Efeitos de um programa de treino cognitivo e das técnicas de higiene do sono para as funções executivas e para a qualidade de sono em idosos saudáveis

The aging process causes changes in the elderly’s sleep/awake standard impairing their cognitive abilities, particularly executive functioning, which already suffers loss by aging. The literature suggests that executive function and preserved sleep quality are key to maintaining good quality of life and independence of older people, requiring interventions to minimize the impact of losses incurred by the aging process. This study evaluated the effect of a cognitive training program and sleep hygiene techniques for executive functions and sleep quality in healthy older people. The participants were 41 healthy older adults, of both sexes, who were randomly divided into four groups: control group [GC], cognitive training group [GTC], sleep hygiene group [GHS] and training group + hygiene [GTH]. The research was developed in three stages: 1st - initial assessment of cognition and sleep; 2nd - specific intervention to each group; 3rd - post-intervention revaluation. The results showed that GTC had significant improvements in cognitive tasks flexibility, planning, verbal fluency and some aspects of episodic memory, besides gains in sleep quality and decrease on daytime hypersomnolence. The GHS improved sleep quality and daytime sleepiness as well and had significant improvements in insights capacity, planning, attention and in all evaluated aspects of episodic memory. The GTH had significant gains in cognitive flexibility, problem solving, verbal fluency, attention and episodic memory. The CG showed significant worsening in excessive daytime sleepiness in capacity planning. Thus, we conclude that cognitive training interventions and sleep hygiene strategies are useful in improving cognitive performance and quality of healthy elderly sleep.

PERSONALIDADE, ESTILOS PARENTAIS E COGNIÇÃO EM MENINOS VÍTIMAS DE ABUSO SEXUAL

Há um consenso na literatura de que a vivência do abuso sexual na infância ocasiona uma série de consequências, tanto físicas quanto psicológicas, às vítimas. O cenário de violência contra crianças e adolescentes está cada vez mais frequente na sociedade contemporânea, tornando-se um problema de saúde pública, de modo a ser necessário um olhar mais atento dos profissionais e elaboração de políticas públicas tanto para a prevenção dos casos como para o tratamento dos problemas deles decorrentes. Nas crianças, há uma associação do aumento de problemas comportamentais e psicológicos, que podem se estender até o período da idade adulta. Outros estudos enfatizam alterações em áreas cerebrais e as relacionam com o surgimento de transtornos mentais na população de crianças vítimas de violência sexual, dentre outros tipos de violência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de traços de personalidade, os estilos parentais desenvolvidos e o desempenho cognitivo, especificamente as funções executivas, em meninos com histórico de abuso sexual. Foram avaliadas 62 crianças e adolescentes (32 com histórico de abuso sexual e 30 sem), sendo que no grupo de abuso a idade média dos integrantes é de 11,7 anos de idade e seus genitores majoritariamente divorciados, diferentemente do grupo controle, no qual os genitores são, na maior parte, casados. O método constou de questionário sociodemográfico, testes neuropsicológicos que avaliam as funções executivas (Wisconsin Card Sortint Test, Figuras de Ray e Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças - Terceira Edição (WISC-III)- Semelhanças, Arranjo de Figuras, Compreensão, Cubos, Dígitos e Vocabulário), Questionário de Personalidade para Crianças e Adolescentes (EPQ-J) e Inventário de Estilos Parentais (IEP). Não houve resultados significativos entre o abuso e as funções executivas, tanto nos subtestes dos Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para Crianças - Terceira Edição (WISC-III) quanto no do Wisconsin; porém o grupo apresentou dados significativamente menores na memória do Figuras Complexas de Rey. Com relação ao EPQ-J, os resultados demonstraram maiores índices de neuroticismo, os quais podem ser associados com sintomas de depressão, e apresentaram menores índices em extroversão, trazendo possíveis dificuldades nas relações sociais. Com relação aos estilos parentais, o grupo apresentou dificuldades e prejuízos nas percepções sobre os genitores, especialmente com relação ao genitor, que é o maior abusador estatisticamente. Os dados mostraram uma correlação entre neuroticismo e vocabulário, estilos parentais e vocabulário, e neuroticismo e estilos parentais. Observou-se a importância de maiores estudos com o público masculino, para que possam ser elucidadas, de forma mais abrangente, as questões de abuso sexual e suas interferências nos aspectos neuropsicológicos, estilos parentais e traços de personalidade, visto que a maior parte dos estudos é relacionada ao público feminino. É necessário o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para o atendimento específico do público masculino que sofre abuso, e que o profissional da saúde esteja preparado para ajudar, fortalecendo os aspectos psíquicos e emocionais.

A bidirectional relationship between executive function and health behavior : evidence, implications, and future directions

This work was supported by a grant from the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ES/L010437/1).

On-line puzzle game based assessment & training for ADHD

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent and impairing neurodevelopmental disorder, with worldwide estimates of 5.29%. ADHD is clinically characterized by hyperactivity-impulsivity and inattention, with neuropsychological deficits in executive functions, attention, working memory and inhibition. These cognitive processes rely on prefrontal cortex function; cognitive training programs enhance performance of ADHD participants supporting the idea of neuronal plasticity. Here we propose the development of an on-line puzzle game based assessment and training tool in which participants must deduce the ‘winning symbol’ out of N distracters. To increase ecological validity of assessments strategically triggered Twitter/Facebook notifications will challenge the ability to ignore distracters. In the UK, significant cost for the disorder on health, social and education services, stand at £23m a year. Thus the potential impact of neuropsychological assessment and training to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of ADHD, and hence our treatment interventions and patient outcomes, cannot be overstated.

Putting together phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on empathy.

The ontogeny of human empathy is better understood with reference to the evolutionary history of the social brain. Empathy has deep evolutionary, biochemical, and neurological underpinnings. Even the most advanced forms of empathy in humans are built on more basic forms and remain connected to core mechanisms associated with affective communication, social attachment, and parental care. In this paper, we argue that it is essential to consider empathy within a neurodevelopmental framework that recognizes both the continuities and changes in socioemotional understanding from infancy to adulthood. We bring together neuroevolutionary and developmental perspectives on the information processing and neural mechanisms underlying empathy and caring, and show that they are grounded in multiple interacting systems and processes. Moreover, empathy in humans is assisted by other abstract and domain-general high-level cognitive abilities such as executive functions, mentalizing and language, as well as the ability to differentiate another's mental states from one's own, which expand the range of behaviors that can be driven by empathy.

The Influence of Gene Environment Interaction on the Risk of Cognitive Impairment: Reducing Sexual Risk Behaviors and Alcohol Use in HIV-infected Adults

Memory deficits and executive dysfunction are highly prevalent among HIV-infected adults. These conditions can affect their quality of life, antiretroviral adherence, and HIV risk behaviors. Several factors have been suggested including the role of genetics in relation to HIV disease progression. This dissertation aimed to determine whether genetic differences in HIV-infected individuals were correlated with impaired memory, cognitive flexibility and executive function and whether cognitive decline moderated alcohol use and sexual transmission risk behaviors among HIV-infected alcohol abusers participating in an NIH-funded clinical trial comparing the efficacy of the adapted Holistic Health Recovery Program (HHRP-A) intervention to a Health Promotion Control (HPC) condition in reducing risk behaviors. A total of 267 individuals were genotyped for polymorphisms in the dopamine and serotonin gene systems. Results yielded significant associations for TPH2, GALM, DRD2 and DRD4 genetic variants with impaired executive function, cognitive flexibility and memory. SNPs TPH2 rs4570625 and DRD2 rs6277 showed a risk association with executive function (odds ratio = 2.5, p = .02; 3.6, p = .001). GALM rs6741892 was associated with impaired memory (odds ratio = 1.9, p = .006). At the six-month follow-up, HHRP-A participants were less likely to report trading sex for food, drugs and money (20.0%) and unprotected insertive or receptive oral (11.6%) or vaginal and/or anal sex (3.2%) than HPC participants (49.4%, p

Examining Cognitive Processing in Children with an Arithmetic Disability

Currently there is no consensus as to the specific cognitive impairments that characterize mathematical disabilities (MD) or specific subtypes such as an arithmetic disability (AD). The present study sought to address this concern by examining cognitive processes that might undergird AD in children. The present study utilized archival data to conduct two investigations. The first investigation examined the executive functioning and working memory of children with AD. An age-matched achievement-matched design was employed to explore whether children with AD exhibit developmental lags or deficits in these cognitive domains. While children with AD did not exhibit impairments in verbal working memory or colour word inhibition, they did demonstrate impairments in shifting attention, visual-spatial working memory, and quantity inhibition. As children with AD did not perform more poorly than their younger achievement-matched peers on any of these tasks, impairments in specific areas of executive functioning and working memory appeared to reflect a developmental lag rather than a cognitive deficit. The second study examined the phonological processing performance of children with AD compared to children with comorbid disabilities in arithmetic and word recognition (AD/WRD) and to typically achieving (TA) children. Results indicated that, while children with AD did demonstrate impairments on all isolated naming speed tasks, trail making digits, and memory for digits, they did not demonstrate impairments on measures of phonological awareness, nonword repetition, serial processing speed, or serial naming speed. In contrast, children with AD/WRD demonstrated impairments on measures of phonological awareness, phonological short-term memory, isolated naming speed, serial processing speed, and the alphabet a-z task. Overall, results suggested that phonological processing impairments are more prominent in children with a WRD than children with an AD. Together, these studies further our understanding of the nature of the cognitive processes that underlie AD by focusing upon rarely used methods (i.e., age-matched achievement-matched design) and under-examined cognitive domains (i.e., phonological processing).

Motivating film title translation: a cognitive análisis

This proposal is a non-quantitative study based on a corpus of real data which offers a principled account of the translation strategies employed in the translation of English film titles into Spanish in terms of cognitive modeling. More specifically, we draw on Ruiz de Mendoza and Galera’s (2014) work on what they term content (or low-level) cognitive operations, based on either ‘stands for’ or ‘identity’ relations, in order to investigate possible motivating factors for translations which abide by oblique procedures, i.e. for non-literal renderings of source titles. The present proposal is made in consonance with recent findings within the framework of Cognitive Linguistics (Samaniego 2007), which evidence that this linguistic approach can fruitfully address some relevant issues in Translation Studies, the most outstanding for our purposes being the exploration of the cognitive operations which account for the use of translation strategies (Rojo and Ibarretxe-Antuñano 2013: 10), mainly expansion and reduction operations, parameterization, echoing, mitigation and comparison by contrast. This fits in nicely with a descriptive approach to translation and particularly with skopos theory, whose main aim consists in achieving functionally adequate renderings of source texts.

Sorting Test, Tower Test, and BRIEF-SR do not predict school performance of healthy adolescents in preuniversity education

Executive functions (EF) such as self-monitoring, planning, and organizing are known to develop through childhood and adolescence. They are of potential importance for learning and school performance. Earlier research into the relation between EF and school performance did not provide clear results possibly because confounding factors such as educational track, boy-girl differences, and parental education were not taken into account. The present study therefore investigated the relation between executive function tests and school performance in a highly controlled sample of 173 healthy adolescents aged 12–18. Only students in the pre-university educational track were used and the performance of boys was compared to that of girls. Results showed that there was no relation between the report marks obtained and the performance on executive function tests, notably the Sorting Test and the Tower Test of the Delis-Kaplan Executive Functions System (D-KEFS). Likewise, no relation was found between the report marks and the scores on the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Self-Report Version (BRIEF-SR) after these were controlled for grade, sex, and level of parental education. The findings indicate that executive functioning as measured with widely used instruments such as the BRIEF-SR does not predict school performance of adolescents in preuniversity education any better than a student's grade, sex, and level of parental education.

Caracterização e Factores que Influenciam o Desempenho dos Bombeiros Profissionais: estudo exploratório

É indubitável que a decisão está presente no dia-a-dia de todos nós, independentemente do tipo de actividade em que estamos envolvidos. Na vida organizacional, enfrentamos muitas situações que exigem uma resposta momentânea, aqui denominadas de imediatas, as quais não permitem uma recolha de informação adequada, tempo para reflexão, discussão e troca de ideias, entre outras restrições. Além das limitações já citadas por outros autores, como a própria capacidade cognitiva do indivíduo, faculdade de processamento, há outros elementos que influenciam o processo de tomada de decisão, especialmente em ambientes sob pressão e em constante mutação, como é o dos bombeiros. O presente trabalho procura conhecer quais os factores que influenciam a tomada de decisão de bombeiros profissionais com funções de chefia, em ocorrências de incêndios urbanos e acidentes de viação. Neste contexto, foram abordados alguns enquadramentos para a tomada de decisão, como o Modelo da Tomada de Decisão da Primeira Opção Identificada (TDPOI) de Gary Klein, entre outros. No sentido de aprofundar a nossa investigação, foram realizados dois estudos exploratórios através de entrevistas presenciais. A amostra é constituída por 14 profissionais do sector, entre eles bombeiros com funções de chefia, comandantes e delegados sindicais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a experiência e a formação são os factores que se evidenciam, e influenciam a decisão dos bombeiros. Constatamos que nos Bombeiros Portugueses a experiência é uma característica dos decisores, pois são eles que farão as opções de alto risco. Por outro lado, apesar de a formação visar a aquisição de competências profissionais, nomeadamente na área da decisão, esta carece de actualização, porque não satisfaz as necessidades dos bombeiros. Apresentam-se também as principais limitações do estudo e sugestões para investigações futuras. / Undoubtedly, the decision is present in day-to-day for us all, regardless of the type of activity we are involved. In organizational life, we face many situations that require a momentary response, here called the immediate, which do not allow collection of adequate information, time for reflection, discussion and exchange of ideas, among other restrictions. Besides the limitations already mentioned by other authors, as the individual's cognitive capacity, processing power, there are other factors that influence the decision-making process, especially in environments under pressure and constantly changing, as is the Fire. This paper seeks to know which factors influence the decision making of professional firefighters with leadership roles in urban fire occurrences and accidents. In this context, we discuss some frameworks for decision making, as the Recognition-Primed Decision (RPD) Model by Gary Klein, among others. In order to further our investigation, two exploratory studies were conducted through personal interviews. The sample consists of 14 professionals, including firefighters with executive functions, commanders and union representatives. The results showed that the experience and training are factors that are evident, and influence the decision of the firefighters. We note that the Portuguese Firemen experience is a characteristic of decision-makers because they are options that will make high-risk. On the other hand, although the training to aim at the acquisition of professional skills, particularly in the area of decision, it needs updating, because it meets the needs of firefighters. We present also the main limitations of the study and suggestions for future investigations.

Étude comparative de la mémoire de source et des faux souvenirs dans la maladie d’Alzheimer et la maladie de Parkinson avec et sans démence

Dans les dernières années, les études sur les maladies neurodégénératives telles que la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA) et la maladie de Parkinson sans démence (MP) et avec démence (MPD) ont été nombreuses, mais la différenciation de ces patients sur la base de leur profil cognitif doit être encore améliorée. Effectivement, l’évaluation clinique peut s’avérer difficile en raison du peu de spécificité dans la présentation de leurs déficits neuropsychologiques. Ceci s’explique par la variabilité et le chevauchement des processus cliniques et pathologiques affectant essentiellement les mêmes régions/fonctions, soit celles liées aux lobes temporaux médians (LTM)/Mémoire (fonction LTM/Mémoire) et aux lobes frontaux (LF)/Fonctions exécutives (fonction LF/Exécutive). Toutefois, il existerait une distinction critique au niveau de l’intégrité relative de ces fonctions dans ces maladies neurodégénératives, ce qui permettrait d’identifier des déficits cognitifs spécifiques à la MA, la MP et la MPD. La présente thèse s’inscrit dans cette volonté de caractériser les profils cognitifs propres à la MA, la MP et la MPD, plus précisément par l’étude novatrice de la mémoire de source et des faux souvenirs. Les quatre chapitres qui composent cette thèse servent donc à documenter la nature de ces mécanismes mnésiques, leurs patrons de performance spécifiques dans la MA, la MP et la MPD, et leur sensibilité aux atteintes des fonctions LTM/Mémoire et LF/Exécutive. Ainsi, le Chapitre I démontre la pertinence d’étudier la mémoire de source et les faux souvenirs dans la MA, la MP et la MPD, en décrivant leurs interactions avec les fonctions LTM/Mémoire et LF/Exécutive, toutes les deux atteintes dans ces maladies. Le Chapitre II, présenté sous forme d’article, révèle des déficits en mémoire de source chez des patients MP, mais seulement dans l’une des tâches employées. Également, malgré des atteintes des fonctions LF/Exécutive et LTM/Mémoire, il est démontré que seule la fonction LTM/Mémoire est liée à l’altération de la mémoire de source chez les patients MP. Le Chapitre III, également sous forme d’article, illustre un taux anormal de faux souvenirs chez des patients MA, tandis que chez des patients MP et MPD, il est démontré qu’ils ont un taux de faux souvenirs comparable à celui des participants contrôles. Il est également rapporté que malgré l’atteinte de la fonction LF/Exécutive chez les patients MA, MP et MPD, elle est seulement liée à l’augmentation des faux souvenirs chez les patients MA. Finalement, dans le dernier Chapitre (IV), les résultats obtenus sont discutés dans leur ensemble à la lumière des prédictions et connaissances actuelles, tout en identifiant les limites afin d’orienter les perspectives de recherche.

La compétence sociale des enfants et des adolescents atteints de déficience motrice cérébrale

Les enfants atteints de déficience motrice cérébrale (DMC) intégrés en milieu scolaire ordinaire vivent davantage de difficultés relatives à la compétence sociale que les autres enfants. En lien avec le modèle SOCIAL de Beauchamp et Anderson (2010) (The socio-cognitive integration of abilities model), deux questions sont abordées afin de comprendre ces difficultés. Dans le premier article, les attributions d’intentions (AI) hostiles sont mesurées par le Home Interview with Child (HIWC), un ensemble de vignettes représentants des situations sociales ambigües. Les résultats montrent que l’acceptation sociale, plus que le statut de naissance, est associé à l’hostilité des AI à 15 ans. Les enfants rejetés et populaires ont un niveau d’AI hostiles supérieur aux enfants de la catégorie d’acceptation sociale moyenne. Il est proposé que l’acceptation sociale soit un médiateur important à considérer dans le développement d’un biais d’AI hostile chez les enfants atteints de DMC. Dans le deuxième article, la dominance sociale (i.e., une forme de leadership) est évaluée dans une situation de résolution de problème en équipe. Les comportements relatifs à la dominance sociale (i.e., les comportements prosociaux et coercitifs) sont codifiés à l’aide d’une grille créée et validée pour cette étude. Les résultats révèlent que, sans égard au score d’acceptation sociale, les enfants atteints de DMC effectuent significativement moins de comportements prosociaux et coercitifs que les enfants sans DMC au cours de la résolution de problème. De plus, leur équipe de travail émet un nombre de comportements prosociaux et coercitifs inférieur à celui observé dans l’équipe des deux enfants témoins. Les difficultés de compétence sociale observées chez les jeunes atteints de DMC pourraient être en partie expliquées par une faible dominance sociale lors d’activités sollicitant les fonctions exécutives. Enfin, les deux articles présentés permettent d’explorer de nouvelles avenues pour comprendre et soutenir le développement de la compétence sociale chez les enfants et les adolescents atteints de DMC. Les interventions auprès de cette clientèle devraient avoir lieu tôt et devraient cibler autant les habiletés motrices de ces jeunes que leur compétence sociale, avant que des signaux clairs ne compromettent déjà leur expérience sociale globale en milieu scolaire ordinaire.

Graph analysis of verbal fluency test discriminate between patients with Alzheimer’s disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment and normal elderly controls

Verbal fluency is the ability to produce a satisfying sequence of spoken words during a given time interval. The core of verbal fluency lies in the capacity to manage the executive aspects of language. The standard scores of the semantic verbal fluency test are broadly used in the neuropsychological assessment of the elderly, and different analytical methods are likely to extract even more information from the data generated in this test. Graph theory, a mathematical approach to analyze relations between items, represents a promising tool to understand a variety of neuropsychological states. This study reports a graph analysis of data generated by the semantic verbal fluency test by cognitively healthy elderly (NC), patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment – subtypes amnestic(aMCI) and amnestic multiple domain (a+mdMCI) - and patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Sequences of words were represented as a speech graph in which every word corresponded to a node and temporal links between words were represented by directed edges. To characterize the structure of the data we calculated 13 speech graph attributes (SGAs). The individuals were compared when divided in three (NC – MCI – AD) and four (NC – aMCI – a+mdMCI – AD) groups. When the three groups were compared, significant differences were found in the standard measure of correct words produced, and three SGA: diameter, average shortest path, and network density. SGA sorted the elderly groups with good specificity and sensitivity. When the four groups were compared, the groups differed significantly in network density, except between the two MCI subtypes and NC and aMCI. The diameter of the network and the average shortest path were significantly different between the NC and AD, and between aMCI and AD. SGA sorted the elderly in their groups with good specificity and sensitivity, performing better than the standard score of the task. These findings provide support for a new methodological frame to assess the strength of semantic memory through the verbal fluency task, with potential to amplify the predictive power of this test. Graph analysis is likely to become clinically relevant in neurology and psychiatry, and may be particularly useful for the differential diagnosis of the elderly.

Avaliação breve do défice executivo em pessoas idosas com Acidente Vascular Cerebral: Validação da Bateria de Avaliação Frontal

RESUMO Objetivos: O Acidente Vascular Cerebral (AVC) potencia o desenvolvimento de disfunção executiva, conduzindo a défice no desempenho das tarefas do quotidiano. A avaliação neuropsicológica das funções executivas é importante para desenvolver estratégias de reabilitação adequadas. Assim, são objetivos descrever os dados normativos, precisão de diagnóstico, propriedades psicométricas e análise fatorial da Bateria de Avaliação Frontal (FAB), instrumento breve e de rápida administração, numa amostra de idosos com AVC. Métodos: Inserida no projeto Trajetórias do Envelhecimento de Idosos em Resposta Social, esta investigação conta com uma amostra de 112 pessoas idosas com diagnóstico médico de AVC e 157 pessoas idosas de um subgrupo de controlo sem AVC. Os sujeitos apresentam idades compreendidas entre os 60 e os 100 anos (M = 78,20; DP = 7,57) sendo maioritariamente do sexo feminino (n = 194). A avaliação inclui entrevistas e testes neuropsicológicos agrupados em medidas de funcionamento executivo, medidas cognitivas de referência e medidas clínicas de controlo. Resultados: As variáveis idade e escolaridade interferiram nas pontuações obtidas na amostra clínica, não sendo verificado impacto da variável sexo. Para um ponto de corte de 7, a FAB teve uma sensibilidade de 83,4% e especificidade de 66,1 % (AUC = 0,64); revelou um alfa de Cronbach de 0,79 e correlações fortes com os testes executivos (teste de Stroop, Figura Complexa de Rey, fator Atencional-Executivo do Montreal Cognitive Assessment e Alternância nos testes de Fluência verbal). A análise fatorial confirmatória apontou uma estrutura com um fator. Conclusões: A FAB apresenta boa consistência interna, validade convergente e validade de constructo, aparentando ser uma escala útil para avaliar o défice executivo em pessoas idosas com AVC. Dadas algumas limitações do estudo, que poderão explicar a fraca precisão diagnóstica da FAB, são incentivadas investigações futuras pois a FAB revelou-se um instrumento com propriedades psicométricas promissoras. ABSTRACT Goals: Stroke potentiates the development of executive dysfunction, leading to impairment in performance of daily activities. The neuropsychological assessment of executive functions is important to develop adequate rehabilitation strategies. Thus, describing the normative data, diagnostic accuracy, psychometric properties and factor analysis of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), a brief and easy to administer instrument, in a clinical sample with stroke are objectives of this study. Methods: Being part of the Aging Trajectories of Institutionalized Elderly, this research has a sample 112 elderly people with a medical diagnosis of stroke and a control subgroup of 157 elderly people. The subjects have ages between 60 and 100 years old (M = 78.20, SD = 7.57), mostly females (n = 194). The measurements used include interviews and neuropsychological tests grouped in executive functioning measures, cognitive measures of reference and clinical measures of control. Results: The variables age and education affect the scores obtained in the clinical subgroup, having the variable gender no impact on these. Using a cutoff score of 7, the FAB had a sensitivity of 83.4% and a specificity of 66.1% for screening stroke (AUC = 0.64); showed a Cronbach's α of 0.79, and strong correlations with executive tests (Stroop test, Rey Complex Figure, Attentional-Executive factor of Montreal Cognitive Assessment and Switching in the verbal fluency tests). The confirmatory factor analysis supported a one-factor structure. Conclusions: The FAB presents good internal consistency, convergent, and construct when used for elderly with stroke. Due to some limitations of the study, which may explain the weak discriminant validity, further investigations are encouraged because FAB has showed promising psychometric properties.

Propriedades psicométricas da versão Torga do Teste Stroop

RESUMO Objetivos: Uma nova versão portuguesa do teste Stroop é fundamental para a avaliação neuropsicológica. A versão portuguesa prévia incluía cores que muitas pessoas não conseguiam distinguir. Assim, é objetivo descrever as propriedades psicométricas de uma nova versão, designada versão Torga do Teste Stroop, numa amostra da população portuguesa. Métodos: Inserida no projeto Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicológicos, esta investigação conta com uma amostra global constituída por 544 participantes (241 homens e 303 mulheres) com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 97 anos. A avaliação foi realizada com recurso à versão Torga do Teste Stroop, à Figura Complexa de Rey-Osterrieth e à Bateria de Avaliação Frontal enquanto instrumentos de avaliação das funções executivas. Resultados: A versão Torga do Teste Stroop revelou uma consistência interna muito boa (α de Cronbach = 0,99). Revelou também adequada estabilidade temporal e validade convergente. Conclusão: A versão Torga do Teste Stroop aparenta ser um instrumento apropriado à avaliação neuropsicológica de adultos portugueses. Considerando a importância deste teste no contexto da avaliação neuropsicológica, incentivam-se estudos com novas amostras, incluindo amostras clínicas. ABSTRACT Goals: A new Portuguese version of the Stroop Test is essential for the neuropsychological assessment. The previous Portuguese version included colors that many people could not distinguish. Thus, it is aimed to describe the psychometric properties of a new version, called the Torga version of the Stroop Test in a sample of the Portuguese population. Methods: Being part of the Estudos Normativos de Instrumentos Neuropsicológicos/ Normative Studies of Neuropsychological Instruments, this research has a global sample of 544 subjects (241 men and 303 women) aged from 18 to 97 years. The assessment included the Torga version of the Stroop Test, the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure and the Frontal Battey Assessment, used as measures of executive functions. Results: The Torga version of the Stroop Test showed a very good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.99). It also revealed an adequate temporal stability and convergent validity. Conclusion: The Torga version of the Stroop Test appears to be an adequate instrument for the neuropsychological assessment of Portuguese adults. Considering the importance of this test in the context of neuropsychological assessment, more studies with new samples, including clinical samples are encouraged.