Microencapsulación de Biocidas

Los productos biocidas presentan una serie de limitaciones para su uso como son: -Perfil toxicológico que limita su utilización en todos lo ámbitos. -Solubilidad que imposibilita o dificulta la utilización del agua como vehículo de elección. -Estado físico que en algunos casos complica la manipulación del biocida por el operador. -Condiciones de almacenamiento que precisan protección frente a la luz y a la temperatura. En esta memoria se plantea como solución a esta problemática, la formación de microencapsulados (complejos de inclusión) de biocidas de tres familias diferentes (nicotinoides, piretroides y carbamatos) y del sinergista butóxido de piperonilo, con ciclodextrinas (oligosacáridos cíclicos). El objetivo de esta investigación es desarrollar las herramientas adecuadas que permitan obtener un producto medioambientalmente compatible, que sirva de base para la obtención de formulaciones eficaces aplicables al control de plagas de insectos voladores, concretamente enfocado a la mosca doméstica (Musca doméstica), tanto en el interior como en el exterior de entornos urbanos y ganaderos. Una vez obtenido el microencapsulado se lleva a cabo su caracterización mediante diversas técnicas analíticas instrumentales: -Electroforesis capilar de zona (ECZ). -Estudios de solubilidad de fase mediante espectroscopía uv-vis. -Estudios calorimétricos (DSC, TG y DTA). -Resonancia Magnética Nuclear (RMN-H1 y RMN-C13). -Análisis Elemental (AE). -Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (SEM). -Espectroscopía Infrarroja con Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR).

Régimen jurídico de las lenguas y reconocimiento de la diversidad lingüística en el Tratado por el que se establece una Constitución para Europa

The territory of the European Union is made up of a rich and wide-ranging universe of languages, which is not circumscribed to the «State languages». The existence of multilingualism is one of Europe’s defining characteristics and it should remain so in the constantly evolving model of Europe’s political structure. Nonetheless, until now, the official use of languages has been limited to the «State languages» and has been based on a concept of state monolingualism that has led to a first level of hierarchization among the languages of Europe. This has affected the very concept of European language diversity. The draft of the treaty establishing a European Constitution contains various language-related references that can be grouped in two major categories: on the one hand, those references having to do the constitutional status of languages, and on the other, those regarding the recognition of European language diversity. Both issues are dealt with in this article. In analyzing the legal regime governing languages set forth in the draft of the constitutional treaty, we note that the draft is not based on the concept of the official status of languages. The language regulation contained in the draft of the constitutional treaty is limited in character. The constitutional language regime is based on the concept of Constitutional languages but the official status of languages is not governed by this rule. The European Constitution merely enunciates rights governing language use for European citizens vis-à-vis the languages of the Constitution and refers the regulation of the official status of languages to the Council, which is empowered to set and modify that status by unanimous decision. Because of its broad scope, this constitutes a regulatory reservation. In the final phase of the negotiation process a second level of constitutional recognition of languages would be introduced, linked to those that are official languages in the member states (Catalan, Basque, Galician, etc.). These languages, however, would be excluded from the right to petition; they would constitute a tertium genus, an intermediate category between the lan guages benefiting from the language rights recognized under the Constitution and those other languages for which no status is recognized in the European institutional context. The legal functionality of this second, intermediate category will depend on the development of standards, i.e., it will depend on the entrée provided such languages in future reforms of the institutional language regime. In a later section, the article reflects on European Union language policy with regard to regional or minority languages, concluding that the Union has not acted in accordance with defined language policy guidelines when it has been confronted, in the exercise of its powers, with regional or minority languages (or domestic legislation having to do with language demands). The Court of Justice has endeavoured to resolve on a case by case basis the conflicts raised between community freedoms and the normative measures that protect languages. Thus, using case law, the Court has set certain language boundaries for community freedoms. The article concludes by reflecting on the legal scope of the recognition of European language diversity referred to in Article II-82 of the European Constitution and the possible measures to implement the precept that might constitute the definition of a true European language policy on regional or minority languages. Such a policy has yet to be defined.

Avaliando Minas : índice de sustentabilidade da mineração (ISM)

Estudo de um sistema de avaliação para a construção do Índice de Sustentabilidade da Mineração (ISM), a partir da proposição e agregação de indicadores nas dimensões econômica, social e ambiental e sua aferição em unidades operacionais minerárias selecionadas, incluindo as comunidades existentes em seu entorno e o município em que elas se inserem. Como marco referencial, são analisadas questões afetas ao desenvolvimento sustentável e seus indicadores, bem como à mineração sustentável e às iniciativas de proposição de indicadores para o setor.

Dilemas institucionais e cenários políticos : análise do discurso da alteração do sobrestamento da pauta na Câmara dos Deputados

Analisa a Questão de Ordem (QO) 411/09, respondida por Michel Temer, então Presidente da Câmara dos Deputados, que alterou o entendimento a respeito do sobrestamento da pauta na Câmara. A opção pela análise de uma questão de ordem justifica-se pelo entendimento de que se trata de um dos instrumentos regimentais mais legítimos e definidores do processo legislativo, pois tem o potencial de orientar os caminhos de uma proposição e criar jurisprudência legislativa, podendo até mesmo definir os rumos da atividade parlamentar, como é o caso da QO 411/09. O estudo pretende, a partir da abordagem teórica e metodológica da vertente francesa da análise do discurso, desvelar as relações de poder no plano das formações discursivas e suas respectivas formações ideológicas no interior do Legislativo vis-à-vis o Executivo, com ênfase no poder de agenda e no equilíbrio entre os Poderes da República. Para tanto, propõe-se analisar pronunciamentos proferidos em Plenário por ocasião da supracitada Questão de Ordem, tendo como referência o discurso político como cena teatral indicado por Charaudeau, de forma a tentar fornecer novos elementos interpretativos aos dilemas institucionais e às escolhas políticas dos atores envolvidos nesse debate. Conclui-se que as estratégias discursivas empregadas pelos atores políticos evidenciaram o processo de significação, circulação e entrecruzamento dos saberes a respeito da relação institucional entre os Poderes. A análise do discurso contribuiu para a compreensão do contexto social da produção discursiva da QO e da alteração do sobrestamento da pauta, além de reiterar a ideia de que a formação discursiva está intimamente relacionada à prática institucional das relações de poder dentro e fora da Câmara dos Deputados. Os embates dos pronunciamentos evidenciam esta premissa. Além disso, a análise da QO foi capaz de revelar a força política e retórica dos pronunciamentos em Plenário no sentido de modificar e, sobretudo, legitimar o entendimento sobre o trancamento da pauta. Ao utilizar a análise do discurso, tendo como pano de fundo o processo legislativo, direito constitucional e a ciência política, pretendeu-se dar novo enfoque à temática do sobrestamento da pauta e, dessa forma, tentar fornecer novos elementos interpretativos aos dilemas institucionais e às escolhas políticas dos atores envolvidos nesse contexto.

Ordenações e leys do reyno de Portugal, confirmadas e estabelecidas pelo Senhor Rey D. João IV e agora impressas por mandado do muyto alto, e poderoso Rey D. João V

Ordenações, e leys do reyno de Portugal: confirmadas, e estabelecidas pelo Senhor Rey D. João IV’ consiste em obra composta e reimpressa no Mosteiro de S. Vicente de Fora, em Lisboa, em virtude de privilégio real. Segundo Inocêncio, trata-se de uma confirmação do Código filipino, a que foram acrescidas as leis posteriores ao período dos Filipes pelo Rei D. João IV que, ao subir ao trono, ordenou a impressão, substituindo o nome de Filipe IV pelo seu no título, no prólogo e na lei de confirmação. Das ‘Ordenações’, sucessivas edições foram publicadas inicialmente pelo Mosteiro de S. Vicente, datadas de 1636, 1695, 1708, 1727 e 1747, e depois pela Universidade de Coimbra. A cronologia das reimpressões leva a crer que a obra publicada em 1727, composta por cinco livros organizados em três volumes, trata-se da quinta edição. Como no Código filipino e nas impressões anteriores dessas ‘Ordenações’, o primeiro livro contém o regimento dos magistrados e oficiais de justiça; o segundo, as isenções e privilégios da Igreja; o terceiro, o processo civil; o quarto, as leis do Direito Civil, o especialmente quanto às propriedades; e o quinto, as leis penais e o processo criminal, contendo como subsidiarias o Direito Romano e o Canônico. Das edições existentes a publicada em 1717 é conhecida corno Vicentina e foi mandada publicar com todo luxo e magnificência pelo Rei D. João V. Ao contrário das anteriores, esta edição totaliza seis volumes, em vista da agregação de dois volumes de repertório das matérias e um volume de apêndice.

Avances analíticos en la datación forense de tintas y documentos

380 p. : il., gráf.

Fish pond management at the Onibonoje Agricultural Industries (Nigeria) Limited, RSH farm at ESA Oke Road'Ijebu Jesa Oyo State, Nigeria

A brief account is given of fish culture at the Anibonoje Agricultural Industries Ltd. fish farm in Nigeria. The pond culture of Tilapia, Clarias lazera, Heterotis niloticus and Cyprinus carpio is outlined, describing the feeding of the fish, the fertilization of the ponds, and pond management. The role of the government vis-a-vis that of the organized private sector is also examined

Credit financing of aquaculture programmes -- a review

A discussion is presented on the role of credit financing in the development of aquaculture programmes in Nigeria. The constraints militating against credit availability to aquaculture vis-a-vis the competition between aquaculture and other agricultural and industrial sectors for the allocation of available credit facilities are examined. Possible ways of enhancing preferential allocation of capital to the aquaculture industry from the various sources of credit available to the Nigerial agricultural economy are suggested

Commercial aquaculture in Nigeria: a vertically integrated approach in the commercial freshwater farming of tilapia in floating bamboo net-hapas and cages systems

Tilapia once termed "poor man's" fish, still remains as the highly-priced food fish in many developing countries. The good attributes of this fish prompt its use in intensive aquaculture vertically integrated systems (VIS) which embrace broodstock development, hatchery/nursery and growout phase. Based on the series of studies carried out at Kainji Lake Research Institute, in New Bussa, Nigeria using Oreochromis (Tilapia niloticus) in floating bamboo hapas/cages, the recommended intensive modular systems were estimated to be capable of producing 4 million Tilapia fingerlings and 729 tons fish (Market-size) annually. Cost-benefit analysis showed the venture to have high prospects. It is recommended that priority be given to Tilapia cage culture at the national level in order to contribute immensely towards increased fish production

The electrocatalytic and stoichiometric oxidation chemistry of binuclear ruthenium complexes incorporating the anionic tripod ligand {(η5-C5H5)Co[P(OCH3)2(=O)]3}-

The anionic tripod ligand NaLoMe (L_(oMe) - = [(η^5-C_5H_5)Co{P(O)(OCH_3)_2}_3]^-) reacts with RuO_4 in a biphasic reaction mixture of 1% H_2SO_4 and CCI_4 to afford [(L_(oMe) (HO)Ru^(IV) (µ-O)_2Ru ^(IV)(OH)(L_(oMe)] (1), which is treated with aqueous CF_3S0_3H to generate [(L_(oMe)(H_2O)Ru^(IV) (µ-O)_2R^(IV) (OH_2)(L_(oMe)][CF_3SO_3]_2 ([H_21][CF_3SO_3]_2). Addition of iodosobenzene to an acetonitrile solution of this salt yields [(L_(oMe)(O)Ru^v(µ-0)2Ru^v-(O)(_(LoMe)] (2). The dimer 1 can be reduced chemically or electrochemically to the Ru^(III)- Ru^(III) dimers [(L_(oMe)(H_20)Ru^(III) (µ-OH)_2Ru^(III) (OH_2)(L_(oMe)) ]^2+ and [(L_(oMe)) ^(III) (µ-0Hh(µ-0H2)Ru^(III) (L_(oMe)]^2+ which interconvert in aqueous media. Two electron processes dominate both the bulk chemistry and the electrochemistry of 1. Among these processes are the quasi-reversible Ru^(IV) - Ru^(IV)/Ru^(III)- Ru^(III) and Ru^(III)- Ru^(III)/ Ru^(II)- Ru^(II) reductions and a largely irreversible Ru^(V) - Ru^(V)/ Ru^(IV) - Ru^(IV)/oxidation. The dioxo dimer 2 oxidizes alcohols and aldehydes in organic media to afford 1 and the corresponding aldehydes and acids. Analogously, the Ru^(V) - Ru^(V)/ Ru^(IV)- Ru^(IV) redox wave mediates the electrooxidation of alcohols and aldehydes in aqueous buffer. In this system, substrates can be oxidized completely to CO_2. The kinetic behavior of these oxidations was examined by UV-vis and chronoamperometry, respectively, and the chemistry is typical of metal-oxo complexes, indicating that electronic coupling between two metal centers does not dramatically affect the metal-oxo chemistry. Dimer [H_21]^(2+) also reacts with alcohols, aldehydes, and triphenylphosphine in CH_3CN to afford Ru^(III)- Ru^(III) products including [(L_(oMe))CH_3CN) Ru^(III) (µ-OH)_2 Ru^(III) (NCCH_3)( L_(oMe))][CF_3SO_3]2 (characterized by X-ray crystallography) and the corresponding organic products. Reaction of 1 with formaldehyde in aqueous buffer quantitatively affords the triply bridged dimer [(L_(oMe)Ru^(III) (µ-OH)2- (µ-HCOO) Ru^(III) (L_(oMe)][CF_3SO_3] (characterized by X-ray crystallography). This reaction evidently proceeds by two parallel inner-sphere pathways, one of which is autocatalytic. Neither pathway exhibits a primary isotope effect suggesting the rate determining process could be the formation of an intermediate, perhaps a Ru^(IV) - Ru^(IV) formate adduct. The Ru^(III)- Ru^(III)formate adduct is easily oxidized to the Ru^(IV) - Ru^(IV) analog [(L_(oMe)Ru^(IV)(µ-OH)_2-(µ-HCOO) Ru^(IV) (L_(oMe)][CF_3SO_3], which, after isolation, reacts slowly with aqueous formaldehyde to generate free formate and the Ru^(III)- Ru^(III) formate adduct. These dimers function as catalysts for the electrooxidation of formaldehyde at low anodic potentials (+0.0 V versus SCE in aqueous buffer, pH 8.5) and enhance the activity of Nafion treated palladium/carbon heterogeneous fuel cell catalysts.

A strategy for poverty alleviation in Nigeria through fisheries development: a review

This paper reviews fisheries as an important economic sector in terms of employment, food security, enterprise development, and foreign exchange earning. The fisheries sub sector of agriculture if developed will enhance employment opportunities for rural fisher folks vis a vis the harnessing of less culturable surface area for aquaculture purpose, also homestead pond if fully encouraged and utilized has potential for increasing the fish yield of the nation. The role of women in the artisanal fisheries sub sector was x-rayed as an area to be encouraged, as it has the potential of eradicating poverty from the grass root. The importance of fisheries development in sustainable livelihood and poverty alleviation is highlighted in this paper

非相对论线偏振激光下的J×B加热

利用解析的方法研究了非相对论线偏振激光与等离子体相互作用中的J×B加热吸收机理,建立了一种包含两类有质动力效应在内的自洽理论.探讨了密度轮廓修正下的J×B加热机理,给出了相应的吸收系数随激光场强度变化的关系曲线.研究发现,当激光场强度A0=20时,J×B加热所导致的吸收系数fabs约为2.8%.

Strategic partnership of stakeholders: a veritable tool for sustainable fishery resources in Nigeria

Fishery resources are very important resource from the aquatic environment to the Nigerian economy. Stakeholders involvement in its management is highly important therefore, this paper proposes two frameworks against which sustainable fishery should be based, vis-a-vis stakeholders participation. The paper showed that decision-making involving stakeholders would enhance the goals of sustainable fishery development and create unity of purpose among various stakeholders

Investigation of hypervelocity impact phenomena using real-time concurrent diagnostics

Hypervelocity impact of meteoroids and orbital debris poses a serious and growing threat to spacecraft. To study hypervelocity impact phenomena, a comprehensive ensemble of real-time concurrently operated diagnostics has been developed and implemented in the Small Particle Hypervelocity Impact Range (SPHIR) facility. This suite of simultaneously operated instrumentation provides multiple complementary measurements that facilitate the characterization of many impact phenomena in a single experiment. The investigation of hypervelocity impact phenomena described in this work focuses on normal impacts of 1.8 mm nylon 6/6 cylinder projectiles and variable thickness aluminum targets. The SPHIR facility two-stage light-gas gun is capable of routinely launching 5.5 mg nylon impactors to speeds of 5 to 7 km/s. Refinement of legacy SPHIR operation procedures and the investigation of first-stage pressure have improved the velocity performance of the facility, resulting in an increase in average impact velocity of at least 0.57 km/s. Results for the perforation area indicate the considered range of target thicknesses represent multiple regimes describing the non-monotonic scaling of target perforation with decreasing target thickness. The laser side-lighting (LSL) system has been developed to provide ultra-high-speed shadowgraph images of the impact event. This novel optical technique is demonstrated to characterize the propagation velocity and two-dimensional optical density of impact-generated debris clouds. Additionally, a debris capture system is located behind the target during every experiment to provide complementary information regarding the trajectory distribution and penetration depth of individual debris particles. The utilization of a coherent, collimated illumination source in the LSL system facilitates the simultaneous measurement of impact phenomena with near-IR and UV-vis spectrograph systems. Comparison of LSL images to concurrent IR results indicates two distinctly different phenomena. A high-speed, pressure-dependent IR-emitting cloud is observed in experiments to expand at velocities much higher than the debris and ejecta phenomena observed using the LSL system. In double-plate target configurations, this phenomena is observed to interact with the rear-wall several micro-seconds before the subsequent arrival of the debris cloud. Additionally, dimensional analysis presented by Whitham for blast waves is shown to describe the pressure-dependent radial expansion of the observed IR-emitting phenomena. Although this work focuses on a single hypervelocity impact configuration, the diagnostic capabilities and techniques described can be used with a wide variety of impactors, materials, and geometries to investigate any number of engineering and scientific problems.

Three-dimensional self-assembly of brush block copolymers to photonic crystals

The development of Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization has allowed the world of block copolymers to expand into brush block copolymers. Brush block copolymers consist of a polymer backbone with polymeric side chains, forcing the backbone to hold a stretched conformation and giving it a worm-like shape. These brush block copolymers have a number of advantages over tradition block copolymers, including faster self-assembly behavior, larger domain sizes, and much less entanglement. This makes them an ideal candidate in the development of a bottom-up approach to forming photonic crystals. Photonic crystals are periodic nanostructures that transmit and reflect only certain wavelengths of light, forming a band gap. These are used in a number of coatings and other optical uses. One and two dimensional photonic crystals are commercially available, though are often expensive and difficult to manufacture. Previous work has focused on the creation of one dimensional photonic crystals from brush block copolymers. In this thesis, I will focus on the synthesis and characterization of asymmetric brush block copolymers for self-assembly into two and three dimensional photonic crystals. Three series of brush block copolymers were made and characterized by Gel Permeation Chromatography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy. They were then made into films through compressive thermal annealing and characterized by UV-Vis Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Evidence of non-lamellar structures were seen, indicating the first reported creation of two or three dimensional photonic crystals from brush block copolymers.