Thermal Stress in a Roll-to-Roll Printed Electronics Substrate

The Roll-to-Roll process makes it possible to print electronic products continuously onto a uniform substrate. Printing components on flexible surfaces can bring down the costs of simple electronic devices such as RFID tags, antennas and transistors. The possibility of quickly printing flexible electronic components opens up a wide array of novel products previously too expensive to produce on a large scale. Several different printing methods can be used in Roll-to-Roll printing, such as gravure, spray, offset, flexographic and others. Most of the methods can also be mixed in one production line. Most of them still require years of research to reach a significant commercial level. The research for this thesis was carried out at the Konkuk University Flexible Display Research Center (KU-FDRC) in Seoul, Korea. A system using Roll-to-Roll printing requires that the motion of the web can be controlled in every direction in order to align different layers of ink properly. Between printers the ink is dried with hot air. The effects of thermal expansion on the tension of the web are studied in this work, and a mathematical model was constructed on Matlab and Simulink. Simulations and experiments lead to the conclusion that the thermal expansion of the web has a great influence on the tension of the web. Also, experimental evidence was gained that the particular printing machine used for these experiments at KU-FDRC may have a problem in controlling the speeds of the cylinders which pull the web.

Lean Accounting

Lean-filosofian keskeinen ajatus on tuottaa asiakkaalle enemmän arvoa vähentämällä turhuuksia tuotannosta. Keskeisessä roolissa lean-filosofiassa ovat arvo, arvovirta, flow, pull ja täydellisyys. Lean accounting on lean-tuotantofilosofiaa tukeva työkalu ja sen avulla voidaan kehittää sekä seurata lean-tuotantoa. Lean accountingissa tuotetaan selkeitä ja yksinkertaisia raportteja, joita koko organisaatio voi ymmärtää. Oleellista lean accountingissa on keskittyä yhden tuotteen kannattavuuden sijaan koko arvovirran kannattavuuteen. Tässä kandidaatintyössä käsitellään lean accountingia yleisesti. Työssä perehdytään perinteisen laskentatoimen ongelmiin lean-tuotannossa sekä esitellään sopivia työkaluja ja menetelmiä, jotka sopivat lean-yritykselle. Työssä on haasteltu Suomessa toimivia lean-yrityksiä heidän lean accounting ja lean-työkalujen tuntemuksesta. Työn tärkeyttä korostaa se, että lean accounting on huonosti tunnettu. Useat yritykset hyödyntävät lean-tuotantoa, mutta hyöty saattaa jäädä huomaamatta ilman lean accountingia. Lean accounting on havaittu hyväksi menetelmäksi ja siitä voi olla apua lean-yrityksille.

Electrical Machine Product Development; Transmission to Lean Approach

The requirements set by the market for electrical machines become increasingly demanding requiring more sophisticated technological solutions. Companies producing electrical ma-chines are challenged to develop machines that provide competitive edge for the customer for example through increased efficiency, reliability or some customer specific special requirement. The objective of this thesis is to derive a proposal for the first steps to transform the electrical machine product development process of a manufacturing company towards lean product development. The current product development process in the company is presented together with the processes of four other companies interviewed for the thesis. On the basis of current processes of the electrical machine industry and the related literature, a generalized electrical machine product development process is derived. The management isms and –tools utilized by the companies are analyzed. Adoption of lean Pull-Event –reviews, Oobeya –management and Knowledge based product development are suggested as the initial steps of implementing lean product development paradigm in the manufacturing company. Proposals for refining the cur-rent product development process and increasing the stakeholder involvement in the development projects are made. Lean product development is finding its way to Finnish electrical machine industry, but the results will be available only after the methods have been implemented and adopted by the companies. There is some enthusiasm about the benefits of lean approach and if executed successfully it will provide competitive edge for the Finnish electrical machine industry.

Morphometry of primary and secondary epidermal laminae in equine hoof

We studied the length of primary and secondary epidermal laminae of the toe and the lateral and medial quarters of horses, distributed into proximal, middle and distal thirds of the hooves. Eight limbs from adult crossbred horses, four females and four males, used to pull carts without pedal conditions. Fragments were taken from different regions of the hooves and subjected to conventional histological techniques. The samples were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. The primary epidermal laminae were higher in the hooves of forelimbs compared to hindlimbs in the proximal and middle thirds and the regions of the medial quarter and toe. The secondary laminae were higher in forelimb of the middle third and medial quarter. Comparing the length of the epidermal laminae between hoof parts, it was seen that the primary laminae are lower in the proximal third and higher in the toe, while the secondary laminae are lower in the proximal third and medial quarter. The results suggested that the morphology of the laminae in the different regions of the hooves is influenced through the work performed by the animal, as well as through the different distribution of forces.

The Role of Universities in the Triple Helix model of innovation management within the biotechnology industry, Case example: Turku Science Park Network

Biotechnology has been recognized as the key strategic technology for industrial growth. The industry is heavily dependent on basic research. Finland continues to rank in the top 10 of Europe's most innovative countries in terms of tax-policy, education system, infrastructure and the number of patents issued. Regardless of the excellent statistical results, the output of this innovativeness is below acceptable. Research on the issues hindering the output creation has already been done and the identifiable weaknesses in the Finland's National Innovation system are the non-existent growth of entrepreneurship and the missing internationalization. Finland is proven to have all the enablers of the innovation policy tools, but is lacking the incentives and rewards to push the enablers, such as knowledge and human capital, forward. Science Parks are the biggest operator in research institutes in the Finnish Science and Technology system. They exist with the purpose of speeding up the commercialization process of biotechnology innovations which usually include technological uncertainty, technical inexperience, business inexperience and high technology cost. Innovation management only internally is a rather historic approach, current trend drives towards open innovation model with strong triple helix linkages. The evident problems in the innovation management within the biotechnology industry are examined through a case study approach including analysis of the semi-structured interviews which included biotechnology and business expertise from Turku School of Economics. The results from the interviews supported the theoretical implications as well as conclusions derived from the pilot survey, which focused on the companies inside Turku Science Park network. One major issue that the Finland's National innovation system is struggling with is the fact that it is technology driven, not business pulled. Another problem is the university evaluation scale which focuses more on number of graduates and short-term factors, when it should put more emphasis on the cooperation success in the long-term, such as the triple helix connections with interaction and knowledge distribution. The results of this thesis indicated that there is indeed requirement for some structural changes in the Finland's National innovation system and innovation policy in order to generate successful biotechnology companies and innovation output. There is lack of joint output and scales of success, lack of people with experience, lack of language skills, lack of business knowledge and lack of growth companies.

Hajautettuun ryhmitykseen soveltuva tilannekuvajärjestelmä : näkökulmana viestihuoltokomppania

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää laajalla maantieteellisellä alueella hajautetusti toi-mivan joukon tilannekuvan muodostumista viestihuoltokomppaniaan näkökulmasta. Tut-kimuksen pääkysymys on: Mikä tilannekuvajärjestelmistä on soveltuvin viestihuoltokomp-panian käyttöön? Arvioinnissa otetaan huomioon vaihtoehtoisten tiedonsiirtotapojen käytön vaatimus sotilaallisessa toimintaympäristössä. Tutkimuksessa vaatimusmäärittely on koko-naisuus, jolla saadaan tuloksia monisyisen prosessin kautta. Yleiskuvauksen laatiminen toteutetaan kirjallisuustutkimuksella. Vaatimusten ja havaintojen kerääminen toteutetaan lomakekyselynä. Jäsentelyyn, muokkaukseen ja vertailuun käytetään laadullista tarkastelua, kirjallisuusselvitystä ja vertailua. Tietotekniikan käyttämisen tulisi vapauttaa resursseja tietomassojen rutiininomaisesta käsit-telystä ymmärryksen luomiseen ja päätöksen tekoon. Tiedon lähettäminen laitteelta toiselle edellyttää niiden yhdistämistä toisiinsa. Verkkojen topologioista käsitellään keskeiset (väy-lä, rengas ja tähti). Verkkoratkaisuista käsitellään kolme yleisintä (asiakas-palvelin-, push- ja vertais-verkko). Siirtotiet jaetaan kahteen ryhmään. Johdollisten siirtoteiden toteutuksesta käsitellään kolme päätyyppiä (koaksiaalikaapeli, parikaapeli ja optiset kuidut). Langattomi-en siirtoteiden toteutuksesta käsitellään neljä päätyyppiä (kaupalliset matkaviestimet, TET-RA-tekniikka, kenttäradiot ja radiolinkit). VHK:n vaatimusmäärittelyssä esiin nousi kolme kokonaisuutta. Hajautus arvioi järjestel-män käyttöä ja sen ulottuvuutta. Turvallisuus arvioi järjestelmän toimivuuden ja teknisten ratkaisujen turvallisuutta. Käyttö arvioi järjestelmän käyttämisen helppouteen ja teknisten ratkaisujen saatavuuteen liittyviä seikkoja. Vaatimusmäärittelyn kautta varsinaiseen vertai-luun valittiin neljä järjestelmää. CORE-järjestelmän kehittäminen ja kuvaus ovat hyvät. Irisweb on jo lähtökohtaisesti suun-niteltu toimintaympäristöltään vastaamaan niihin tarpeisiin, joita VHK:lla on, joten toimin-not vastaavat tarpeita hyvin. MATI sisältää käytössä testatun, kestävän ja nopeasti käyt-töönotettavan kokonaisuuden. Eri järjestelmien tekniset ratkaisut pohjautuvat paljon samoi-hin tekniikoihin, osalla on sama tiedonsiirtoalusta. Järjestelmien soveltuvuus eri osa-alueisiin vaihteli. Tutkimuksen tuloksena soveltuvin järjestelmä on MATI. Tulevaisuudessa eriytyvien järjestelmien sulauttaminen ja niiden parhaiden ominaisuuksien yhdistäminen näyttäisi olevan ainoa suunta. COTS-tekniikan käyttäminen ja SOA suunnit-telun pohjana ohjaavat kehitystä kohti verkostokeskeisyyttä.

Development of porous glass-fiber reinforced composite for bone implants. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect and implant fixation

Cranial bone reconstructions are necessary for correcting large skull bone defects due to trauma, tumors, infections and craniotomies. Traditional synthetic implant materials include solid or mesh titanium, various plastics and ceramics. Recently, biostable glass-fiber reinforced composites (FRC), which are based on bifunctional methacrylate resin, were introduced as novel implant solution. FRCs were originally developed and clinically used in dental applications. As a result of further in vitro and in vivo testing, these composites were also approved for clinical use in cranial surgery. To date, reconstructions of large bone defects were performed in 35 patients. This thesis is dedicated to the development of a novel FRC-based implant for cranial reconstructions. The proposed multi-component implant consists of three main parts: (i) porous FRC structure; (ii) bioactive glass granules embedded between FRC layers and (iii) a silver-polysaccharide nanocomposite coating. The porosity of the FRC structure should allow bone ingrowth. Bioactive glass as an osteopromotive material is expected to stimulate the formation of new bone. The polysaccharide coating is expected to prevent bacterial colonization of the implant. The FRC implants developed in this study are based on the porous network of randomly-oriented E-glass fibers bound together by non-resorbable photopolymerizable methacrylate resin. These structures had a total porosity of 10–70 volume %, of which > 70% were open pores. The pore sizes > 100 μm were in the biologically-relevant range (50-400 μm), which is essential for vascularization and bone ingrowth. Bone ingrowth into these structures was simulated by imbedding of porous FRC specimens in gypsum. Results of push-out tests indicated the increase in the shear strength and fracture toughness of the interface with the increase in the total porosity of FRC specimens. The osteopromotive effect of bioactive glass is based on its dissolution in the physiological environment. Here, calcium and phosphate ions, released from the glass, precipitated on the glass surface and its proximity (the FRC) and formed bone-like apatite. The biomineralization of the FRC structure, due to the bioactive glass reactions, was studied in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) in static and dynamic conditions. An antimicrobial, non-cytotoxic polysaccharide coating, containing silver nanoparticles, was obtained through strong electrostatic interactions with the surface of FRC. In in vitro conditions the lactose-modified chitosan (chitlac) coating showed no signs of degradation within seven days of exposure to lysozyme or one day to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The antimicrobial efficacy of the coating was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The contact-active coating had an excellent short time antimicrobial effect. The coating neither affected the initial adhesion of microorganisms to the implant surface nor the biofilm formation after 24 h and 72 h of incubation. Silver ions released to the aqueous environment led to a reduction of bacterial growth in the culture medium.

Open Environmental Information Upon Disclosure Request in China: The Paradox of Legal Mobilization

Taking a realist view that law is one form of politics, this dissertation studies the roles of citizens and organizations in mobilizing the law to request government agencies to disclose environmental information in China, and during this process, how the socio-legal field interacts with the political-legal sphere, and what changes have been brought about during their interactions. This work takes a socio-legal approach and applies methodologies of social science and legal analysis. It aims to understand the paradox of why and how citizens and entities have been invoking the law to access environmental information despite the fact that various obstacles exist and the effectiveness of the new mechanism of environmental information disclosure still remains low. The study is largely based on the 28 cases and eight surveys of environmental information disclosure requests collected by the author. The cases and surveys analysed in this dissertation all occurred between May 2008, when the OGI Regulations and the OEI Measures came into effect, and August 2012 when the case collection was completed. The findings of this study have shown that by invoking the rules of law made by the authorities to demand government agencies disclosing environmental information, the public, including citizens, organizations, law firms, and the media, have strategically created a repercussive pressure upon the authorities to act according to the law. While it is a top-down process that has established the mechanism of open government information in China, it is indeed the bottom-up activism of the public that makes it work. Citizens and organizations’ use of legal tactics to push government agencies to disclose environmental information have formed not only an end of accessing the information but more a means of making government agencies accountable to their legal obligations. Law has thus played a pivotal role in enabling citizen participation in the political process. Against the current situation in China that political campaigns, or politicization, from general election to collective actions, especially contentious actions, are still restrained or even repressed by the government, legal mobilization, or judicialization, that citizens and organizations use legal tactics to demand their rights and push government agencies to enforce the law, become de facto an alternative of political participation. During this process, legal actions have helped to strengthen the civil society, make government agencies act according to law, push back the political boundaries, and induce changes in the relationship between the state and the public. In the field of environmental information disclosure, citizens and organizations have formed a bottom-up social activism, though limited in scope, using the language of law, creating progressive social, legal and political changes. This study emphasizes that it is partial and incomplete to understand China’s transition only from the top-down policy-making and government administration; it is also important to observe it from the bottom-up perspective that in a realistic view law can be part of politics and legal mobilization, even when utterly apolitical, can help to achieve political aims as well. This study of legal mobilization in the field of environmental information disclosure also helps us to better understand the function of law: law is not only a tool for the authorities to regulate and control, but inevitably also a weapon for the public to demand government agencies to work towards their obligations stipulated by the laws issued by themselves.

Muutos kuntaorganisaatiossa - tapaustutkimus erään kunnan teknisestä toimialasta

Kuntaorganisaatioiden muutokset ovat tulleet Suomessa runsaan parinkymmenen vuoden aikana yhä välttämättömämmiksi sekä globaalien että kansallisten toimintaympäristöjen muuttumisen vuoksi. Niitä tehtäessä on kuitenkin kohdattu suuria vaikeuksia jo muutosprosessien alussa, suunnittelu- ja päätöksentekovaiheessa. Keskityttäessä organisaatiomuutosten tavoitteisiin ja lopputulokseen ovat keinot niihin pääsemiseksi jääneet vaille riittävää huomiota. Tämän väitöskirjatutkimuksen päätavoite on selvittää syitä, jotka edistävät ja haittaavat kuntaorganisaation muutosprosessia. Sekundäärisenä tavoitteena on tarkastella motivaation, toimintakulttuurin, poliittisten ja ideologisten eroavaisuuksien sekä arvojen ja asenteiden vaikutusta muutosprosessiin sen eri vaiheissa sekä erilaisissa olosuhteissa. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kvalitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää, joka tukeutuu erään kunnan teknisen toimialan muutosprosessiin. Tutkimuksen kohteena olevana ajanjaksona sekä vakaassa että muuttuvassa toimintaympäristössä ovat tuon kunnan teknisen toimialan organisaatiomuotoina olleet virasto, liikelaitos, osakeyhtiö ja toimintojen ulkoistaminen. Empiirisen aineiston sekä niin kansallisten kuin kansainvälisten tutkimusten perusteella pyritään löytämään muutosprosessia vaikeuttavia tekijöitä sekä keinoja vaikuttaa prosessin onnistumiseen. Tapaustutkimuksen aineistona ovat tarkastellun kunnan organisaatiomuutoksia koskevat dokumentit. Niitä on täydennetty haastattelemalla henkilöitä, jotka ovat joko suoraan vaikuttaneet muutokseen tai ainakin olleet siinä kiinteästi mukana. Muutosprosessiin liittyviä haasteita lähestytään prosessitutkimuksen avulla pyrkien selvittämään erilaiset kriittiset tapahtumat ja käännekohdat, syy-yhteydet sekä mahdolliset muutoksia suuntaavat mallit. Vaikka muutoksiin vaikuttavat tekijät ovat tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella pääosin samat kuin mitä on havaittu kansainvälisissä tutkimuksissa, liittyy niihin kuitenkin tutkimuksen tapauskohteessa kansallisia ja osittain paikallisiakin erityispiirteitä. On havaittavissa sekä kansallisten ominaispiirteiden että pohjoismaisen hyvinvointiyhteiskunnan ihanteen vaikutusta ihmisten suhtautumisessa muutosprosessiin sekä käyttäytymiseen sen aikana. Tämän tutkimuksen valossa avoimuus ja oikeudenmukaisuus ovat vahvimmin vaikuttavia tekijöitä kuntaorganisaation muutoksessa. Tämän tutkimuksen teoriatarkastelu pohjautuu tutkimuksiin, jotka ovat kohdistuneet muutosprosesseihin yleensä niin julkishallinnon kuin yksityissektorin organisaatioissa. Vaikka tämän väitöskirjan tutkimuksen fokus on kuntasektorilla, ovat sen tulokset suurelta osin sovellettavissa myös yksityissektorille.

Varastointikapasiteetin käytön tehostaminen

Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kuormalavoille varastoidun materiaalin varastointikapasiteetin tehostamista mahdollisimman kustannustehokkaasti. Varastointikapasiteetin tehostamiseksi pyrittiin löytämään ratkaisut kahdelle esimerkkivarastolle uusia varastointiteknologioita ja materiaalinkäsittelylaitteita hyödyntämällä. Tutkimuksen aihe perustui Maavoimien esikunnan huolto-osaston tarpeeseen saada tutkittua mahdollisuuksia nykyisten varastojen varastointikapasiteetin tehostamiseksi. Nykyisten varastosuojien varastointikapasiteetin käytön tehostamisella voidaan välttää uusien kalliiden varastosuojien rakentaminen. Tutkimus laadittiin suorittamalla kirjallisuustutkimus varastoinnin perusteisiin, varastojen jaotteluun, tilasuunnitteluun, varastointiteknologioihin sekä materiaalinkäsittelylaitteisiin. Varastoinnin nykytilan kartoittamiseksi perehdyttiin puolustusvoimien varastointisuunnitelman version 3.0 luonnokseen. Esimerkkivarastojen nykytilanteen selvittäminen toteutettiin laatimalla varastoille kysely sekä vierailemalla toisella varastolla. Esimerkkivarastoille suunniteltiin Intolog Vantaa Oy:n edustajien kanssa uudet hyllyjärjestelmävaihtoehdot. Tutkija laati itse toiset vaihtoehdot molemmille varastoille Intolog Vantaa Oy:n vaihtoehtojen vertaamiseksi. Vaihtoehdoille laskettiin tunnusluvut ja investointikustannukset, joita vertailtiin sekä keskenään että nykytilaan. Tutkimustyön tuloksena syntyi laskelma saavutettavasta varastointikapasiteetin lisäyksestä investointikustannuksineen. Esimerkkivaraston 1 osalta kapasiteettia on mahdollista lisätä liikkuvia sekä push back -hyllystöjä käyttämällä noin 1 500 kuormalavapaikkaa (40 %) investointikustannusten ollessa noin 680 000 euroa. Esimerkkivaraston 2 osalta lisäys push back -hyllystöillä on noin 500 kuormalavapaikkaa (35 %) investointikustannusten ollessa noin 350 000 euroa. Tutkimuksen tuloksien perusteella voidaan uusia varastointiteknologioita hyödyntämällä lisätä puolustusvoimien varastoihin varovaisesti arvioiden noin 26 000 kuormalavapaikkaa. Jokainen varasto on kuitenkin erilainen, joten tutkimuksen tuloksia pitää tarkastella varastokohtaisesti.

Painted Into a Corner by Communities and Collections? Free Yourself with Metadata

Poster at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014

Ovule ontogeny of Tabebuia pulcherrima Sandwith (Bignoniaceae): megasporogenesis and integument development

The ovule of Tabebuia pulcherrima is anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellate. The nucellus shows a trizonate structural organization. The integument is initiated by periclinal divisions in the dermal layer (zone I), around the base of the archesporium. Subsequently, cells derived from the subdermal layer (zone II) start to push the dermal cells, so that they shift toward the micropylar region. The archesporial cell differentiates directly into the megaspore mother cell, undergoes meiosis, and originates a linear tetrad of megaspores. The mature embryo sac mother cell is elongated, possess a conspicuous central nucleus, and a characteristic bipolar vacuome with fibrous-granulated content. The inner cell layers of the integument differentiate into an amyloplast-rich endothelium. Patterns of callose deposition in the tetrad and selection of the functional megaspore, as well as the taxonomic value of some characters are discussed.

Photochemistry and photobiology of actinic erythema: defensive and reparative cutaneous mechanisms

Sunlight is part of our everyday life and most people accept it as beneficial to our health. With the advance of our knowledge in cutaneous photochemistry, photobiology and photomedicine over the past four decades, the terrestrial solar radiation has become a concern of dermatologists and is considered to be a major damaging environmental factor for our skin. Most photobiological effects (e.g., sunburn, suntanning, local and systemic immunosuppression, photoaging or dermatoheliosis, skin cancer and precancer, etc.) are attributed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and more particularly to UVB radiation (290-320 nm). UVA radiation (320-400 nm) also plays an important role in the induction of erythema by the photosensitized generation of reactive oxygen species (singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide (O2.-) and hydroxyl radicals (.OH)) that damage DNA and cellular membranes, and promote carcinogenesis and the changes associated with photoaging. Therefore, research efforts have been directed at a better photochemical and photobiological understanding of the so-called sunburn reaction, actinic or solar erythema. To survive the insults of actinic damage, the skin appears to have different intrinsic defensive mechanisms, among which antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems) play a pivotal role. In this paper, we will review the basic aspects of the action of UVR on the skin: a) photochemical reactions resulting from photon absorption by endogenous chromophores; b) the lipid peroxidation phenomenon, and c) intrinsic defensive cutaneous mechanisms (antioxidant systems). The last section will cover the inflammatory response including mediator release after cutaneous UVR exposure and adhesion molecule expression

Gender effects on esophageal motility

It has been suggested that there are no gender effects on esophageal motility. However, in previous studies the subjects did not perform multiple swallows and the quantitative features of esophageal contractions were not evaluated. In order to investigate the gender effects on esophageal motility we studied 40 healthy normal volunteers, 20 men aged 37 ± 15 years (mean ± SD), and 20 women aged 38 ± 14 years. We used the manometric method with an eight-lumen polyvinyl catheter and continuous perfusion. The upper and lower esophageal sphincter pressures were measured by the rapid pull-through method. With the catheter positioned with one lumen opening in the lower esophageal sphincter, and the others at 5, 10 and 15 cm above the sphincter, ten swallows of a 5-ml water bolus alternated with ten dry swallows were performed. Statistical analysis was done by the Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Gender differences (P<0.05) were observed for wet swallows in the duration of contractions 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (men: 3.7 ± 0.2 s, women: 4.5 ± 0.3 s, mean ± SEM), and in the velocity of contractions from 15 to 10 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (men: 4.7 ± 0.3 cm/s, women: 3.5 ± 0.2 cm/s). There was no difference (P>0.05) in sphincter pressure, duration and percentage of complete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, amplitude of contractions, or in the number of failed, multipeaked and synchronous contractions. We conclude that gender may cause some differences in esophageal motility which, though of no clinical significance, should be taken into consideration when interpreting esophageal motility tests.

“Till gruvhålet som suger och skrämmer” : en studie i Nils Bolanders predikan under åren 1940–1950

The aim of this thesis is to examine the preaching of Nils Bolander during the years 1940–1950. Nils Bolander (1902–1959) was a Swedish minister, later bishop, in the Church of Sweden. Bolander experienced his breakthrough as a preacher and a poet during the years 1940–1950, when he was a pastor of the Engelbrekt congregation in Stockholm. One characteristic of Bolander’s poetry as well as of his sermons is a rich and poetical language. At the same time he also had a clear agenda with his sermons with regard to their contents. The primary research question of this thesis is: What was Bolander’s purpose with his sermons? In this context, two secondary research questions were asked: 1) In what way does the poetical language support and assist the purpose of the sermons? 2) How is Bolander, as an individual and a preacher, engaged in the language and the contents of the sermons? The research material of this study consists of 152 hand-­written sermon manuscripts from church services held by Nils Bolander in Stockholm during the period in question. The method of the study is qualitative research with an abductive approach. Content analysis has formed the primary tool. With regard to the main research question, the purpose of Bolander’s sermons, my study indicated that the purpose was to rouse the listeners from their routine-­like faith and push them towards commitment and active service for God. In Bolander’s theology I found strong influences from Pietism but also some traits usually associated with the theological profile of the Oxford Group. Despite these influences, Nils Bolander’s theology is mainly founded on the Lutheran interpretation of faith. With regard to the secondary research questions concerning the poetical language as well as the role of the preacher my study concludes that the language, the individual and the contents were all connected in Bolander’s preaching and formed a whole that spoke to the audience in various ways.