Co-infection Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV: systematic review (1980 - 2010)

INTRODUCTION: The co-infection Trypanosoma cruzi/HIV has been described as a clinical event of great relevance. The objective of this study wasto describe clinical and epidemiological aspects published in literature. METHODS: It is a systematic review of a descriptive nature from the databases Medline, Lilacs, SciELO, Scopus, from 1980 to 2010. RESULTS: There were 83 articles (2.8 articles/year) with a total of 291 cases. The co-infection was described in 1980 and this situation has become the defining AIDS clinical event in Brazil. This is the country with the highest number of publication (51.8%) followed by Argentina (27.7%). The majority of cases are amongst adult men (65.3%) native or from endemic regions with serological diagnosis in the chronic stage (97.9%) and indeterminate form (50.8%). Both diseases follow the normal course, but in 41% the reactivation of the Chagas disease occurs. The most severe form is the meningoencephalitis, with 100% of mortality without specific and early treatment of the T. cruzi. The medication of choice was the benznidazole on doses and duration normally used for the acute phase. The high parasitemia detected by direct or indirect quantitative methods indicated reactivation and its elevation is the most important predictive factor. The lower survival rate was related to the reactivation of the Chagas disease and the natural complications of both diseases. The role of the antiretroviral treatment on the co-infection cannot yet be defined by the knowledge currently existent. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the relevance of this clinical event there are still gaps to be filled.

Are the L'oreal hair care brands currently operating in the Kenyan mass market adequately positioned and adapted to the Kenyan consumers?: A recommendation to the new L'oreal East Africa Office concerning the hair care brand positioning and portfolio in Kenya

NSBE - UNL

Cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis co-infection in dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: evaluation by specific PCR and RFLP-PCR assays

Introduction During a diagnostic evaluation of canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL), two of seventeen dogs were found to be co-infected by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. Methods Specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR (RFLP-PCR) assays were performed. Results PCR assays for Leishmania subgenus identification followed by RFLP-PCR analysis in biopsies from cutaneous lesions and the spleen confirmed the presence of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi in those fragments. Conclusions This report reinforces the importance of using serological and molecular techniques in the epidemiological surveillance of canine populations in endemic areas in which both diseases are known to co-exist. In such cases, a reassessment of the control measures is required.

Molecular characterization of Torque teno virus and SEN virus co-infection with HIV in patients from Southern Iran

Introduction Torque teno virus (TTV) and SEN virus are circular single-stranded DNA viruses that cause blood-borne infections. The SEN virus (SEN-V) was originally detected in the serum of an injection drug user infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently TTV was discovered as a potential causative agent of non-A-E hepatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the SEN-V-D/H and TTV in HIV patients and healthy blood donors in Iran. Methods One hundred and fifty HIV patients with a mean age of 50.46 ± 18.46 years and 150 healthy blood donors with a mean age of 48.16 ± 13.73 years were included in this study. TTV and SEN-V were detected by the PCR and were quantitatively assayed by competitive PCR (nested and semi-nested PCR). Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to determine the heterogeneity of TTV. Results TTV and SEN-V were detected 96 (64%) and 84 (56%) of 150 HIV patients respectively. These rates were 34% (n=51) and 37.33% (n=56) in healthy blood donors (significant, p<0.05). PCR detected SEN-V/TTV DNA from 32 of the healthy blood donors (21.33%), while 65 (43.33%) of HIV patients were positive for SEN-V/TTV DNA. Of 150 HIV patients, 32.66% and 23.33% were positive for SEN-V-H and SEN-V-D, respectively and 18.66% (n=28) were co-infected with SEN-V-D/H. Conclusions The prevalence of SEN-VD/H and TTV is higher in HIV patients than in healthy blood donors in Southern Iran. Our results suggest that TTV and SEN-V might play a role in the development of liver disease in patients with immunodeficiency diseases.

Detection of purkinje images for automatic positioning of fixation target and interferometric measurements of anterior eye chamber

In cataract surgery, the eye’s natural lens is removed because it has gone opaque and doesn’t allow clear vision any longer. To maintain the eye’s optical power, a new artificial lens must be inserted. Called Intraocular Lens (IOL), it needs to be modelled in order to have the correct refractive power to substitute the natural lens. Calculating the refractive power of this substitution lens requires precise anterior eye chamber measurements. An interferometry equipment, the AC Master from Zeiss Meditec, AG, was in use for half a year to perform these measurements. A Low Coherence Interferometry (LCI) measurement beam is aligned with the eye’s optical axis, for precise measurements of anterior eye chamber distances. The eye follows a fixation target in order to make the visual axis align with the optical axis. Performance problems occurred, however, at this step. Therefore, there was a necessity to develop a new procedure that ensures better alignment between the eye’s visual and optical axes, allowing a more user friendly and versatile procedure, and eventually automatizing the whole process. With this instrument, the alignment between the eye’s optical and visual axes is detected when Purkinje reflections I and III are overlapped, as the eye follows a fixation target. In this project, image analysis is used to detect these Purkinje reflections’ positions, eventually automatically detecting when they overlap. Automatic detection of the third Purkinje reflection of an eye following a fixation target is possible with some restrictions. Each pair of detected third Purkinje reflections is used in automatically calculating an acceptable starting position for the fixation target, required for precise measurements of anterior eye chamber distances.

Does direct cash flow presentation help in predicting future operating cash flow?

Research literature and regulators are unconditional in pointing the disclosure of operating cash flow through direct method a section of unique information. Besides the intuitive facet, it is also consistent in forecasting future operating cash flows and a cohesive piece to financial statement puzzle. Bearing this in mind, I produce an analysis on the usefulness and predictive ability on the disclosure of gross cash receipts and payments over the disclosure of reconciliation between net income and accruals for two markets with special features, Portugal and Spain. Results validate the usefulness of direct method format in predicting future operating cash flow. Key

Leishmania, Babesia and Ehrlichia in urban pet dogs: co-infection or cross-reaction in serological methods?

INTRODUCTION: The present study was designed to assess the occurrence of co-infection or cross-reaction in the serological techniques used for detecting the anti-Leishmania spp., -Babesia canis vogeli and -Ehrlichia canis antibodies in urban dogs from an area endemic to these parasites. METHODS: The serum samples from dogs were tested for the Babesia canis vogeli strain Belo Horizonte antigen and Ehrlichia canis strain São Paulo by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and by anti-Leishmania immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody detection to assess Leishmania infection. We used the following four commercial kits for canine visceral leishmaniasis: ELISA, IFAT, Dual Path Platform (DPP) (Bio Manguinhos(r)/FIOCRUZ/MS) and a rK39 RDT (Kalazar Detect Canine Rapid Test; Inbios). RESULTS : Of 96 serum samples submitted to serological assays, 4 (4.2%) were positive for Leishmania as determined by ELISA; 12 (12.5%), by IFAT; 14 (14.6%) by rK39 RDT; and 20 (20.8%), by DPP. Antibodies against Ehrlichia and Babesia were detected in 23/96 (23.9%) and 30/96 (31.2%) samples, respectively. No significant association was identified between the results of tests for detecting Babesia or Ehrlichia and those for detecting Leishmania (p-value>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we demonstrated co-infection with Ehrlichia or Babesia and Leishmania in dogs from Minas Gerais (Brazil); we also found that the serological tests that were used did not cross-react.

Estudo de viabilidade da valorização de resíduos da cultura do arroz por co-pirólise e co-gasificação para a produção de energia renovável

Anualmente, milhares de toneladas de resíduos agrícolas são gerados no mundo, sendo a cultura do arroz uma das que mais contribui para a sua produção, especialmente com casca e palha de arroz, além dos plásticos gerados nas etapas de colheita, transporte e transformação do produto. Tradicionalmente estes resíduos são descartados ou aproveitados através de vias pouco eficientes, com consequências negativas para o ambiente. Múltiplas tecnologias têm sido estudadas e desenvolvidas para assim transformar estes resíduos em produtos de interesse: (i) gasificação, (ii) combustão e (iii) pirólise. Na presente dissertação foi avaliada a viabilidade da construção duma central de valorização de resíduos da cultura de arroz, em Portugal, através das tecnologias de co-gasificação e co-pirólise. Considerou-se que o gás de síntese, gerado na co-gasificação, é utilizado para produzir energia elétrica, e que o bio-óleo, gerado na co-pirólise, é utilizado para produzir energia elétrica ou para ser vendido a uma refinaria. A avaliação foi realizada com base no capital total de investimento, nos custos de operação e na renda gerada pela venda (i) de energia elétrica ou (ii) do bio-óleo. Com os indicadores económicos analisados, conclui-se que em Portugal nenhuma das duas tecnologias é viável, principalmente devido (i) às reduzidas quantidades de resíduos originados pela cultura de arroz neste país e (ii) aos elevados custos de transporte da matéria-prima. Caso fosse feito o aproveitamento da quantidade total de plásticos provenientes do fluxo agrícola português (4 782 t.ano-1), a construção duma central de co-pirólise seria rentável, obtendo-se uma taxa interna de rentabilidade de 69% para a venda de energia elétrica e 23,5% para venda de bio-óleo.

An atypical Toxoplasma gondii genotype in a rural Brazilian dog co-infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis

Toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis are two worldwide zoonoses caused by the protozoan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania spp., respectively. This report describes the clinical and laboratorial findings of a co-infection with both parasites in a 4-year-old female dog suspected of ehrlichiosis that presented anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, tachyzoite-like structures to the lung imprints, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results positive for T. gondii (kidney, lung, and liver) and Leishmania spp. Co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania braziliensis was confirmed by sequencing; restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (RFLP-PCR) confirmed an atypical T. gondii genotype circulating in dogs that has been reported to cause human congenital toxoplasmosis.

Estudo de carbonizados resultantes da gasificação e co-pirólise de resíduos da produção e processamento de arroz. Remoção de Cr3+ presente em meio líquido

A presente dissertação apresenta o estudo de dois carbonizados, provenientes da gasificação (CG) e co-pirólise (CP) de resíduos da cultura e processamento de arroz, no processo de remoção de Cr3+ presente em meio líquido. Os materiais de partida – casca de arroz (CA) e polietileno (PE) – utilizados nos ensaios de gasificação e co-pirólise, e os carbonizados resultantes destes processos térmicos, foram caracterizados através de ensaios físicos, químicos e ecotoxicológicos. O elemento químico com maior concentração, em todos os materiais, foi o Si. Nenhum dos eluatos revelou ecotoxicidade. No estudo de remoção de Cr3+ com os dois carbonizados avaliaram-se os efeitos dos seguintes parâmetros: pH inicial da solução, massa de adsorvente, tempo de contacto e concentração inicial de Cr3+. O carbonizado que teve o melhor desempenho na remoção de Cr3+ foi o CG, com remoções de cerca de 100%, devido ao aumento de pH, que provocou a precipitação do Cr. A capacidade de adsorção deste carbonizado variou entre 12 e 26 mg Cr3+.mg-1 CG, para uma concentração inicial aproximada de Cr3+ de 50 mg.L-1, pH inicial de 5, tempo de contacto de 24 horas e razões L/S entre 800 e 1000 mL. g-1. Foram aplicados os modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira ordem e pseudo-segunda ordem, e as isotérmicas de Langmuir, Freundlich e Sips. Observou-se um melhor ajustamento da cinética de pseudo-segunda ordem para CG. No CP verificou-se que ambos os modelos cinéticos se ajustavam aos dados experimentais. No CG observou-se que as isotérmicas de Freundlich e Sips apresentaram os melhores ajustamentos. Foi realizado um estudo dos mecanismos de adsorção para o CG e verificou-se que a troca iónica foi o fenómeno predominante. A avaliação ecotoxicológica das soluções contendo Cr, antes e após o ensaio de adsorção, indicou que o CG promoveu uma redução acentuada da ecotoxicidade das soluções até um nível não detetável.

Complexos Organometálicos: caracterização preliminar de compostos de vanádio e de moléculas libertadoras de CO como potenciais fármacos

Vários complexos metálicos têm sido explorados visando uma melhoria de atuais tratamentos das mais variadas doenças. Os compostos de vanádio apresentam uma capacidade de mimetizar a ação da insulina, insurgindo-se assim como uma aposta no tratamento da doença Diabetes mellitus. O monóxido de carbono (CO), outrora visto como apenas um agente tóxico, atualmente é explorado pelas suas capacidades anti-inflamatórias, tendo-se desenvolvido moléculas libertadoras de CO, os CORMs, de modo a tirar partido dos seus efeitos biológicos. Com vista a determinar a formação de aductos entre os complexos organometálicos de vanádio e diferentes proteínas e caracterizar o tipo de interação estabelecida recorreu-se à Cristalografia de raios-X. A estrutura cristalográfica do aducto VOIV(picolinato)2–tripsina bovina foi obtida a 1,09 Å de resolução, mostrando o complexo VOIV(pic)2 no centro ativo da enzima, coordenado à cadeia lateral da serina catalítica (Ser195), numa geometria octaédrica. Ensaios cinéticos preliminares realizados com o complexo VO(pic)2 foram efetuados para determinar potenciais efeitos inibitórios na atividade das enzimas lisozima da clara do ovo (HEWL) e tripsina. O potencial terapêutico dos CORMs associado à Nanotecnologia foi explorado para o [Ru(CO)3Cl(glicinato)] (CORM-3), visando desenvolver nanopartículas de ouro (AuNPs) funcionalizadas com o composto e diferentes proteínas. A toxicidade celular direta do CORM-3, bem como alguns potenciais efeitos biológicos de CORM-3–albumina de soro humano (BSA) e CORM-3–HEWL foram também avaliados, recorrendo a ensaios de viabilidade celular , riscados celulares, e RT-qPCR em várias linhas celulares tumorais e linha primária de fibroblastos humanos. Foi possível iniciar o desenvolvimento de nanosistemas de AuNPs@PEG@BSA e AuNPs@PEG@HEWL, seguindo-se futuramente a conjugação com o CORM-3. Não foi possível determinar o efeito anti-inflamatório do CORM-3 e seus conjugados através da análise dos genes de resposta por RT-qPCR em tempo real, no entanto determinou-se que o composto CORM-3 não possui toxicidade em linhas celulares tumorais, e que aparenta fomentar a regeneração celular em fibroblastos e células tumorais NINA, sendo este efeito potenciado aquando conjugação com BSA.

Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens against Gram-negative bacteria isolated in a Brazilian teaching hospital

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTION: Monte Carlo simulations have been used for selecting optimal antibiotic regimens for treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic target attainment of intravenous β-lactam regimens commonly used to treat bloodstream infections (BSIs) caused by Gram-negative rod-shaped organisms in a Brazilian teaching hospital.METHODS: In total, 5,000 patients were included in the Monte Carlo simulations of distinct antimicrobial regimens to estimate the likelihood of achieving free drug concentrations above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; fT > MIC) for the requisite periods to clear distinct target organisms. Microbiological data were obtained from blood culture isolates harvested in our hospital from 2008 to 2010.RESULTS: In total, 614 bacterial isolates, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacterspp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were analyzed Piperacillin/tazobactam failed to achieve a cumulative fraction of response (CFR) > 90% for any of the isolates. While standard dosing (short infusion) of β-lactams achieved target attainment for BSIs caused by E. coliand Enterobacterspp., pharmacodynamic target attainment against K. pneumoniaeisolates was only achieved with ceftazidime and meropenem (prolonged infusion). Lastly, only prolonged infusion of high-dose meropenem approached an ideal CFR against P. aeruginosa; however, no antimicrobial regimen achieved an ideal CFR against A. baumannii.CONCLUSIONS:These data reinforce the use of prolonged infusions of high-dose β-lactam antimicrobials as a reasonable strategy for the treatment of BSIs caused by multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria in Brazil.

Spatial distribution of disseminated histoplasmosis and AIDS co-infection in an endemic area of Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: The spatial distribution of disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) co-infection in adult residents of Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil was evaluated. METHODS: Socio-demographic data for the DH/AIDS cases were obtained from a reference hospital, and socio-environmental indicators were obtained from an official Brazilian institute. Kernel analysis and local indicators of spatial autocorrelation (LISA) cluster maps were used to estimate the case density within the city. RESULTS: DH/AIDS cases were concentrated in the Northwestern and Southwestern peripheral areas of the city, related with low human development indices, but different from AIDS cases distribution. CONCLUSION: Risk factors other than AIDS infection must affect histoplasmosis development in this area.

Evaluation of human T-lymphotropic virus prevalence/co-infection rates for a four-year period in a non-metropolitan blood center in Southeast Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Human T-lymphotropic virus types 1/2 (HTLV-1/2) are distributed worldwide and are endemic in specific regions. METHODS: Serological evaluation of the HTLV-1/2 prevalence and co-infection rate [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Chagas disease, and syphilis)] for 2011-2014 was performed with volunteer blood donors from the western part of São Paulo State. RESULTS: Serrana and Araçatuba had higher HTLV seroprevalence rates (0.1%); while Franca, Olimpia, and Bebedouro had lower seroprevalences (0.04%). Co-infection (HBV and syphilis) was present in 12.3% of HTLV-infected blood donors. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide data for the prevalence of HTLV in Brazil and demonstrate the importance of regional and global hemovigilance.

Study of in vivo interactions between penicillin-binding proteins of Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a major human pathogen that has acquired resistance to practically all classes of β-lactam antibiotics, being responsible of Multidrug resistant S. aureus (MRSA) associated infections both in healthcare (HA-MRSA) and community settings (CA-MRSA). The emergence of laboratory strains with high-resistance (VRSA) to the last resort antibiotic, vancomycin, is a warning of what is to come in clinical strains. Penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) target β-lactams and are responsible for catalyzing the last steps of synthesis of the main component of cell wall, peptidoglycan. As in Escherichia coli, it is suggested that S. aureus uses a multi-protein complex that carries out cell wall synthesis. In the presence of β-lactams, PBP2A and PBP2 perform a joint action to build the cell wall and allow cell survival. Likewise, PBP2 cooperates with PBP4 in cell wall cross-linking. However, an actual interaction between PBP2 and PBP4 and the location of such interaction has not yet been determined. Therefore, investigation of the existence of a PBP2-PBP4 interaction and its location(s) in vivo is of great interest, as it should provide new insights into the function of the cell wall synthesis machinery in S. aureus. The aim of this work was to develop Split-GFPP7 system to determine interactions between PBP2 and PBP4. GFPP7 was split in a strategic site and fused to proteins of interest. When each GFPP7 fragment, fused to proteins, was expressed alone in staphylococcal cells, no fluorescence was detectable. When GFPP7 fragments fused to different peptidoglycan synthesis (PBP2 and PBP4) or cell division (FtsZ and EzrA) proteins were co-expressed together, fluorescent fusions were localized to the septum. However, further analysis revealed that this positive result is mediated by GFPP7 self-association. We then interpret the results in light of such event and provide insights into ways of improving this system.