The Panama microplate, island studies and relictual species of Melipona (Melikerria) (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)

The endemic stingless honey-making bee Melipona (Melikerria) insularissp.n. on Coiba and Rancheria Islands in Pacific Panama is described, together with the proposed sister species, M. ambigua sp.n. from northeast Colombia. The Coiba Island group and Panama mainland were surveyed, yielding one meliponine endemic (M. insularissp.n.) and six meliponine genera and species. The poor Coiba fauna of amphibians and birds corresponds to the poor social bee fauna and suggests habitat barriers generally precluded recolonization from the mainland during glacial periods. Many animals became extinct, yet some remain as relicts. Melipona insularissp.n. was isolated on accreted terranes of Coiba rainforest in the Panama microplate. Morphology suggests that M. insularissp.n. is not a direct descendant of the San Blas-E. Panama endemic Melikerria, M. triplaridis. A phylogenetic hypothesis corroborates disjunct distributions. Rainforest endemics such as Peltogyne purpurea (Fabaceae) and Ptilotrigona occidentalis (Apidae, Meliponini) also occur as relictual, disjunct populations in Central and South America. These may have been isolated before accelerated biotic exchange began 2.4 Ma. Our work supports the geological findings of both a volcanic arc and the San Blas massif providing a substantial bridge for Melikerria from Colombia and Panama in Eocene to Miocene times. We suggest there have been taxon cycles permitting recolonization during glaciations, whereby colonies of M. insularissp.n. were able to recolonize Rancheria, a 250 ha island, 2 km from Coiba. However, rafting colonies nesting in trees, carried on vegetation mats, may have produced founding populations of Melipona in Central America and on oceanic islands such as Coiba.

Caracterização de uma floresta estacional semidecidual em Varginha, MG. E comparação com remanescentes da região.

Foi realizado o levantamento florístico e fitossociológico na porção mais extensa de mata no Parque Florestal Municipal São Francisco de Assis, na cidade de Varginha, sul de Minas Gerais. A área tem cerca de 10 ha e é cortada por um pequeno córrego. Foram lançadas 25 parcelas de 20m x 20m e medidos e cadastrados todos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAP > 5cm. Foram encontrados 1568 indivíduos que, juntos, somaram área basal de 23,65 m2, sendo registrados 102 espécies, 72 gêneros e 42 famílias no levantamento fitossociológico e 111 espécies, 77 gêneros e 43 famílias no levantamento florístico. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Myrtaceae, Fabaceae e Melastomataceae. As espécies de maior valor de importância foram Casearia arborea, Copaifera langsdorffii, Tachigali rugosa e Myrcia splendens. Os resultados encontrados são os esperados para as Florestas Estacionais Semideciduais da região.

Composição, diversidade e distribuição geográfica de plantas vasculares de uma Floresta Ombrófila Densa Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil

In the Montane and Submontane Rain Forest of the Carlos Botelho State Park - PECB (ca. 37,000 ha) the composition, richness and geographical distribution of native, vascular forest species was evaluated. The analysis of 1143 species of 140 families supported the pattern found for other forests of Eastern Brazil, showing high species richness of Myrtaceae (85 species), Orchidaceae (81), Fabaceae (57), Asteraceae, Melastomataceae (54), Lauraceae (53), Rubiaceae (51), Bromeliaceae (43), Piperaceae (30) and Solanaceae (25), besides ferns (123). The most species-rich genera were Eugenia (34), Ocotea (26), Leandra, Myrcia, Vriesea (18), Piper, Solanum (16), Miconia (14), Mollinedia (13), and Peperomia (12). The richness and composition varied greatly among life forms, as well as the number of families represented in each one of them (only Rubiaceae had species in all life forms, except parasites). Trees had the largest contribution of total richness (39.1%), a value that represented more than 20% of the species listed for the whole Atlantic Forest of Southeastern Brazil. Trees were followed by epiphytes (22.4%), herbs (18.4%), shrubs (10.1%), lianas (9.1%), and parasites (0.9%). The overall richness and composition of life forms was quite close to other neotropical forests (e.g. high contribution of ferns among epiphytes), although some life forms remain undersampled in the PECB (mainly herbs, lianas and epiphytes). The occurrence of species endemic to the Atlantic Forest was pronounced (65%), with a predominance of species restricted to the Southern Atlantic Forest (43%). Pantropical species were rare (2%), being more common among ferns. Myrtaceae and Melastomataceae were the families with greater number and proportion of endemic species.

Molecular cloning and insecticidal effect of Inga laurina trypsin inhibitor on Diatraea saccharalis and Heliothis virescens

Native Inga laurina (Fabaceae) trypsin inhibitor (ILTI) was tested for anti-insect activity against Diatraea saccharalis and Heliothis virescens larvae. The addition of 0.1% ILTI to the diet of D. saccharalis did not alter larval survival but decreased larval weight by 51%. The H. virescens larvae that were fed a diet containing 0.5% ILTI showed an 84% decrease in weight. ILTI was not digested by the midgut proteinases of either species of larvae. The trypsin levels were reduced by 55.3% in the feces of D. saccharalis and increased by 24.1% in the feces of H. virescens. The trypsin activity in both species fed with ILTI was sensitive to the inhibitor, suggesting that no novel proteinase resistant to ILTI was induced. Additionally, ILTI exhibited inhibitory activity against the proteinases present in the larval midgut of different species of Lepidoptera. The organization of the ilti gene was elucidated by analyzing its corresponding genomic sequence. The recombinant ILTI protein (reILTI) was expressed and purified, and its efficacy was evaluated. Both native ILTI and reILTI exhibited a similar strong inhibitory effect on bovine trypsin activity. These results suggest that ILTI presents insecticidal properties against both insects and may thus be a useful tool in the genetic engineering of plants. (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Herbivores equalize the seedling height growth of three dominant tree species in an African tropical rain forest

Determining the impact of insect herbivores on forest tree seedlings and saplings is difficult without experimentation in the field. Moreover, this impact may be heterogeneous in time and space because of seasonal rainfall and canopy disturbances, or ‘gaps’, which can influence both insect abundance and plant performance. In this study we used fine netting to individually protect seedlings of Microberlinia bisulcata, Tetraberlinia bifoliolata and Tetraberlinia korupensis trees (Fabaceae = Leguminosae) from insects in 41 paired gap-understorey locations across 80 ha of primary rain forest (Korup, Cameroon). For all species, growth in height and leaf numbers was negligible in the understorey, where M. bisulcata had the lowest survival after c. 2 years. In gaps, however, all species responded positively with pronounced above-ground growth across seasons. When exposed to herbivores their seedling height growth was similar, but in the absence of herbivores, M. bisulcata significantly outgrew both Tetraberlinia species and matched their leaf numbers. This result suggests that insect herbivores might play an important role in maintaining species coexistence by mitigating sapling abundance of the more palatable M. bisulcata, which in gaps was eaten the most severely. The higher ratio in static leaf damage of control-to-caged M. bisulcata seedlings in gaps than understorey locations was consistent with the Plant Vigour Hypothesis. This result, however, did not apply to either Tetraberlinia species. For M. bisulcata and T. korupensis, but not T. bifoliolata (the most shade-tolerant species), caging improved relative seedling survival in the understory locations compared to gaps, providing restricted support for the Limiting Resource Model. Approximately 2.25 years after treatments were removed, the caged seedlings were taller and had more leaves than controls in all three species, and the effect remained strongest for M. bisulcata. We conclude that in this community the impact of leaf herbivory on seedling growth in gaps is strong for the dominant M. bisulcata, which coupled to a very low shade-tolerance contributes to limiting its regeneration. However, because gaps are common to most forests, insect herbivores may be having impacts upon functionally similar tree species that are also characterized by low sapling recruitment much more widely than currently appreciated. An implication for the restoration and management of M. bisulcata populations in forests outside of Korup is that physical protection from herbivores of new seedlings where the canopy is opened by gaps, or by harvesting, should substantially increase its subcanopy regeneration, and thus, too, its opportunities for adult recruitment.

Pollen records and age determinations from 2 profiles at Lake Nikolay, Lena Delta

Radiocarbon-dated pollen, rhizopod, chironomid and total organic carbon (TOC) records from Nikolay Lake (73°20'N, 124°12'E) and a pollen record from a nearby peat sequence are used for a detailed environmental reconstruction of the Holocene in the Lena Delta area. Shrubby Alnus fruticosa and Betula exilis tundra existed during 10,300-4800 cal. yr BP and gradually disappeared after that time. Climate reconstructions based on the pollen and chironomid records suggest that the climate during ca. 10,300-9200 cal. yr BP was up to 2-3 °C warmer than the present day. Pollen-based reconstructions show that the climate was relatively warm during 9200-6000 cal. yr BP and rather unstable between ca. 5800-3700 cal. yr BP. Both the qualitative interpretation of pollen data and the results of quantitative reconstruction indicate that climate and vegetation became similar to modern-day conditions after ca. 3600 cal. yr BP. The chironomid-based temperature reconstruction suggests a relatively warm period between ca. 2300 and 1400 cal. yr BP, which corresponds to the slightly warmer climate conditions reconstructed from the pollen. Modern chironomid and rhizopod assemblages were established after ca. 1400 cal. yr BP.

Pollen and macroremains from sediment core Aschenhütte

The Upper Pleistocene sediments of the Aschenhütte sink-hole (west of Herzberg am Harz, Lower Saxony) enable one to make interesting correlations between palynological and geological results. The sequence is composed of limnic-telmatic deposits (Eemain to Lower Weichselian) and loess with paleosoils (Weichselian). Sedimentation started during the hornbeam-dominated phase of the Eemian interglacial period and continued throughout the Eemian, the Weichselian Brörup interstadial (sensu Andersen) and parts of the preceding and the following stadial phases, the Herning and the Rederstall stadials. As opposed to most of the known Eemian sites spruce was a major tree species during the hornbeam-dominated phase of the Eemian. The vegetational development during the interstadial phase does not show a period of climatic deterioration as is the case for the Brörup interstadial when considering regions with a more demanding vegetation or regions close to the natural boundaries of the tree species concerned. Pollen or seeds of Bruckenthalia and Picea omoricoides have not been found in the Aschenhütte cores. The limnic-telmatic sediments interlock with loess-paleosoils (Eemian soil and Lower Weichselian bleaching soils) at the lake shore. They are overlaid by loess paleosoils of the Stillfried-B interstadial (Hattorf soil and Lohne soil). Lake level fluctuations were determined by means of the facies distribution and isochrones as defined by pollen analysis. A relatively high stand of the lake level existed after the end of the Eemian interglacial and during the Brörup interstadial periods. In the course of the Herning stadial period the water level dropped, whereas during the Rederstall stadial phase the lake basin was covered by sediments and therefore dried up.

Compound specific stable isotopes, BIT, pollen and spores of Miocene to Pliocene sediments of ODP Hole 175-1085A

Pollen and stable carbon (d13C) and hydrogen (dD) isotope ratios of terrestrial plant wax from the South Atlantic sediment core, ODP Site 1085, is used to reconstruct Miocene to Pliocene changes of vegetation and rainfall regime of western southern Africa. Our results reveal changes in the relative amount of precipitation and indicate a shift of the main moisture source from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean during the onset of a major aridification 8 Ma ago. We emphasise the importance of declining precipitation during the expansion of C4 and CAM (mainly succulent) vegetation in South Africa. We suggest that the C4 plant expansion resulted from an increased equator-pole temperature gradient caused by the initiation of strong Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation following the shoaling of the Central American Seaway during the Late Miocene.

Flora y vegetación de céspedes de parques públicos : Mendoza (Argentina)

Se analizó la flora y la vegetación de céspedes de parques públicos de Mendoza (Argentina) a fin de aportar información para su manejo. Se registraron 73 especies, incluidas en 65 géneros y 24 familias. Las Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae y Brassicaceae representaron el 58,9 % de la flora de los céspedes. El 67,1 % de las especies son introducidas; el resto son nativas. Dominaron las perennes: 54,8 %, sobre las anuales: 42,5 % y bienales: 2,7 %, así como las estivales: 75,3 % sobre las invernales. Estructuralmente también lo hicieron las terófitas: 42,5 %, sobre las hemicriptófitas: 27,4 %, geófitas: 21,9 %, caméfitas: 5,5 % y helófitas: 2,7 %. Se determinaron 33 comunidades y se identificaron las clases fitosociológicas Molinio- Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 (campos húmedos y pisoteados, con vegetación subnitrófila e higrófita) y Stellarietea mediae R. Tx. 1950 (vegetación arvense de los cultivos). Las comunidades vegetales de Trifoliun repens más Cynodon dactylon, Lolium multiflorum más Cynodon dactylon y Cynodon dactylon fueron las de mayor extensión y coberturas de los céspedes.

Fijación biológica de nitrógeno por cuatro fabáceas en suelos ácidos de Tabasco, México

La fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) es un proceso que ocurre en la naturaleza y representa la fuente de N más barata para los suelos ácidos del trópico húmedo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue cuantificar la cantidad de N fijado por cuatro especies de fabáceas a través de técnicas isotópicas con 15N, en un suelo de sabana en México. Los tratamientos se establecieron bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Las variables evaluadas fueron; biomasa fresca (BF), materia seca (MS), número de nódulos (NN), masa seca de nódulos (MSN), Nitrógeno total (Nt) y Nitrógeno fijado biológicamente (Nf). Los resultados muestran que Mucuna deerengiana L. presentó mayor producción de BF y MS (17,50 y 5,47 Mg ha-1) así como MSN (58,79 mg planta-1) y también mayor contenido de Nt y Nf (526,94 y 522,11 kg ha-1) respectivamente, en comparación con Cajanus cajan L., Phaseolus lunatus L. y Sesbania emerus L., especies que mostraron valores bajos en dichas variables. Se concluye que Mucuna deerengiana L. tolera bien los factores desfavorables que predominan en los suelos ácidos y por ello expresa una eficiencia superior a 500 kg ha-1 de Nf; se considera adecuada para aumentar el nivel de nitrógeno en los suelos de sabana sin aplicar fertilizantes químicos.

Estudio de la estructura genética espacial Ramorinoa Girolae (chica), una especie endémica de gran vulnerabilidad

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (Fabaceae), comúnmente llamada “chica", es un árbol o arbusto xerófito y endémico de Argentina, considerado en peligro de extinción por su restringida distribución geográfica, lento crecimiento y poca resistencia al fuego. Para poder llevar a cabo un plan eficiente de manejo, conservación y restauración ecológica de esta especie es necesario evaluar su variabilidad genética y estructura genética espacial. En este trabajo se estimó la diversidad genética de una población de R. girolae ubicada en el Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, San Juan, y la similitud genética entre pares de individuos. Posteriormente se analizó la estructura genética espacial y su relación con variables morfométricas y ambientales. Se recolectaron 21 muestras biológicas de individuos localizados a lo largo de un cauce seco en la zona conocida como Mina de Cuarzo y su localización geográfica fue georreferenciada. Se obtuvo la altitud aproximada a partir de Google Earth. De los individuos muestreados se observaron variables orfológicas (diámetro basal de cada fuste, número de fustes y altura del árbol) y ambientales (distancia a cauces secos, granulometría del suelo y pendiente del terreno). Para el estudio genético se utilizó la técnica de AFLP, la cual permite generar un gran número de marcadores polimórficos. El análisis estadístico permitió calcular: la correlación entre el diámetro basal y la altura de los árboles, la diversidad genética, la similitud genética entre pares de muestras, las asociaciones entre todas las muestras y los factores que afectan a la estructura genética. El diámetro basal se correlacionó positivamente con la altura de los árboles (R2=0,51 y p=0,0002). No se registró individuos con diámetro basal menor a 10 cm y tampoco menores a 1 m de altura. Se encontró que esta población tiene una alta diversidad genética ya que el Índice de Polimorfismo (Pj) fue del 82,3%, lo cual podría deberse a que dicha población se encuentra en un área protegida sin deforestación. Además, la Diversidad Genética de Nei (He) resultó tener un valor medio (He=0,276) y el Índice de Uniformidad de la población calculado fue muy bajo (Uj=0,49). Los valores de similitud genética entre distintos individuos calculados mediante el coeficiente Dice variaron entre 0,73 y 0,93. Tomando como referencia la similitud genética resultante entre dos muestras obtenidas de los extremos de una misma planta (SG=0,99), se puede concluir que no se encontraron clones entre las muestras analizadas. El análisis clúster permitió identificar 4 grupos diferentes a lo largo del cauce, ordenados espacialmente. El análisis de correlación lineal entre las matrices de distancia genética y las de variables geográficas corroboraron la presencia de estructura genética espacial entre las plantas estudiadas. La incorporación de las variables ecológicas al análisis de correlación no mejoró en mayor medida la explicación de dicha estructura, a excepción de la pendiente, estrechemente relacionada con la altitud. Estos resultados sugieren que hay un importante aporte de variabilidad genética producto de la reproducción sexual en la población estudiada. Cabe remarcar que dicha población es la más numerosa y diversa del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto, lo que enfatiza la importancia de su conservación.

Caracterización general y depredación predispersiva de chica (Ramorinoa girolae) del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto. San Juan, Argentina

Ramorinoa girolae Speg. (Fabaceae), es una especie leñosa endémica de Argentina común-mente llamada "chica". En el presente trabajo se evaluaron algunas características de R. gi-rolae, la pérdida de semillas durante la etapa predispersiva y se identificó los depredadores de dicha etapa. Se seleccionaron árboles en tres sitios dentro del Parque Provincial Ischigualasto (San Juan): la Mina de cuarzo (Provincia Fitogeográfica del Chaco; n= 5 árboles), el Morado (P.F. del Monte; n= 6) y el Tramo (P.F. del Monte; n= 6). A partir de cada árbol se registraron mediciones de tamaño del individuo, densidad de coespecíficos alrededor y número de frutos. Se recolectaron 10 frutos por árbol con el fin de identificar y cuantificar los artrópodos asociados, además se tomaron datos referentes a la densidad y tamaño de frutos y semillas y su viabilidad. Los resultados mostraron que la densidad de frutos por árbol presentó diferencias entre los sitios, mientras que la densidad de árboles no presentó diferencias. En cuanto al daño por artrópodos, se encontró que la proporción de semillas dañadas fue mayor en frutos de menor tamaño, en frutos con mayor número de semillas y en frutos con mayor número de depredadores. Las semillas dañadas representaron en promedio el 58% del total de las semillas muestreadas y sólo el 4% de las semillas dañadas conservaron su viabilidad, mientras que el 91% de semillas sanas resultaron viables. Se identificó a Anypsipyla univitella Dyar. (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Phycitinae) como la única especie depredadora de las semillas durante la etapa predispersiva, mientras que Goniozus sp. (Bethy-lidae, Chrysidoidea, Himenóptera) se identificó como parasitoide de la larva del lepidóptero. Como R. girolae es considerada una especie “vulnerable" (IUCN) resulta primordial su conservación ante escenarios de cambio climático, debido a su baja resistencia al fuego, el bajo nivel de regeneración, la falta de conocimiento y a las políticas deficientes de conservación

Pollen records and age determination of site Bokanjacko Blato

In summary, one may conclude that human influence in the Bokanjac area started in the Eneolithic or Earlier Bronze Age - the third to second millennia Cal. BC. Traces of agriculture are weak or missing in the pollen diagram but grazing is indicated. Chestnut and walnut were introduced by humans to the area in classical times. These findings are in general agreement with the results of earlier studies at coastal sites north-west and south-east of Bokanjacko Blato.