especially with lung cancer. Case Report: We present the case of a 60-year-old Caucasian male, diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma that underwent surgical resection without (neo)adjuvant theraphy. Two months latter he was admitted for abdominal pain, purpuric rash on his lower extremities and acute kidney injury, with serum creatinine (Scr) of 2 mg/dl. Urinalysis revealed haematuria and 24h proteinuria (P24h) of 1.5 g. The serum protein electrophoresis, complement components C3 and C4, circulating immune complexes, cryoglobulins, ANCA, ANA, anti-dsDNA and the remaining immunologic study as screening for viral infections (HCV, HBV and HIV) were negative. Renal ultrasound was normal and kidney biopsy revealed mild mesangial proliferation; 2 cellular glomerular crescents and 1 fibrinoid necrosis lesion; large amounts of red blood cell casts; lymphocytic infiltration in the intertubular interstitial capillaries; moderate arteriolar hyalinosis. Immunofluorescence demonstrated mesangial and parietal deposits of IgA. The diagnosis of HSP was assumed, and the patient started prednisolone 1 mg/kg/day. Ten months after diagnosis the patient’s baseline Scr is 1.4 mg/dl with P24h of 0.18g, without haematuria. Conclusion: Although this is a rare association and the exact mechanism behind the disease is yet unknown, physicians should be aware of it. The early recognition and treatment may prevent renal disease progression.

Mieloma Múltiplo e Amiloidose AL

O mieloma múltiplo e a amiloidose de cadeias leves (AL) de imunoglobulina são doenças proliferativas plasmocitárias incuráveis que raramente coexistem. Cerca de 10 a 15% dos doentes com mieloma múltiplo desenvolvem amiloidose AL clinicamente sintomática, sendo a situação inversa muito rara (0,4%). Apresenta-se um caso não previamente diagnosticado de mieloma múltiplo não secretor, isto é, sem identificação de paraproteína na imunoelectroforese ou imunofixação sérica ou urinária, numa doente internada por icterícia pruriginosa e volumosa hepatomegália. A biópsia hepática confirmou o diagnóstico de amiloidose e o doseamento sérico das cadeias leves livres das imunoglobulinas revelou hiperprodução de cadeias leves kappa (k). Os autores abordam as particularidades clínicas e de investigação destas duas entidades em que o diagnóstico precoce e a terapêutica atempada influenciam o prognóstico.

Aspectos clínico-diagnósticos relativos à fase aguda da doença de Chagas, em pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim e imunodeprimidos

Em sete pacientes submetidos a transplante de rim e imonodeprimidos reconheceram os Autores a ocorrência de doença de Chagas, em fase aguda. Tais eventos permitiram verificações sem dúvida expressivas e, entre elas, afigurou-se conveniente salientar as seguintes: presença de febre como manifestação proeminente; valor elucidativo da pesquisa do Trypanosoma cruzi no "creme" leucocitário em etapa de realização de diagnóstico diferencial, quando escassos os elementos orientadores; utilidade da evidenciação, por imunofluorescência, de anticorpos IgM antitripanossomo no soro; falta de participação de enfartamento de linfonodos superficiais ao exame clínico e de linfocitose, com linfócitos atípicos, ao hemograma; decurso não grave, sendo que, para tanto, pode ter contribuído a administração de benzonidazol; possibilidade de manutenção do uso de medicamentos imonossupressores; ausência de prejuízo quanto ao transplante. Julgaram os Autores oportuno relatar esses fatos, em virtude de implicações que eles ensejam quando em desenvolvimento trabalhos de natureza assistencial.