Evaluating the federal role in financing health-related research

This paper considers the appropriate role for government in the support of scientific and technological progress in health care; the information the federal government needs to make well-informed decisions about its role; and the ways that federal policy toward research and development should respond to scientific advances, technology trends, and changes in the political and social environment. The principal justification for government support of research rests upon economic characteristics that lead private markets to provide inappropriate levels of research support or to supply inappropriate quantities of the products that result from research. The federal government has two basic tools for dealing with these problems: direct subsidies for research and strengthened property rights that can increase the revenues that companies receive for the products that result from research. In the coming years, the delivery system for health care will continue to undergo dramatic changes, new research opportunities will emerge at a rapid pace, and the pressure to limit discretionary federal spending will intensify. These forces make it increasingly important to improve the measurement of the costs and benefits of research and to recognize the tradeoffs among alternative policies for promoting innovation in health care.

The Effect of the Farmer Assurance Provision of the Consolidated and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013 on Biodiversity and Global Food Security

A rider to a US law, the Consolidated and Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, known as the Farmer Assurance Provision, encourages the large-scale genetic modification and global distribution of agricultural crops, thereby undermining the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations' determination that food security rests on biodiversity. The rider blocks the US Department of Agriculture's mandate to prohibit farmers from growing crops from biotechnological seeds where the courts have found that this farm practice may cause damage to human health and/or degrade the environment. Despite genetically modified organisms (GMOs) reducing unwanted traits in plants, the paper supports the UN's mission for biodiversity and that more long-term testing was (and is) needed for GMO products, developed from 1994 on, before a hasty piece of Congressional legislation as was made in this case.

Una nueva rábita en la playa de Guardamar del Segura: la rábita de El Moncayo

Se publican las noticias que ha arrojado la excavación en 2004 de unos muros situados en la denominada playa de El Moncayo. Los hallazgos se sitúan a unos 3 kilómetros al Sur del casco urbano de Guardamar del Segura; a unos 135 m. en dirección Norte está la Torre del Descargador (torre almenara de los siglos IV/X y V/XI), a unos 3,5 kilómetros se localiza El Castillo de Guardamar (de los siglos VIII a.C. al XIX) y, un poco más al Norte, a unos 4 kilómetros, en las proximidades de la desembocadura del Segura, los oratorios o rábitas de las dunas de Guardamar. Se dan a conocer los restos arquitectónicos y cerámicos aparecidos en la excavación del 2004 que se interpretan como de restos del recinto de una rábita o mezquitilla (cuando se excave más se verá si está aislada o hay más edificios similares), se presentan unos apuntes al hilo de la orientación de la rábita de El Moncayo y un estudio de la moneda andalusí hallada en la excavación de El Moncayo (datables entre en 429/1037-8 y 433/1041-2).

Analysis of Hyporheic Flow Induced by a Bar in a Gravel Stream: an Experimental Study

Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2016-06-01 00:03:02.939

SCAPHOID AND LUNATE CARPAL MECHANICS OVER THE SPECTRUM OF HEALTHY FUNCTION

When ligaments within the wrist are damaged, the resulting loss in range of motion and grip strength can lead to reduced earning potential and restricted ability to perform important activities of daily living. Left untreated, ligament injuries ultimately lead to arthritis and chronic pain. Surgical repair can mitigate these issues but current procedures are often non-anatomic and unable to completely restore the wrist’s complex network of ligaments. An inability to quantitatively assess wrist function clinically, both before and after surgery, limits the ability to assess the response to clinical intervention. Previous work has shown that bones within the wrist move in a similar pattern across people, but these patterns remain challenging to predict and model. In an effort to quantify and further develop the understanding of normal carpal mechanics, we performed two studies using 3D in vivo carpal bone motion analysis techniques. For the first study, we measured wrist laxity and performed CT scans of the wrist to evaluate 3D carpal bone positions. We found that through mid-range radial-ulnar deviation range of motion the scaphoid and lunate primarily flexed and extended; however, there was a significant relationship between wrist laxity and row-column behaviour. We also found that there was a significant relationship between scaphoid flexion and active radial deviation range of motion. For the second study, an analysis was performed on a publicly available database. We evaluated scapholunate relative motion over a full range of wrist positions, and found that there was a significant amount of variation in the location and orientation of the rotation axis between the two bones. Together the findings from the two studies illustrate the complexity and subject specificity of normal carpal mechanics, and should provide insights that can guide the development of anatomical wrist ligament repair surgeries that restore normal function.

Fraturas do rádio distal : revisão bibliográfica

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Tratamento endoscópico endonasal de tumores nasossinusais malignos : resseção e reconstrução

Trabalho Final do Curso de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 2014

Rebalancing the EU-Russia-Ukraine gas relationship. Bruegel Policy Contribution ISSUE 2014/15, DECEMBER 2014

The October 2014 agreement on gas supplies between Russia, Ukraine and the European Union did not resolve the Ukraine-Russia conflict over gas. The differences between parties in terms of objectives, growing mistrust and legacy issues make it unlikely that a long-term stable arrangement will be achieved without further escalation. Without EU pressure and support, Ukraine is likely to enter a new unfavourable gas arrangement with Russia, which could have repercussions beyond the energy sector. Key highlights: To reduce prices and increase the security of imports, the EU as a bloc should redefine its gas relationship with Russia and Ukraine and overcome the diverging interests of EU member states on second-order issues. Implementation of a joint strategy rests on enforcement of EU competition and gas market rules, a strengthened role for the Energy Community and the establishment of a market-based instrument for supply security. For Ukraine, the EU should serve as an anchor for comprehensive gas sector reform. Contingent on Ukraine’s reform efforts, EU financial and technical assistance, the enabling of reverse flows from the EU to Ukraine and pressure on Gazprom, should eventually enable Ukraine to obtain a sustainable gas-supply contract with Russia. This should make a sustainable and mutually beneficial Russia-Ukraine-EU gas relationship possible. However, during the transition, the EU should be prepared for possible frictions.

Determinants of Farm Labour Use: A Comparison between Ireland and Italy. Factor Markets Working Documents No. 60, August 2013

This paper examines the effect of the decoupling of farm direct payments upon the off-farm labour supply decisions of farmers in both Ireland and Italy, using panel data from the Farm Business Survey (REA) and FADN database covering the period from 2002 to 2009 to model these decisions. Drawing from the conceptual agricultural household model, the authors hypothesise that the decoupling of direct payments led to an increase in off-farm labour activity despite some competing factors. This hypothesis rests largely upon the argument that the effects of changes in relative wages have dominated other factors. At a micro level, the decoupling-induced decline in the farm wage relative to the non-farm wage ought to have provoked a greater incentive for off-farm labour supply. The main known competing argument is that decoupling introduced a new source of non-labour income i.e. a wealth effect. This may in turn have suppressed or eliminated the likelihood of increased off-farm labour supply for some farmers. For the purposes of comparative analysis, the Italian model utilises the data from the REA database instead of the FADN as the latter has a less than satisfactory coverage of labour issues. Both models are developed at a national level. The paper draws from the literature on female labour supply and uses a sample selection corrected ordinary least squares model to examine both the decisions of off-farm work participation and the decisions regarding the amount of time spent working off-farm. The preliminary results indicate that decoupling has not had a significant impact on off-farm labour supply in the case of Ireland but there appears to be a significantly negative relationship in the Italian case. It still remains the case in both countries that the wealth of the farmer is negatively correlated with the likelihood of off-farm employment.

Options for Increasing Europe’s Security Role on the Korean Peninsula. IES Policy Brief Issue 2014/06 • July 2014

Summary. Mainstream thinking about the role of the European Union in East Asia usually rests on non-traditional security threats such as human and environmental security. In contrast, and within the context of the continuing instability on the Korean peninsula, this Policy Brief looks at the potential for EU-Republic of Korea cooperation on hard security matters. This Policy Brief surmises that there is much room for cooperation that chimes with the objectives of the European Security Strategy and its Implementation Report. The Policy Brief concludes that the EU and Member States will need to balance desirability and ambition if coherent and effective EU-ROK cooperation is to emerge.

The Dilemmas of Diffusion: Institutional Transfer & the Remaking of Vocational Training Practices in Eastern Germany, CES Germany & Europe Working Papers, No. 05.10, 1996

Through a case study of the diffusion of the celebrated West Gennan "dual system" of vocational training to the territory of the fonner German Democratic Republic, we develop the argument that local sociopolitical relations matter crucially for the successful transfer and implementation of institutional arrangements. Notwithstanding massive levels of government funding, the presence of complementary supports, and the concerted efforts of Ger­many's social partners, the dual system is experiencing significant difficulties in the new federal states of the East. These difficulties are not due simply to the particular politics of unification (the wholesale transfer of West German institutions whether or not they were appropriate to Eastern Germany) nor even simply to the paucity of dynamic private firms capable of and willing to train new apprentices. The difficulties stem also from the under­ lying weaknesses of the East German sociopolitical infrastructure on which the entire dual system rests. This. hy­ pothesis is elaborated and substantiated through a range of data on training in the East and especially through the use of detailed case studies of Leipzig and Chemrutz.

Late Putin. The end of growth, the end of stability. OSW POINT OF VIEW #55, 2015-10-05

Since Vladimir Putin returned to the Kremlin as President in May 2012, the Russian system of power has become increasingly authoritarian, and has evolved towards a model of extremely personalised rule that derives its legitimacy from aggressive decisions in internal and foreign policy, escalates the use of force, and interferes increasingly assertively in the spheres of politics, history, ideology or even public morals. Putin’s power now rests on charismatic legitimacy to a much greater extent than it did during his first two presidential terms; currently the President is presented not only as an effective leader, but also as the sole guarantor of Russia’s stability and integrity. After 15 years of Putin’s rule, Russia’s economic model based on revenue from energy resources has exhausted its potential, and the country has no new model that could ensure continued growth for the economy. The Putinist system of power is starting to show symptoms of agony – it has been unable to generate new development projects, and has been compensating for its ongoing degradation by escalating repression and the use of force. However, this is not equivalent to its imminent collapse.

Rotas federativas para a promoção de capacidades estatais municipais: uma análise da experiência brasileira

Esta tese discute como o federalismo brasileiro promoveu, entre 1997 e 2014, iniciativas voltadas a desenvolver capacidades estatais nos municípios. Este tema foi retomado na agenda federal no primeiro governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-1998), prosseguiu nas duas gestões Lula (2003-2010) e, finalmente, no primeiro mandato de Dilma Rousseff (2011-2014). A descentralização de políticas iniciadas em 1998 constitui o contexto político e institucional que, diante das novas atribuições assumidas pelos municípios, demandam modernizar a sua gestão. Apresenta-se de que forma evolui a qualificação gerencial e administrativa nos municípios para situar que o desafio do federalismo cooperativo brasileiro possui para apoiar esses entes. A pesquisa foi organizada em três dimensões teóricas e analisou cinco casos. A primeira dimensão trata da cooperação por meio de arranjos de cooperação territorial, tendo o Comitê de Articulação Federativa (CAF), criado em 2003, como objeto de análise, pois reuniu representantes do governo federal e do municipalismo. Uma de suas áreas de ação foi o desenvolvimento de capacidades estatais municipais. A segunda dimensão aborda a cooperação federativa por meio de sistemas de políticas públicas. Comparou-se o Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS), criado em 2005, como a área da educação, que é desprovida desse tipo de arranjo intergovernamental sistêmico. Na educação a análise recai sobre o Plano de Ações Articuladas (PAR), que foi instituído em 2007. O SUAS possui uma ampla legislação e normatização voltada para os entes municipais nas quais se destacam exigências de modernização dos órgãos que localmente respondem por essa política. O objetivo é comparar se sistemas de políticas são mais eficazes para promover capacidades estatais que outras modalidades de relações federativas. A terceira dimensão teórica diz respeito aos programas federais criados para apoiar a qualificação das gestões municipais. Foram selecionados dois programas: o Programa de Modernização da Administração Tributária e da Gestão de Setores Sociais Básicos (PMAT), administrado pelo BNDES desde 1997, e o Programa Nacional de Apoio à Modernização Administrativa e Fiscal dos Municípios Brasileiros (PNAFM), gerenciado pelo Ministério da Fazenda e Caixa Econômica Federal desde 2001. A análise das três dimensões mostra que, com base na experiência comparada em nível internacional e na literatura sobre federalismo e relações intergovernamentais que, diante da forma como se organizou a cooperação territorial e a implantação de programas federais no Brasil, essas duas modalidades não são rotas viáveis para apoiar a modernização das gestões municipais. A pesquisa concludes que um sistema nacional e articulado de políticas, tanto por razões teóricas como empíricas, é o tipo de institucionalidade de cooperação federativa mais adequado para promover capacidades estatais municipais em realidades como a brasileira. Nessa linha, finaliza-se a Tese propondo um modelo analítico que considera sistemas articulados de políticas como o formato mais adequado para lidar com esse desafio federativo em um contexto caracterizado pela descentralização de políticas, mas que ao mesmo tempo convive com uma enorme heterogeneidade e desigualdade de capacidades estatais entre os governos locais.

School of bowing technic. Op. 2.

English, French, German, Italian, Polish and Russian.

The merry devil of Edmonton. 1608.

"Ascription to Shakespeare rests on...the binder's label on the volume from the library of King Charles II".-Editor's preface. Also attributed by various authorities to Thomas Brewer, Anthony Brewer and Michael Drayton, the latter two with but little evidence.