Model of Small Holders Dairy Cattle Waste Pollution at Several Natural Physical and Economic Social Conditions: A Case Study in the Province of Central Java

Most of dairy farmings in Indonesia are managed in the forms of smallholder farmings that give more attention to productivity rather than ecological concerns. The purpose of this study was to make models of dairy cattle animal waste pollution on clean water quality and degree of smell at several regions with different natural physical and economic social conditions. This study also investigated the waste management that match with the characteristics, behavior, and the attitude of the farmers in each region.  System approach was used as the method of this study through model simulation with program of Powersim 2.5c. Model compiled based on to component situation of livestock, condition of environment and situation of farmer. Determination of regional sample of sub-province or town until chosen countryside conducted with multistage sampling without randomization (purposive sampling).  Based on the result of research can be concluded that (1) low natural physical region and low economic social condition to have endangering pollution level of environment, (2) the waste management for the region with high natural physical and high economic social of bio gas and composting accompanied by removing to excess of animal waste for regional with low natural physical and low economic social. (Animal Production 6(2): 68-75 (2004) Key Words: model, dairy  cattle, waste pollution

The effect of Strain and Altitude on Broiler Performance

The research aimed to study the effect of strain and altitude on broiler performance, and to find out suitable strains kept either on low and high altitude. Low altitude was in Purwonegoro North Purwokerto (80 m asl) and high altitude was in Munggangsari Baturaden (755 m asl). The research was carried out since September 5th to December 5th, 1996 using 2x3 Factorial based on Completely Randomized Design. Factor I were land altitude (d) : low (d1) and high (d2). Factor II were broiler strains (g) : CP-707 (g1), AS-101 (g2) and Lohmann (g3). Data obtained were analyzed using F test continued  to Least Significant Difference Test. The research indicated that interaction between altitude and strains significantly affected  feed convertion and income over feed  and doc cost, while strain had significant effect on feed convertion. AS-101 and Lohmann strains  kept on low altitude had the highest final weight. The low altitude gave better feed convertion and income over feed and doc cost, whereas CP-707 strain had the best feed convertion. (Animal Production 1(2): 82-89 (1999) Key Words: strain, altitude, performance, broiler

Quality Of Pe Buck Sperm Stored In Different Packaging

AI for cattle has been develop in Indonesia in contrast, AI for small ruminants (sheep and goat) are less developed. Its due to the lack of facilities, processing and packaging during storage. This research aims to compare the effectivity and efficiency of two different packaging technique (test tube and straw). Test tube and 0.25 ml mini straw were tested . Semen was obtained from adult PE buck (3 yr) after collection by using  artificial vagina. The fresh semen was then evaluated and diluted 5 folds with 2.9 percent Na-citrate. Diluted semen then packed in test tube and mini straw, and stored in refrigerator (100C) for 7 days. Observations were done everyday on sperm motility, abnormality and percentage of  live sperm. Observation were made at 370C. Observation on fresh ejaculate showed that semen has 6x 109/ml concentration, 90 percent motility, 8 percent abnormality and  95 percent  live sperm. Five folds dilution reduced sperm concentration to 1.2 x 109/ml, but did not change sperm motility, abnormality and percent of live sperm. Sperm was then packed according  to the treatments. Storage in both packaging did significantly reduce  (P<0.01) sperm motility and percent live sperm, but not for sperm abnormality. All sperm stored in test tube were classified death at day 5 storage. However, sperm in the straw were remain live eventhough the percentages was low. It can be concluded that straw has a better result than test tube. Eventhough sperm motility was extremely low, it remains valuable for cervical insemination. (Animal Production 1(1) : 24-29 (1999).  Key Words : Sperm, PE Buck, Straw, Test Tube

Maternal Antibody of DOC Pelung from Combine ND-Vaccinated Hen

A research entitled “Maternal Antibody of Pelung Day Old Chicken From Combine ND-Vaccinated Hen” has been done at Deddy Farm, Brebes. The materials were 25 hens and 5 cocks parental Pelung and 50 DOC (day old chick) hatched from those parent. Completely Randomized Design was performed in this experiment. The treatment consists of double dosages of inactive ND vaccine, active ND vaccine and cloned ND vaccine. The parameter was the immunity response on the parents and maternal antibody titer of the raised DOC. The results showed that; (1) one dosage of inactive ND vaccine combined with one dosage of active ND vaccine on Pelung chicken, yielding the best immunity response on the parent. The raised DOC also indicates the best maternal antibody titer, (2) giving two dosages of either inactive or active ND vaccine on the parent and the DOC could be analyzed alternatively to obtain a good immunityresponse, (3) the use of one dosage cloned-ND vaccine and one dosage of inactive or active ND vaccine on Pelung chicken yielding a low immunity response on the parent and the raised DOC. (Animal Production 5(1): 11-18 (2003) Key words : Vaccination, Immunity, Maternal, Antibody, Pelung, Chicken

Increasing of Energy Quality of Waste Product with Trichoderma and Aspergillus

Biomasa of agricultural residues are potensial as ruminant feeds. However due it is low palatability, digestibility and nutritive value limited their use. In order to improve their use, treatment need to be applied. Biological treatment by using microba seems to be an alternative because of their capability with no pollution problems. The first experiment aims to select the microorganism which have a potensial to degrade the crude fiber, based the production of reduction sugar. The second experiment aims to improve the protein and amino acid on rice straw, cassava, waste, and rice husk, by inoculated the starter of Candida utilis and or Sacharomyces cerevise. The second experiment has been conducted on Animal Nutrition and Feed Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry UNSOED for eight month Fermentation trial has been done in semi solid media, by the method of Kjic (1964), in Batch System, Variables measure were: (1) reduction sugar, (2) cellulose, (3) protein, (4) amino acids, (5) cellulase activity, (6) essensial mineral and (7) energy. Based on the all variables measured that were conclused that the quality of  rice straw can be improved by mixed culture of  T, viride – S. cerevise, the rice husk by A. niger – C. utilis, T. viride – C. utilis and A. niger – S cerevise while for cassava waste by  A. niger – S. cerevise and A. niger – C. utilis  (Animal Production 1(1) : 10-16 (1999). Key Words: Waste Product, Energy, Microorganism

The Effect of Level Testosteron e Addition in Diluents and Level Dilution on Speed Movement and Abnormality of Kedu Chicken Sperm

The research entitled “The Effect of Level Testosterone Addition in Diluents and Level Dilution on Speed Movement and Abnormality of Kedu Chicken Sperm” was conducted in Laboratory of Physiology and Reproduction, Faculty of Animal Science, UNSOED, started at August 15th to September 15th , 2001. The aims of  this research were to obtain influences of level testosterone and dilution on speed movement and secondary abnormality kedu chicken sperm and obtain interaction between the treatments. The tapped sperm from nine kedu chickens were used in this research. This Experiment was performed 4 x 3 Factorials with Randomized  Completely Block Design (RCBD) as the basic design. The treatment combinations were level testosterone 0, 300, 600 and 900 μg (t0, t1, t2 and t3) and level of dilution 4, 6 and 8 time (in a row p1, p2 and p3). The tapping period was replicated four times as a group (replicated) with two days interval. The result of this research showed that the interaction between level of testosterone addition and level of dilution gave a non-significant effect to speed movement sperm but significant to abnormality of kedu chicken sperm. The group gave a significant influence (P<0.05) to speed movement sperm and non significant to sperm abnormality. The interaction of level testosterone addition and level dilution of kedu chicken semen (T x P) has a quadratic regression to sperm abnormality with regression comparison is Y = 24.418 – 0.014 X +1.187E – 05 X², with peak point is (543.76: 20.23) of correlation coefficient (r) 0.55 and determination coefficient (R²) as 30.34%. The addition of 600 μg testosterone level with 6 level dilutions was the best to defend sperm abnormality. (Animal Production 4(2): 60-70 (2002) Key Words : Spermatozoa, Kedu Chicken, Testosterone, Dilution, Speed Movement and Abnormality

The Effect of Debeaking and Crude Fibre in Ration On Canibalism and Performance of Muscovy Duck

A research has been conducted from September 3rd until November 2nd 2002 to study cannibalism and performance of Muscovy duck. The method applied was experiment with factorial pattern of Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factors were debeaking (P) : p1 = control, p2 = debeaking. The second factors were crude fibre content in ration (R) : r1= 6 %, r2 = 8 % and r3 = 10 %.  Parameters observed were cannibalism mortality, food consumption, growth rate, carcass production, meat and blood cholesterol and meat fat. The duck used were 96 heads at one week old and cage in 24 pens with litter floor.  The results indicated that debeaking had no significant effect on food consumption, growth rate, carcass percentage and blood cholesterol, but it had significant effect on carcass weight and meat fat up to 8 weeks old. Crude fibre had significant effect on blood and meat cholesterol. (Animal Production 6(1): 9-16 (2004) Key Words: Debeaking, Crude fibre, Canibalism, Production Performance

Study of Tenderization Method of Old Goat Meat

The objective of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of tenderization methods on several characteristics of goat meat.  A total of 6 goats (approximately 3 years of age) were used in the study.  The meat was obtained from the hind leg (m. biceps femoris).  Treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 replicates in each treatment.  The treatments were P0: control, P1: the meat was submerged in pineapple juice extract, P2: the meat was electrically stimulated, and P3: the meat was injected with CaCl2 solution.  The variables measured were tenderness (mm/g/s), pH, water holding capacity (%), cooking losses (%), moisture content (%) and dissolved protein content (μg/ml).  Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance and Least Significant Difference compare the differences between means.  The result showed that treatments significantly (P<0.01) affected the meat tenderness, pH and water holding capacity but not significantly (P>0.05) affected meat cooking losses, moisture content and dissolved protein.  It can be concluded that injection CaCl2 was more effective in improving the tenderness of old goat meat. . (Animal Production 7(2): 106-110 (2005) Key Words : Tenderization Method, Pineapple Juice Extract, Goat meat, CaCl2, Electrical Stimulation

The Effect of Urea and Sulphur Level in Mixing of Cassava Waste Fermented and Soybean Cake waste on Nitrogen Balance and Digestibility of Energy of Local Male Sheep

Cassava waste and soybean cake waste are by - product from home industry  that  have been used as animal feed. It contain high crude fibber, there fore it must be processed or added with another nutrients before feeding to animal to get a good performance. A research have been  conducted in Experimental Farm and Laboratory Animal of  Feed and Nutrition, Animal Science Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto at October- Nopember 2001. The purpose of  the research is to find the effect of urea and sulfur  level in mixing of cassava waste fermented and soybean cake waste on nitrogen balance and digestibility of energy of local male sheep. Eighteen local male sheep were  divided into 3 group based of the body weight. There are I = 18.55±1.27 kg, II = 15.79±0.67 kg and  III = 13.41±1.33 kg. Two level of urea (2% and 3%) and three level of sulfur (0 %, 0.15 % and 0.30%) dry matter concentrate used as  treatments, there fore factorial   design 2x3 with Randomized Block Design used this experiment All of treatment received same diet consist land grass and concentrates with 70:30 dry matter ratio. Concentrates consists  cassava waste fermented  and soybean cake waste with 77.50:22.50 dry matter ratio.  Dry matter intake was 4 % body weight. Observed variables were nitrogen balance and digestibility of energy by using total collection. Variance analysis was used for knowing the effect treatment on the variable observed. The result of the research shown that level of urea and sulfur are not significant interaction on the nitrogen balance and digestibility of energy.  However  level urea and sulfur  itself are significant on nitrogen balance linearly. Level urea also had significant effect on the energy digestion.  Balance nitrogen of all treatment is positive. Level of urea 3 % and sulfur 0.30% gave a good balance nitrogen and energy digestion.  It can be concluded that addition of urea and sulfur in diet containing fermentable  carbohydrates can increase balance nitrogen (N retention) and energy digestion. (Animal Production 3(2): 91-97 (2001)Key Words: Balance nitrogen, energy digestion, cassava waste and soybean cake waste

Sexual Activity of Indigenenous Ram Base on Ear Type

Research was conducted to know of sexual activity of indigeneous ram in experimental station, Animal Research Institute, Ciawi-Bogor. Twelve ram were roundly mated with two ewes for fiveteen minutes. All ram were allocated into two groups base on ear type (long and short). The variable observed were time of climbing, time and sum of ejaculation interval with time of climbing, and mating efficiency. Data analyses were used t test. The result of analyses showed that first time of ejaculation in ram of long ear type (4,92 ± 2,61 m) was longer than short ear type (1 ± 0,68 minute) (P<0,01). Sum of ejaculation in long ear type (1,33 ± 0,81 time) was leaster than short ear type (3 ± 1,09 time) (P<0,05). Ejaculation interval with to follow climbing in long ear type (5,43 ± 3,23 minute) was longer than short ear type (2,29 ± 1,76 minute) (P<0,05). Mating efficiency showed that highly significantly (P<0,01). In ram of short ear type (3,6 time) was more efficient than ram of long ear type (1,38 time). The first time of climbing, sum of climbing, and ejaculation interval were has not significantly (P>0,05). It was concluded that the mating rate in indigeneous ram of short ear type was higher than long ear type. (Animal Production 2(2): 83-91 (2000) Key words : indigeneous ram, sexual activity, mating efficiency.

Effectivity of Various β-Carotene Concentration on Quality of Frozen-Thawed Semen of Garut Rams

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the quality of frozen-thawed semen of Garut rams that cryopreserved with Tris extender containing the various β-carotene concentrations. Semen was collected from four mature Garut rams using artificial vagina once a week. Immediately after initial evaluation, semen was divided into four parts and diluted with Tris extender containing 5% glycerol + 0% (control), 0.001% (Kt0.001), 0.002% (Kt0.002), and 0.003% (Kt0.003) β-carotene, respectively. Semen was loaded in 0.25 ml mini straw with the concentration of 200 million motile sperm. Semen was equilibrated at 5ºC for three hours, then frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen container for 7 days. Quality of processed-semen including motility, live sperm, intact acrosomal cap (IAC), and intact plasma membrane (IPM) were evaluated after diluted, equilibrated, and thawed, respectively. Concentration of malondialdehide (MDA) semen after thawing were evaluated. Data were analyzed as completely randomized design with four treatments and nine replicates. Means values were compared by least significant difference test at 0.05 significant level. Results indicated that mean value of post thawing motility and live sperm for Kt0.002 (50.55% and 56.78%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than Kt0.001 (46.11% and 52.89%), Kt0.003 (46.67% and 53.33%) and control (46.67% and 52.33%). Mean value of post thawing IAC and IPM for Kt0.002 (51.00% and 53.78%) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than control ( 47.11% and 48.44%), but not significantly different with Kt0.001 (49.00% and 50.00%), and Kt0.003 (48.89% and 49.67%). MDA concentration of frozen-thawed semen for Kt0.001 (3.37 mg/kg), Kt0.002 (3.80 mg/kg), and Kt0.003 (4.61 mg/kg) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than control (5.24 mg/kg). in conclusion, concentration of 0.002% β-carotene in Tris extender is the optimal dose in improving frozen semen quality of garut rams. (Animal Production 7(1): 6-13 (2005) Key Words : β-carotene, frozen-thawed semen, intact plasma membrane, MDA, Garut Rams

The Effect of Fish Meal Substitution with Squilla empusa on Reproductive Performance of Local duck

A study has been conducted to know the effect of fishmeal substitution with Squilla empusa on reproductive performance of local duck.  Randomized Completely Design was applied in this experimental. Ninety-six grower local ducks were divided into six treatments ration. Each treatment was replicated by four replications and consists of four local ducks each. The treatment was P0 = 0 % Squilla empusa and 10 % fish meal, P1 = 2 % Squilla empusa and 8 % fish meal, P2 = 4 % Squilla empusa and 6 % fish meal, P3 = 6 % Squilla empusa and 4 % fish meal, P4 = 8 % Squilla empusa and 2 % fish meal, and P5 = 10 % Squilla empusa and 0 % fishmeal.  Parameters observed was reproductive performance consisted of sexual maturity, average egg production and egg weight during 3 months of production period. The result showed that fishmeal and Squilla empusa had very significant by effect (P<0,01) on feed consumption, sexual maturity, egg production and egg weight. It was significant by (P< 0,05) on egg production and weight. It was concluded that substitution up to 4.96 % of Squilla empusa give the latest of sexual maturity (5.8 month); the lowers egg production was at 6 % Squilla empusa; at 10 % Squilla empusa egg weight tended to increase. (Animal Production 6(2): 110-117 (2004) Key Words: substitution,  Squilla empusa, reproductive performance

Determination of α-Amylase Enzyme Activity and Blood Glucose Level in Local Duck

A α-amylase is included in hydrolase’s enzyme (E.C. 3.2.1.3), which catalyzed the breaking down of α-1,3-glycosidic bound on amylase chain and produced glucose as end product. In mammalian and poultry, α-amylase enzyme has a function as starch breaking down or changed glycogen to glucose. It was used as energy resource in the body. A α-amylase enzyme is protein that resulted in expression from one or several genes, so that has various characteristics among individual. To study the existence and the characteristic of α-amylase enzyme, therefore it has been conducted a research about the connection of α-amylase enzyme unit number  with glucose content in Tegal, Magelang and Mojosari duck blood (each of them consisted of 28 birds). This research used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with seven replicates for each treatment. The result research showed that either the unit number of α-amylase enzyme activity or glucose content in these local breed of duck has a highly significant different (P<0.01). This result showed that genetic factor (breed of duck) has influenced either enzyme unit number or their catalytic activity on substrate, so the capability to form blood glucose inter breed of duck also different. It was suggested that their enzyme characteristics have strong connection with the sequence of amino acid as α-amylase enzyme protein composer, which was the result of gene expression. From the result, it was concluded that the unit number and catalytic activity of α-amylase enzyme and blood glucose content in the breed of local duck was affected by genetic factor (breed of duck). (Animal Production 5(1): 50-56 (2003) Key words: Enzyme, K-Amylase, Blood, Glucose, Duck

National Breeding System of Dairy Cattle Husbandry

The husbandry of domestic dairy cattle as one of the components of  livestock sub-sector development is hopefully to increase numerously the capacity and the quality on its milk production, to gradually meet national milk demand and face the competitiveness at the global. The achievement of this purpose should be supported by the production of dairy breeding stock in good quality and sufficient number to increase efficiency of both quantity and quality of domestic milk production. One of important aspect that should be prepared is in determining national breeding system of dairy cattle that can function effectively as guidance and regulation for producing, distributing, and using dairy cattle as “domestic breeding stock”. As in other livestock, breeding system of dairy cattle basically constituted of three main subsystems, i.e. production , distribution and marketing, and quality establishment subsystem. The paper discusses some aspects of these three subsystems to give considerable input in preparing the national concept of dairy cattle breeding system. enterprise (Animal Production 1(2): 43-55 (1999) KeyWords: dairy cattle, breeding stock, milk production.

The Effect Of Feed Restriction And Exercise On Growt Of Merino Sheep

Penelitian dengan judul “Pengaruh Pembatasan  Pakan dan Exercise terhadap Pertumbuhan Domba Merino” dilakukan untuk mempelajari perubahan bobot badan dan komposisi tubuh selama periode pembatasan pakan dan kerja (exercise) yang kemudian diikuti oleh pemberian pakan secara adlibitum dan berhenti bekerja.penelitian ini terdiri dari dua periode.Pada periode pertama, 1,5 ekor Domba Merino kastrasi umur 4-5 bulan dibagi menjadi tiga perlakuan ,yaitu pembatasan pakan dan exercise selama 2,50 jam (perlakuan I), pembatasan pakan tanpa Exercise (perlakuan II), serta pemberian pakan secara ad libitum tanpa Exercise (perlakuan III), yang masing-masing perlakuan diulang lima kali. Pada periode kedua ,semua domba diberi pakan ad libitum tanpa exercise. Hasil penelitian menunjukankan bahwa pada akhir penelitian periode pertama ,domba dalam perlakuan satu I dan perlakuan II mengalami penurunan bobot badan sebesar 28 dan 27 persen dari bobot badan awal. Selama periode kedua, domba dalam perlakuan I dan perlakuan II tumbuh lebih cepat dari pada domba perlakuan III. Pada akhir periode pertama, domba dalam perlakuan I kehilangan lemak lebih banyak dari pada perlakuan II.Selama periode ke dua ,penimbunan protein pada perlakuan I dan II lebih cepat dibanding  perlakuan III. Domba pada perlakuan III mengalami penimbunan lemak lebih banyak dari pada perlakuan I dan II. Domba pada perlakuan I dan II selama periode ke dua mempunyai kemampuan makan lebih tinggi per kilogram bobot badan metabolis dibanding domba pada perlakuan III. (Animal Production 2(1): 18-24 (2000)Kata kunci: pembatasan pakan , komposisi tubuh , kemampuan makan, pertumbuhan.