Avaliação do serviço de polinização da abelha mandaçaia melipona quadrifasciata em macieiras.

O cultivo de macieira é uma atividade dependente da polinização cruzada para frutificação e, para tanto, da ação de visitantes florais para a transferência de pólen entre cultivares compatíveis (SALOMÉ; ORTH, 2014). O sucesso da polinização depende de uma série de fatores, entre os quais a eficiência do agente polinizador. A abelha Apis mellifera é a espécie mais comumente encontrada sobre flores de macieira. No entanto, não é a única espécie a realizar o serviço de polinização nos pomares. Segundo Lourdes et al. (1996) existe uma grande diversidade de espécies nativas de abelhas no interior de pomares de macieiras, as quais participam ativamente na polinização. A ação de polinizadores nativos é vista como complementar a realizada por A. mellifera (WITTER et al., 2014), e a descoberta de espécies potenciais para este fim é uma necessidade da pesquisa. Segundo Witter et al. (2014), a preocupação com o desparecimento de polinizadores pelo mundo, gerou inúmeros questionamentos sobre a dependência de uma única espécie de polinizador na agricultura. Embora escassas as informações sobre a utilização de abelhas sem ferrão em polinização de cultivos de importância econômica, há evidências do sucesso da ação de espécies nativas na 21 polinização de algumas culturas agrícolas. Por exemplo, a utilização da abelha mandaçaia Melipona quadrifasciata na polinização de cultivos de tomates possibilitou incremento no número de frutos por planta e melhora na qualidade dos frutos (SANTOS et al., 2009). Em macieira, uma alternativa seria o uso conjunto de abelhas nativas e africanizadas em serviços de polinização. De acordo com Viana et al. (2014) a introdução de colmeias de Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides juntamente 26 com as de A. mellifera incrementou o número de sementes por fruto e a produção de frutos de macieira. Como a abelha mandaçaia Melipona quadrifasciata quadrifasciata apresenta maior atividade externa em horários de temperaturas mais baixas e de umidades relativas altas (GUIBU; IMPERATRIZ-FONSECA, 1984), diferentes aos apresentados por A. mellifera em macieira (SANTOS et al., 2013), pode haver menor competição entres as espécies pelo recurso floral, o que pode permitir ganhos na polinização de macieiras. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a ação exclusiva da abelha mandaçaia M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata na frutificação efetiva de macieiras cultivares Gala Baigent e Fuji Suprema.

Physicochemical parameters of Amazon Melipona honey

Stingless bees produce a honey that is different from the Apis honey in terms of composition. There aren't enough data to establish quality control parameters for this product, mainly due to lack of research results. The aim of this work is to evaluate some physicochemical parameters that can be used for the characterization and for the quality control of the Meliponinae honey. Four different samples were collected in the Amazon region of Brazil in 2004 (Melipona compressipes manaoense bee and Melipona seminigra merribae bee). Honey analyses were performed as described by the official methods. The mean results were: moisture (30.13%), pH (3.65), acidity (24.57 mEq/kg), water activity (0.75), fructose (31.91%), glucose (29.30%) and sucrose (0.19%). These results reinforce the need for a specific regulation for stingless bee honey. This will only be feasible when enough data is available to establish upper and lower limits for the physicochemical parameters used for quality control.

Sex determination in honey bees (Apinae and Meliponinae) and its consequences

The first experiments on sex determination in bees began with Dzierzon, Meves, Nachtsheim, Paulcke, Petrunkewitsch, Manning. Whiting, (1943) found multiple alleles in Bracon xo that are the Rosetta stone of sex determination in Hymenoptera. Whiting also discovered that some species of microhymenoptera do not possess xo sex alleles. Therefore, Hymenoptera apparently presents two types of sex determination superimposed on haplodiploidy. In the panmictic groups hemizygous (xo1, xo2,... xon) and homozygous (xo1xo1, xo2xo2... xonxon) are males while heterozygous (xo1xo2, ... xon-1xon) are females. There is no such series of xon in endogamous Hymenoptera, since the constant elimination of diploid males would be damaging to the population and the mutation of xo to xon would be quickly eliminated. Besides the Whiting hypothesis, four others are discussed. The new hypothesis of genomic imprinting, of Beukeboom, is eliminated since: a) spermatozoa that develop within the egg produce male tissue; b) telitokous parthenogenesis due to the fusion of two haploid cells develop into females; c) last instar larvae treated with juvenile hormone become queens. The Cunha and Kerr hypothesis (female determining genes are totally or partially additive and male determination is totally or partially nonadditive) explains all known cases. The xo is a female determining gene. Sex determination in social bees led to the gradual evolution of two systems of caste determination: one in which queens and workers are similar and males are very different (Apinae), and another in which workers and males are very similar and both very different from the queens (Meliponinae). This second system in stingless bees implies that many of the mutations that improve worker capacities also affect the males that will carry out some activities that in Apis are clearly female ones. Ten of these activities are described.

GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION IN APIS-CERANA-INDICA F - A SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS OF MORPHOMETRIC PATTERNS

Spatial patterns of morphometric variation in Apis cerana indica were analysed. Factor and spatial autocorrelation analyses were applied to 29 characters, measured in 17 populations in India. Correlograms showed that 15 characters are patterned geographically, and 13 of them are related to overall size. These characters are distributed as a north-south cline, probably reflecting adaptations to environmental conditions. However, the great number of characteristics without geographical pattern suggests that part of the morphometric variability is due to local stochastic divergences.

Age polyethism in Plebeia emerina (Friese) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies related to propolis handling

Stingless bees collect plant resins and make it into propolis, although they have a wider range of use for this material than do honey bees (Apis spp.). Plebeia spp. workers employ propolis mixed with wax (cerumen) for constructing and sealing nest structures, while they use viscous (sticky) propolis for defense by applying it onto their enemies. Isolated viscous propolis deposits are permanently maintained at the interior of their colonies, as also seen in other Meliponini species. Newly-emerged Plebeia emerina (Friese) workers were observed stuck to and unable to escape these viscous propolis stores. We examined the division of labor involved in propolis manipulation, by observing marked bees of known age in four colonies of P. emerina from southern Brazil. Activities on brood combs, the nest involucrum and food pots were observed from the first day of life of the marked bees. However, work on viscous propolis deposits did not begin until the 13th day of age and continued until the 56th day (maximum lifespan in our sample). Although worker bees begin to manipulate cerumen early, they seem to be unable to handle viscous propolis till they become older.

Effects of stingless bee and honey bee propolis on four species of bacteria

We examined the antibacterial activities of several types of propolis, including Africanized honey bee green propolis and propolis produced by meliponini bees. The antibacterial activity of green propolis against Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus was superior to that of Melipona quadrifasciata and Scaptotrigona sp propolis. Only two samples of propolis (green propolis and Scaptotrigona sp propolis) were efficient against Escherichia coli. Melipona quadrifasciata propolis was better than green propolis and Scaptotrigona sp propolis against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We concluded that these resins have potential for human and veterinary medicine.

MICROORGANISMS IN ORGANIC AND NON ORGANIC HONEY SAMPLES OF AFRICANIZED HONEYBEES

This research was carried out to evaluate and compare 11 organic honey samples and six non organic honey samples, respectively, harvested from islands of the triple frontier (Sao Paulo, Parana and Mato Grosso do Sul states) and from the state of Parana, Brazil. The samples were studied for the presence of coliforms from 35 degrees C, to 45 degrees C and the enumeration of moulds and yeast, a minimum of 1.9 x 10(2) and a maximum of 1.1 x 10(3) CFU/g were observed in organic honey and a minimum of 1.8 x 10(1) and a maximum of 2.5 x 10(2) CFU/g were in non organic honey. In this studied region, the organic honey presented a microbiological quality inferior to the non organic honey.

Co-crystallization of honey with sucrose

Honey was co-crystallized with a sucrose syrup at 128 degrees C using a sucrose:honey proportion of 90:10, 85:15 and 80:20. The first two proportions produced granular co-crystals, whereas the ratio of 80:20 produced a semi-solid product. The granules were relatively free flowing with an angle of repose 38.5-39.5 degrees. Gas chromatography was used to compare die differences in four flavour compounds: 2.3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, HMF, 6-methyheptyl prop-2-enoate and 3-hydroxy-4-phenylbutan-2-one. Gas chromatographic results indicated some minor differences in the quantity of flavour volatiles in honey relative to the co-crystallized product. (C) 1998 Academic Press Limited.

Effect of honey types and concentration on starch gelatinization

The complex and variable composition of honey, depending on source, season and processing, means different honey samples could cause variation in the characteristics of the finished product. The objective of this study was to determine how the minor components present in honey affect starch gelatinization. A Rapid Visco Analyser was used to measure changes in viscosity when unmodified maize starch was gelatinized in a honey or model sugar solution. When honey was compared to equivalent blends of sugars, there was an increase in starch viscosity with increasing levels of addition. However, at the same level, honey gave a lower viscosity than the blends of sugars. Honeys from different sources (differing in pH and amylase activity) show a varied effect on starch gelatinization, with starch viscosity increasing with addition level for six of the honeys, but decreasing with increasing addition level for two honey samples. Varying the pH also produced variation in starch gelatinization patterns between honey types. Between pH 3.0 and 4.0, starch viscosity was similar for all four honey types studied, while above this pH there were differences between all honey types. As expected, starch viscosity decreased as the solution pH neared the optimum for honey amylase activity (pH 5.3-5.6), though it did not increase as the pH moved away from the honey amylase activity optimum. Differences between honey samples, and between honey and a model sugar mixture, in their effect on starch gelatinization was attributed to honey amylase activity and the composition and concentration of minor organic compounds present. Crown Copyright (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Swiss Society of Food Science and Technology

Cromatografia preparativa: caracterização e purificação de produtos e impurezas com aplicação na indústria de APIs

Neste trabalho efectuou-se o desenvolvimento de métodos de purificação de princípios activos farmacêuticos utilizando a cromatografia preparativa em coluna (eluição batch). Por motivos de confidencialidade as amostras tiveram a denominação de Amostra Projecto A, Amostra Projecto B, Amostra Projecto C e Amostra 2 - Projecto A. Estudou-se a performance de coluna para cada projecto utilizando colunas pré-preparadas e colunas preparadas com a tecnologia DAC (Dynamical Axial Compression). Elaborou-se o procedimento experimental de enchimento de colunas preparativas sob compressão axial. As impurezas isoladas por cromatografia preparativa foram sujeitas a caracterização HPLC e LC-MS. Com colunas pré-preparadas, obteve-se para a amostra do projecto A um rendimento de 70,59% e relativamente à amostra projecto B obteve-se u, rendimento de 15,39%. Relativamente à impureza isolada da amostra do projecto A, o estudo por HPLC revelou 98,69% de pureza, quanto à impureza da amostra projecto B obteve-se 88,80% de pureza. A impureza da amostra do projecto A exibiu por LC-MS a massa de 467,15 enquanto que a impureza da amostra do projecto B obteve 503,31. O enchimento de colunas preparativas sob pressão axial dinâmica foi realizado numa coluna de dimensão 260 X 25 mm, onde 76,60% da coluna foi compactada com o material de enchimento SepTech ST150-C18, 10 µm. A coluna foi testada com a impureza isolada do projecto A. Isolou-se o pico referente à impureza, e por LC-MS verificou-se que a impureza foi isolada eficientemente com 97,20& de pureza e massa 467,15 como indicado anteriormente. Em relação à preparação de colunas com a tecnologia DAC concluímos que, neste caso, é mais vantajoso realizar o enchimento das colunas do que efectuar a compra de colunas pré-preparadas. Com estes resultados pode-se concluir que a cromatografia preparativa é um método eficaz no isolamento de impurezas de APIs (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients) face a métodos de purificação clássicos que foram realizados previamente noutros estudos. Com futuros desenvolvimentos e investimentos, facilmente poderá tornar-se num método de purificação indispensável na Indústria de Química Fina.

Performance analysis of Java APIS for XML processing

Over time, XML markup language has acquired a considerable importance in applications development, standards definition and in the representation of large volumes of data, such as databases. Today, processing XML documents in a short period of time is a critical activity in a large range of applications, which imposes choosing the most appropriate mechanism to parse XML documents quickly and efficiently. When using a programming language for XML processing, such as Java, it becomes necessary to use effective mechanisms, e.g. APIs, which allow reading and processing of large documents in appropriated manners. This paper presents a performance study of the main existing Java APIs that deal with XML documents, in order to identify the most suitable one for processing large XML files.

A novel approach for honey pollen profile assessment using an electronic tongue and chemometric tools

Nowadays the main honey producing countries require accurate labeling of honey before commercialization, including floral classification. Traditionally, this classification is made by melissopalynology analysis, an accurate but time-consuming task requiring laborious sample pre-treatment and high-skilled technicians. In this work the potential use of a potentiometric electronic tongue for pollinic assessment is evaluated, using monofloral and polyfloral honeys. The results showed that after splitting honeys according to color (white, amber and dark), the novel methodology enabled quantifying the relative percentage of the main pollens (Castanea sp., Echium sp., Erica sp., Eucaliptus sp., Lavandula sp., Prunus sp., Rubus sp. and Trifolium sp.). Multiple linear regression models were established for each type of pollen, based on the best sensors sub-sets selected using the simulated annealing algorithm. To minimize the overfitting risk, a repeated K-fold cross-validation procedure was implemented, ensuring that at least 10-20% of the honeys were used for internal validation. With this approach, a minimum average determination coefficient of 0.91 ± 0.15 was obtained. Also, the proposed technique enabled the correct classification of 92% and 100% of monofloral and polyfloral honeys, respectively. The quite satisfactory performance of the novel procedure for quantifying the relative pollen frequency may envisage its applicability for honey labeling and geographical origin identification. Nevertheless, this approach is not a full alternative to the traditional melissopalynologic analysis; it may be seen as a practical complementary tool for preliminary honey floral classification, leaving only problematic cases for pollinic evaluation.