Two-phase flow measurements with spacer grid in a rod bundle geometry

Heat transfer effectiveness in nuclear rod bundles is of great importance to nuclear reactor safety and economics. An important design parameter is the Critical Heat Flux (CHF), which limits the transferred heat from the fuel to the coolant. The CHF is determined by flow behaviour, especially the turbulence created inside the fuel rod bundle. Adiabatic experiments can be used to characterize the flow behaviour separately from the heat transfer phenomena in diabatic flow. To enhance the turbulence, mixing vanes are attached to spacer grids, which hold the rods in place. The vanes either make the flow swirl around a single sub-channel or induce cross-mixing between adjacent sub-channels. In adiabatic two-phase conditions an important phenomenon that can be investigated is the effect of the spacer on canceling the lift force, which collects the small bubbles to the rod surfaces leading to decreased CHF in diabatic conditions and thus limits the reactor power. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used to simulate the flow numerically and to test how different spacer configurations affect the flow. Experimental data is needed to validate and verify the used CFD models. Especially the modeling of turbulence is challenging even for single-phase flow inside the complex sub-channel geometry. In two-phase flow other factors such as bubble dynamics further complicate the modeling. To investigate the spacer grid effect on two-phase flow, and to provide further experimental data for CFD validation, a series of experiments was run on an adiabatic sub-channel flow loop using a duct-type spacer grid with different configurations. Utilizing the wire-mesh sensor technology, the facility gives high resolution experimental data in both time and space. The experimental results indicate that the duct-type spacer grid is less effective in canceling the lift force effect than the egg-crate type spacer tested earlier.

Influences of alpha-tocopherol on cholesterol metabolism and fatty streak development in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice fed an atherogenic diet

Although the role of oxidized lipoproteins is well known in atherogenesis, the role of vitamin E supplementation is still controversial. There is also little information about cholesterol metabolism (hepatic concentration and fecal excretion) in the new models of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of moderate vitamin E supplementation on cholesterol metabolism and atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E (apo E)-deficient mice. Apo E-deficient mice were fed an atherogenic diet containing 40 or 400 mg/kg of alpha-tocopherol acetate for 6 weeks. Total cholesterol in serum and liver and 3-OH-alpha-sterols in feces, and fecal excretion of bile acids were determined and histological analyses of aortic lesion were performed. A vitamin E-rich diet did not affect body weight, food intake or serum cholesterol. Serum and hepatic concentrations of cholesterol as well as sterol concentration in feces were similar in both groups. However, when compared to controls, the alpha-tocopherol-treated mice showed a reduction of about 60% in the atherosclerotic lesions when both the sum of lesion areas and the average of the largest lesion area were considered. These results demonstrate that supplementation of moderate doses of alpha-tocopherol was able to slow atherogenesis in apo E-deficient mice and to reduce atherogenic lipoproteins without modifying the hepatic pool or fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids.

Erythrocytes may contain a ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase which plays a role in internal K+ balance

Erythrocytes are useful in evaluating K+ transport pathways involved in internal K+ balance. Several forms of H+,K+-ATPase have been described in nephron segments active in K+ transport. Furthermore, the activity of a ouabain-insensitive isoform of H+,K+-ATPase expressed in collecting duct cells may be modulated by acid-base status. Various assays were performed to determine if a ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase is present in rat erythrocytes and, if so, whether it plays a role in internal K+ balance. Kinetic studies demonstrated that maximal stimulation of enzyme activity was achieved with 2.5 mM K+ at pH 7.4. Subsequent experiments were performed on erythrocyte membranes collected from animals submitted to varying degrees of K+ homeostasis: control rats, K+-depleted rats, K+-loaded rats, and rats rendered hyperkalemic due to acute renal failure. As observed in the collecting duct cell studies, there was a significant decrease in the activity of ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase in the erythrocytes of both K+-loaded and metabolically alkalotic K+-depleted rats. However, this enzyme activity in erythrocyte membranes of rats with metabolic acidosis-related hyperkalemia was similar to that of control animals. This finding may be interpreted as resulting from two potentially modulating factors: the stimulating effect that metabolic acidosis has on K+-ATPase and the counteracting effect that hyperkalemia and uremia have on metabolic acidosis. In summary, we present evidence of a ouabain-insensitive K+-ATPase in erythrocytes, whose activity is modulated by acid-base status and K+ levels.

Cl- and regulation of pH by MDCK-C11 cells

The interaction between H+ extrusion via H+-ATPase and Cl- conductance was studied in the C11 clone of MDCK cells, akin to the intercalated cells of the collecting duct. Cell pH (pHi) was measured by fluorescence microscopy using the fluorescein-derived probe BCECF-AM. Control recovery rate measured after a 20 mM NH4Cl acid pulse was 0.136 ± 0.008 pH units/min (dpHi/dt) in Na+ Ringer and 0.032 ± 0.003 in the absence of Na+ (0 Na+). With 0 Na+ plus the Cl- channel inhibitor NPPB (10 µM), recovery was reduced to 0.014 ± 0.001 dpHi/dt. 8-Br-cAMP, known to activate CFTR Cl- channels, increased dpHi/dt in 0 Na+ to 0.061 ± 0.009 and also in the presence of 46 nM concanamycin and 50 µM Schering 28080. Since it is thought that the Cl- dependence of H+-ATPase might be due to its electrogenic nature and the establishment of a +PD (potential difference) across the cell membrane, the effect of 10 µM valinomycin at high (100 mM) K+ was tested in our cells. In Na+ Ringer, dpHi/dt was increased, but no effect was detected in 0 Na+ Ringer in the presence of NPPB, indicating that in intact C11 cells the effect of blocking Cl- channels on dpHi/dt was not due to an adverse electrical gradient. The effect of 100 µM ATP was studied in 0 Na+ Ringer solution; this treatment caused a significant inhibition of dpHi/dt, reversed by 50 µM Bapta. We have shown that H+-ATPase present in MDCK C11 cells depends on Cl- ions and their channels, being regulated by cAMP and ATP, but not by the electrical gradient established by electrogenic H+ transport.

Mesenteric lymph reperfusion exacerbates spleen injury caused by superior mesenteric artery occlusion shock

The intestinal lymph pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of organ injury following superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) shock. We hypothesized that mesenteric lymph reperfusion (MLR) is a major cause of spleen injury after SMAO shock. To test this hypothesis, SMAO shock was induced in Wistar rats by clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. Similarly, MLR was performed by clamping the mesenteric lymph duct (MLD) for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 2 h. In the MLR+SMAO group rats, both the SMA and MLD were clamped and then released for reperfusion for 2 h. SMAO shock alone elicited: 1) splenic structure injury, 2) increased levels of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide (NO), intercellular adhesion molecule-1, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide receptor (CD14), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α, 3) enhanced activities of NO synthase and myeloperoxidase, and 4) decreased activities of superoxide dismutase and ATPase. MLR following SMAO shock further aggravated these deleterious effects. We conclude that MLR exacerbates spleen injury caused by SMAO shock, which itself is associated with oxidative stress, excessive release of NO, recruitment of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, endotoxin translocation, and enhanced inflammatory responses.

EXTRAÇÃO DOS ALCALÓIDES: CAFEÍNA E TRIGONELINA DOS GRÃOS DE CAFÉ COM C SUPERCRÍTICO

A descafeinação do café canephora é vantajosa tanto para a obtenção da cafeína quanto para valorização desta espécie. A cafeína, subproduto da descafeinação, atua como estimulante e diurético no organismo e é usado pelas indústrias de bebidas de refrigerante e farmacêutica. Existem patentes industriais aplicando CO2 supercrítico na extração da cafeína do café. Porém pouco é divulgado sobre a extração da trigonelina (alcalóide importante na formação da vitamina‘ niacina’), que atua no sistema nervoso central, na secreção da bile e no intestino. O objetivo deste trabalho foi levantar subsídios experimentais e teóricos para a extração de alcalóides dos grãos de café canephora, variedade robusta, usando CO2 supercrítico. Os dados foram obtidos num aparelho de extração a altas pressões onde as variáveis termodinâmicas são independentemente controladas. Os alcalóides foram analisados por Cromatografia Liquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). As solubilidades da cafeína pura e a obtida dos grãos de café no CO2 supercrítico foram determinadas a 313, 323 e 343 K, de 9,5 a 23,5 MPa. Os resultados revelam a existência de um comportamento retrógrado para a solubilidade da cafeína pura e a obtida dos grãos de café; também mostram a seletividade do CO2 supercrítico pela cafeína quando comparada a trigonelina. A modelagem termodinâmica do equilíbrio sólido-fluido usando uma equação de estado de quarta ordem correlacionou satisfatoriamente as solubilidades da cafeína pura no solvente supercrítico.

Aeromonas spp. e Plesiomonas shigelloides isoladas a partir de mexilhões (Perna perna) in natura e pré-cozidos no Rio de Janeiro, RJ

O ecossistema aquático é o habitat de mexilhões (Perna perna), animais filtradores que refletem a qualidade ambiental através de análise microbiológica de sua carne. No presente trabalho avaliou-se a presença de patógenos emergentes (Aeromonas hydrophila e Plesiomonas shigelloides), em mexilhões in natura e pré-cozidos coletados por pescadores da Estação Experimental de Cultivo de Mexilhões situada em Jurujuba, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Foram analisadas 86 amostras de mexilhões (43 in natura e 43 pré-cozidos) as quais foram submetidas a enriquecimento em Água Peptonada Alcalina (APA) acrescida de 1 e 3% de Cloreto de Sódio (NaCl) e em solução Salina de Butterfield, incubadas a 37ºC por 24 horas. Em seguida, foram semeadas em Ágar Seletivo para Pseudomonas-Aeromonas (GSP), Ágar Tiossulfato Citrato Bile Sacarose (TCBS) e Ágar Inositol Bile Verde Brilhante (IBB). A análise geral dos resultados permitiu a identificação de Areomonas spp e Plesiomonas shigelloides em 86% das amostras de mexilhões in natura e pré-cozidas avaliadas. A posterior caracterização bioquímica permitiu a identificação das espécies Aeromonas media (37,10%), A. hydrophila (15,50%), A. caviae (14,80%), A. veronii biogrupo veronii (11,60%), Aeromonas sp. (7,36%), A. sobria (4,20%), A. trota (4,20%), A. schubertii (1,31%), A. jandaei (1,31%), A. veronii biogrupo sobria (0,52%) e Plesiomonas shigelloides (2,10%). A relevância epidemiológica desses microrganismos em casos de gastrenterite humana, após consumo de mexilhões crus ou parcialmente cozidos, revela a importância de alertar as autoridades de Saúde Pública no Brasil, sobre a presença desses patógenos na cadeia alimentar e seus riscos para a saúde humana.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus produtores de urease isolados a partir de ostras (Crassostrea rizophorae) coletadas in natura em restaurantes e mexilhões (Perna perna) de banco natural

A presença de Vibrio parahaemolyticus foi avaliada em 50 amostras de moluscos bivalves marinhos compostas por 40 amostras de ostras coletadas em 15 restaurantes do Rio de Janeiro e 10 amostras de mexilhões capturados de banco natural em Ponta de Itaipú - Niterói. Foram empregadas a técnica do Número Mais Provável (NMP) para a enumeração de V. parahaemolyticus utilizando Caldo Glicosado Salgado com Teepol (GSTB) e Água Peptonada Alcalina (APA) com 3% de cloreto de sódio (NaCl). Paralelamente foi realizada técnica de enriquecimento em APA com 1 e 3% de NaCl. Decorrido o período de incubação de ambas as técnicas, foi realizado plaqueamento em ágar TCBS (Tiossulfato Citrato Bile Sacarose). Todas as cepas de V. parahaemolyticus isoladas através das duas técnicas foram testadas para o fenômeno de Kanagawa e, quanto à produção de urease. Do total de 141 cepas de V. parahaemolyticus isoladas, 62% revelaram-se urease positivas e, dentre estas, os sorotipos predominantes foram O10:K?, O11:K? e O3:K57 dentre o total de 24 sorotipos urease positivos identificados. Embora todas as cepas de V. parahaemolyticus tenham sido Kanagawa negativas, os resultados apontam elevada incidência desta espécie em ostras comercializadas em restaurantes.

Vibrio spp. isolados a partir de mexilhões (Perna perna) in natura e pré-cozidos de Estação Experimental de Cultivo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

A análise microbiológica dos mexilhões reflete a qualidade do habitat aquático, pois estes animais podem reter em seus organismos diversos patógenos, dentre os quais aqueles pertencentes à família Vibrionaceae. No presente estudo foi avaliada a presença de Vibrio spp. em mexilhões (in natura e pré-cozidos), comercializados na Estação Experimental de Cultivo de Mexilhões, situada em Jurujuba, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro. Foram avaliadas 86 amostras, tomando como procedimento, o enriquecimento em Água Peptonada Alcalina (APA) adicionada de 1 e 3% de NaCl, isolamento em Agar Tiossulfato Citrato Bile Sacarose (TCBS) e confirmação das colônias típicas por análise bioquímica. Dentre as 12 espécies de Vibrio identificadas destacaram-se como de maior prevalência as espécies Vibrio alginolyticus, V. cholerae não-O1, V. parahaemolyticus, V. carchariae e Vibrio vulnificus. A relevância epidemiológica destes patógenos associada a casos de gastrenterite humana após consumo de mexilhões crus ou parcialmente cozidos, reforça a importância de alertar as autoridades de Vigilância Sanitária sobre sua presença na cadeia alimentar e seus riscos para a Saúde Pública.

Avaliação sensorial de produtos panificados com adição de farinha de bagaço de maçã

A industrialização da maçã, em particular do suco, gera, no processamento, como principal resíduo ou subproduto, o bagaço, e como gerenciá-lo adequadamente está entre as prioridades das indústrias processadoras. A composição físico-química da farinha de bagaço de maçã apresentou, neste estudo, 43% de fibras em base seca. Os estudos sobre as fibras demonstram que elas exercem uma ação hipocolesterolêmica, reduzindo a digestão e a absorção dos lipídios dietéticos, aumentando a excreção fecal dos ácidos biliares e esteróis neutros, aumentando a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no cólon e diminuindo a porcentagem de ácidos biliares primários na bile. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar sensorialmente produtos panificados, adicionados de farinha de bagaço de maçã, e comprovar que a farinha de bagaço de maçã pode constituir fonte alternativa potencial de fibra alimentar para a formulação de alimentos panificados.

Evaluation of the use of PetrifilmTM EB count plates for the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in poultry samples

A test that is rapid, simple, accurate, not expensive, gives rapid results, and is sensitive enough to detect low levels of microorganisms would be the most suitable for food industry routine laboratories, or even for a public health laboratories. A ready-to-use alternative, commercially available method is the PetrifilmTM EB method. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is a statistically significant difference between the conventional methods based on Violet Red Bile Glucose Agar and the alternative 3M TM Petrifilm (EB) method for the enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae in poultry carcasses. This study also assessed whether the alternative method showed ability to produce results that were directly proportional to the concentration of the target (approximately 270 colony-forming unit.mL-1). A total of 120 poultry carcasses samples showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the populations obtained by the two methods, and the conventional method showed low proportionality between the dilutions. On the other hand, the PetrifilmTM EB quantification system showed the capacity to produce results that are proportional to the concentration of the analyte in samples in the concentration range from 1 to 256 colony-forming unit.mL-1.

Phisicochemical, sensory, and microbiological evaluation and development of symbiotic fermented drink

The goal of this study was to develop a symbiotic lacteous drink, evaluate its physicochemical and sensory characteristics, and verify the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in the drink. The milk serum-based drink consisted of 50% milk serum containing 10% saccharose, 25% powdered milk, 15% yacon pulp, and cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus-La 5E and Bifidobacterium bifidum BB12. It was stored for up to 21 days under refrigeration. The milk serum-based drink was analyzed for protein, ether extract, total dietary fiber, total frutans, carbohydrate content, color, pH, acidity, and contamination by coliforms, and Salmonella sp. Coliforms and Salmonella sp were not detected, and L. acidophilus and B. bifidum provided satisfactory probiotic counts up to 21 days of storage under refrigeration. Lactobacillus acidophilus resistance to gastric acids and bile salts was detected only up to seven days of storage when evaluated in vitro. Sensory analysis and purchase viability were evaluated by consumers at 0, 7, 14, and 21 days of storage. Based on the analytical results and consumer evaluation, the drink was acceptable up to seven days of storage.

Biomarkers, medical treatment and fetal intrapartum surveillance in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is a pregnancy-specific disorder characterized by maternal pruritus and elevated liver enzymes. It usually begins in the third trimester of pregnancy and resolves spontaneously after delivery. ICP is considered benign for the pregnant woman, but it is associated with an increased risk for unexplained term stillbirth and preterm delivery. There are no specific laboratory markers to diagnose ICP. The diagnosis is currently based on the presence of maternal pruritus and elevated values of alanine aminotransaminases (ALT) and serum bile acids (BA). Recently, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been used for treatment. Mechanisms leading to intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) may be multifactorial and are unknown at present. For this thesis, 415 pregnant women with ICP were studied. The aim was to evaluate the value of the liver enzyme glutathione S-transferase alpha (GSTA) as a specific marker of ICP and to assess the effect of maternal UDCA therapy on maternal laboratory values and fetal outcome. The specific markers predisposing the fetus to heart arrhythmia were studied by comparing waveform analysis of fetal electrocardiograms (FECG) during labor in pregnancies complicated by ICP with controls. The levels of maternal GSTA were high and the values correlated with the value of ALT in patients with ICP. UDCA therapy reduced the values of the liver enzymes and alleviated maternal pruritus, but it did not influence maternal hormonal values. Although the newborns experienced an uneventful perinatal outcome, severe ICP was still associated with preterm birth and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There were no significant differences in intrapartum FECG findings between fetuses born to ICP women and controls.

Innovatiivisten ja funktionaalisten tuotteiden kysynnän ennustaminen terveydenhuollonalan tukkuyrityksessä

Tässä diplomityössä tutkitaan miten kysyntää voidaan ennustaa erityyppisille tuotteille. Työssä esitellään miten funktionaaliset ja innovatiiviset tuotteet poikkeavat toisistaan sekä miten niiden toimitusketjut eroavat. Työssä esitellään kvantitatiivisia ja kvalitatiivisia menetelmiä kysynnän ennustamiseen erityyppisille tuotteille ja sitä kuinka ennustemenetelmä tulisi tuotteille valita. Työssä käydään läpi ennusteprosessi, ennusteiden suorituskyvyn mittaaminen ja ennustamisen hyödyt ja sudenkuopat. Työn käytännönosuus on tehty kohdeyritykselle, joka toimii terveydenhuollonalan maahantuojana ja tukkuyrityksenä. Työn tarkoituksena on luoda yritykselle ennusteenvalintatyökalu, jonka avulla voidaan valita yrityksen toisistaan poikkeaville tuotteille tarpeeseen sopivia kysynnän ennusteita. Työssä luodaan ennusteet neljälle yrityksen toisistaan poikkeavalle tuoteryhmälle, joista jokaisella on erilainen tarve ennusteen käytölle. Jokaisesta tuoteryhmästä on valittu yhdestä kolmeen tuotetta, joille luodaan ennusteet käyttäen yhtä tai kahta erilaista menetelmää ja niiden suoriutumista verrataan yksinkertaisimpaan menetelmään, naiiviin menetelmän tuloksiin.

Air Ducts

Air duct running along the utilities tunnel.