Exposición a monóxido de carbono en trabajadores de control vehicular-Cuenca: estudio exploratorio

El presente estudio exploratorio evalúa la exposición al monóxido de carbono (CO), expresado en porcentaje de carboxihemoglobina (%COHb), entre los trabajadores de los centros de control vehicular (CRV) DANTON-Cuenca. Todos los trabajadores (n=55) de los CRVs de Capulispamba y Mayancela participaron en este estudio. El %COHb se determinó a partir de muestras de sangre tomadas al inicio y final de un día laboral de febrero, abril y julio de 2013. Los resultados muestran que el %COHb se incrementó del inicio al final de la jornada laboral en ambos CRVs tanto en el grupo de trabajadores que fuman y no fumadores (P<0.001). Entre los no fumadores (N=42), el %COHb al final de la jornada sobrepasó el valor límite biológico (VLB) para COHb (3.5%) únicamente en el CRV de Mayancela (4.12%, P<0.05). Entre los fumadores (N=13), los promedios de %COHb al final de la jornada sobrepasaron los VLB en ambos CRVs. Se concluye, que los trabajadores de los CRVs de Mayancela y aquellos que fuman presentan %COHb mayores al VLB.

Equilibrium Assignments in Competitive and Cooperative Traffic Flow Routing

Part 18: Optimization in Collaborative Networks

El urbanismo expansivo y la movilidad infantil en Cataluña

Los modelos de movilidad son una de las expresiones de las distintas formas urbanas. El urbanismo expansivo, como una de estas formas urbanas, está asociado a ciertos tipos de desplazamientos, relacionados a altos niveles de disfunciones sociales, económicas y medioambientales. La comunicación explora las tipologías de desplazamientos en un grupo ciudadano muy específico: los menores de 16 años. La población infantil tiene sus propias pautas de movilidad y estas están relacionadas, también, a las distintas formas urbanas. El análisis se basa en los datos que ofrece la Encuesta de Movilidad Cotidiana de Cataluña 2006 y de ella se analizan las grandes cifras para la comunidad catalana en conjunto. También se comparan los distintos subámbitos territoriales en relación a las características urbanas que estos presentan.

Análisis de la experiencia de los turistas con el uso del idioma inglés por parte de los guías de las agencias de viajes del Pool South Explorer Group

El crecimiento de la actividad turística ha permitido que exista una oferta muy variada de servicios para los turistas que llegan a un determinado país. Es de gran importancia conocer la percepción que tienen los turistas acerca de los servicios que contratan para saber si estos son de calidad puesto que un buen servicio finalmente lleva a un crecimiento de la actividad turística. En la ciudad de Cuenca se brindan varios servicios a los turistas, entre estos, los tours con guianza en el idioma inglés. En este caso de investigación se provee información sobre la percepción que tienen los turistas cuando realizan un tour en inglés con el servicio de los guías del pool de operadores South Explorer Group. Mediante encuestas se facilita información acerca del manejo del idioma inglés por parte del guia, específicamente en las áreas de expresión oral, interacción oral y compresión auditiva. El trabajo se compone de tres capítulos, el primero de ellos da a conocer la actividad turística mundial, nacional y local, aquí se detalla el incremento de visitantes y los países de donde provienen los turistas así como su idioma. El segundo capítulo contiene la clasificación de las agencias de viajes y los requisitos según la Ley para guiar en el país, así también se da a conocer la historia del pool de operadores y el perfil de turistas y guías que operan para esta alianza. El capítulo tres hace referencia a las encuestas aplicadas a los turistas y guías del pool así como también los resultados obtenidos mediante este instrumento. Por último, se da a conocer las conclusiones obtenidas y las recomendaciones pertinentes.

Detecting Free Riders in Collective Brands through a Hierarchical Choice Process

Free-riding behaviors exist in tourism and they should be analyzed from a comprehensive perspective; while the literature has mainly focused on free riders operating in a destination, the destinations themselves might also free ride when they are under the umbrella of a collective brand. The objective of this article is to detect potential free-riding destinations by estimating the contribution of the different individual destinations to their collective brands, from the point of view of consumer perception. We argue that these individual contributions can be better understood by reflecting the various stages that tourists follow to reach their final decision. A hierarchical choice process is proposed in which the following choices are nested (not independent): “whether to buy,” “what collective brand to buy,” and “what individual brand to buy.” A Mixed Logit model confirms this sequence, which permits estimation of individual contributions and detection of free riders.

Análisis de viajes con la aplicación de teléfonos inteligentes

Se han desarrollado varios modelos prometedores para la captura digital de datos de movilidad, que pueden ser aplicados en la planificación urbana, de transporte y de ordenamiento territorial. Por ello el objetivo de este trabajo es desarrollar una metodología que recolecte información de movilidad con la cual se generen matrices Origen-Destino (OD) y de tiempos de viajes, además que identifique puntos de interés, modos y rutas frecuentes de viaje mediante el desarrollo e implementación de una aplicación para dispositivos móviles Android. Metodología: Se produjo una aplicación para dispositivos móviles con sistema operativo Android, en base a modelos existentes. Esta aplicación obtuvo datos de movilidad a partir de los sensores de localización incorporados en los móviles (GPS), para su posterior migración a una base de datos en la nube y consiguiente post proceso con herramientas de análisis como KNIME, Python y QuantumGis. La aplicación fue probada por 68 estudiantes voluntarios de la Universidad de Cuenca, durante 14 días del mes de enero de 2016. Resultados: Con la información completa de 44 participantes se obtuvieron matrices OD y de tiempos de viajes para diferentes períodos del día, las cuales permitieron identificar variaciones de interacción entre zonas, variaciones de número y tiempo de viajes. Fueron reconocidos también modos de transporte como caminata, bicicleta y motorizados para una sub muestra (n=6). Se detectaron los POIs Residencia (91%), Trabajo/Estudio (74%) y puntos intermedios (20% del total de POIs) y se logró observar comportamientos de movilidad atípico. Finalmente se compararon las rutas más frecuentadas por los usuarios con las rutas óptimas teóricas calculadas, encontrando que el 63.6% de los usuarios coincidían con el recorrido de estas últimas. Conclusiones: El método planteado presenta coherencia con trabajos previos, mostrando niveles de confianza equiparables. El mayor reto es la implementación masiva del modelo creado para la recolección de datos útiles para planes de movilidad.

Avaliação do potencial de formigas (Hymenoptera: formicidae) como vetores mecânicos de bactérias do gêneroSstaphylococcus no ambiente hospitalar.

In a hospital environment, these bacteria can be spread by insects such as ants, which are characterized by high adaptability to the urban environment. Staphylococcus is a leading cause of hospital infection. In Europe, Latin America, USA and Canada, the group of coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) is the second leading cause of these infections, according to SENTRY (antimicrobial surveillance program- EUA). In this study, we investigated the potential of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) as vehicle mechanics of Staphylococcus bacteria in a public hospital, in Natal-RN. The ants were collected, day and night, from June 2007 to may 2008, in the following sectors: hospitals, laundry, kitchen, blood bank. The ants were identified according to the identification key of Bolton, 1997. For the analysis of staphylococci, the ants were incubated in broth Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) for 24 hours at 35 º C and then incubated on Mannitol Salt Agar. The typical colonies of staphylococci incubated for 24 hours at 35 ° C in Tryptic Soy Agar for the characterization tests (Gram stain, catalase, susceptibility to bacitracin and free coagulase). The identification of CoNS was performed through biochemical tests: susceptibility to novobiocin, growth under anaerobic conditions, presence of urease, the ornithine decarboxylation and acid production from the sugars mannose, maltose, trehalose, mannitol and xylose. The antimicrobial susceptibility examined by disk-diffusion technique. The technique of Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to confirm the presence of mecA gene and the ability to produce biofilm was verified by testing in vitro using polystyrene inert surface, in samples of resistant staphylococci. Among 440 ants, 85 (19.1%) were carrying coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) of the species Staphylococcus saprophyticus (17), Staphylococcus epidermidis (15), Staphylococcus xylosus (13), Staphylococcus hominis hominis (10), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (10), Staphylococcus warneri (6), Staphylococcus cohnii urealyticum (5), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (3), Staphylococcus simulans (3), Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii (2), and Staphylococcus capitis (1). No Staphylococcus aureus was found. Among the isolates, 30.58% showed resistance to erythromycin. Two samples of CoNS (2.35%), obtained from the ant Tapinoma melanocephalum collected in the post-surgical female ward, S. Hominis hominis and S. lugdunensis harbored the mecA gene and were resistant to multiple antibiotics, and the specie S. hominis hominis even showed to be a biofilm producer. This study proves that ants act as carriers of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci and biofilm producers and points to the risk of the spreading of pathogenic microorganisms by this insect in the hospital environment

La manipulation idéologique dans l’édition et deux traductions de la Description de l’Afrique de Hassan El Wazzan / Jean-Léon l’Africain

En 1526, Hassan El Wazzan / Jean-Léon l’Africain, achève à Rome la rédaction en italien du manuscrit du Libro della Cosmographia Dell’Africa, œuvre majeure considérée à la Renaissance comme l’une des principales sources de connaissance du continent africain en Europe. En 1550, un savant vénitien du nom de Jean-Baptiste Ramusio publie le texte italien de Jean-Léon dans un recueil de récits de voyages. L’édition, intitulée Descrizione dell’Africa (Description de l’Afrique), diffère significativement du manuscrit original. Elle subit maintes modifications par Ramusio dont l’objectif est de livrer un ouvrage qui répond aux attentes des Européens et qui correspond à l’image que l’Occident chrétien se faisait du monde musulman. Cette version a servi de texte de départ aux nombreuses traductions qui ont suivi. La première traduction française, datant de 1556, est réalisée par Jean Temporal, éditeur et imprimeur lyonnais. La deuxième, parue en 1956 et rééditée en 1980, est l’œuvre d’Alexis Épaulard; elle s’appuie partiellement sur le manuscrit original, mais aussi sur la version imprimée de Ramusio. Notre travail consiste à confronter les deux traductions françaises à l’édition de Ramusio. Nous tenterons de démontrer que les deux traducteurs français sont lourdement intervenus dans le texte traduit, et ce afin de servir des desseins expansionnistes et colonialistes. Notre recherche met en évidence la prise de position des traducteurs et les idéologies qui affectent l’appréciation du livre. Pour ce faire, nous procédons à l’analyse des traductions au niveau textuel et au niveau paratextuel tout en mettant en évidence le contexte historique et politico-idéologique entourant la parution de ces deux traductions françaises. Nous consacrons une attention toute particulière au choix des mots, aux allusions et aux stratégies utilisées par les traducteurs et les éditeurs. Les travaux de Maria Tymoczko sur la traduction et l’engagement politique fournissent le cadre de référence théorique de cette recherche, tout autant que les textes d’Edward Said sur l’orientalisme et le postcolonialisme. Il ressort de cette recherche que ces traductions françaises sont empreintes d’une idéologie eurocentrée visant à conforter les ambitions hégémoniques en terre africaine.

Stairway Uniformity Measurement: What Lateral Location Should Be Measured?

BACKGROUND: This project addressed an unresolved issue involving measurement methods for determining step uniformity. Leading experts on stairway safety agree that lack of step uniformity within a flight contributes to risk of missteps. A relatively new method for precisely measuring step dimensions is the nosing-to-nosing method. An issue in applying the method is lack of agreement on the lateral location to make the measurements. That location depends on where stairway users ascend and descend relative to the width of the steps. A prior investigator examined people descending to determine the lateral distance between the handrail center and the mid-line of the person’s body. He found the median was 44 cm. AIM: The two objectives of the experiment were to: (1) determine if a different set of stairway users will have the same median lateral distance from the handrail as those described in the prior observational study, and (2) determine if the lateral distance of participants is affected by their direction of travel and use of a handrail. METHODS: The investigators established visible distance markers on one stairway in a campus building and videotaped volunteer students ascending and descending the flight of stairs. Each of the 16 participant ascended with and without using the handrail, and each descended with and without using the handrail. Images were printed and analyzed to determine their lateral distance between the inner edge of the handrail and a point midway between the participant’s knees. Results were analyzed statistically to test hypotheses corresponding to the two objectives. RESULTS: The previous study found a median lateral distance of 44 cm when measured from the center of the handrail. Using comparable data, the median found in this study was 25 cm. Results of this study indicated that lateral distance from the handrail is significantly affected by the direction of travel and by use of the handrail. The greatest lateral distance was for ascending with the handrail. The shortest lateral distance was for descending without the handrail. VALUE: Committees develop and periodically revise standards for stairways leading to fire exits and workplace facilities. The practical value of this project is providing empirical evidence that standard developing committees may consider when convening to update their requirements and guidelines on how to measure step uniformity.

Stilling Basin Scour Remediation Using Air Injection and Flat Plate Extension

The South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) is responsible for managing over 2500 miles of waterways and hundreds of water control structures. Many of these control structures are experiencing erosion, known as scour, of the sediment downstream of the structure. Laboratory experiments were conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of two-dimensional air diffusers and plate extensions (without air injection) on a 1/30 scale model of one of SFWMD gated spillway structures, the S65E gated spillway. A literature review examining the results of similar studies was conducted. The experimental design for this research was based off of previous work done on the same model. Scour of the riverbed downstream of gated spillway structures has the potential to cause serious damage, as it can expose the foundation of the structure, which can lead to collapse. This type of scour has been studied previously, but it continues to pose a risk to water control structures and needs to be studied further. The hydraulic scour channel used to conduct experiments contains a head tank, flow straighteners, gated spillway, stilling basin, scour chamber, sediment trap, and tailwater tank. Experiments were performed with two types of air diffusers. The first was a hollow, acrylic, triangular end sill with air injection holes on the upstream face, allowing for air injection upstream. The second diffuser was a hollow, acrylic rectangle that extended from the triangular end sill with air injection holes in the top face, allowing for vertical air injection, perpendicular to flow. Detailed flow and bed measurements were taken for six trials for each diffuser ranging from no air injection to 5 rows of 70 holes of 0.04" diameter. It was found that with both diffusers, the maximum amount of air injection reduced scour the most. Detailed velocity measurements were taken for each case and turbulence statistics were analyzed to determine why air injection reduces scour. It was determined that air injection reduces streamwise velocity and turbulence. Another set of experiments was performed using an acrylic extension plate with no air injection to minimize energy costs. Ten different plate lengths were tested. It was found that the location of deepest scour moved further downstream with each plate length. The 32-cm plate is recommended here. Detailed velocity measurements were taken after the cases with the 32-cm plate and no plate had reached equilibrium. This was done to better understand the flow patterns in order to determine what causes the scour reduction with the extension plates. The extension plate reduces the volume of scour, but more importantly translates the deepest point of scour downstream from the structure, lessening the risk of damage.

La manipulation idéologique dans l’édition et deux traductions de la Description de l’Afrique de Hassan El Wazzan / Jean-Léon l’Africain

En 1526, Hassan El Wazzan / Jean-Léon l’Africain, achève à Rome la rédaction en italien du manuscrit du Libro della Cosmographia Dell’Africa, œuvre majeure considérée à la Renaissance comme l’une des principales sources de connaissance du continent africain en Europe. En 1550, un savant vénitien du nom de Jean-Baptiste Ramusio publie le texte italien de Jean-Léon dans un recueil de récits de voyages. L’édition, intitulée Descrizione dell’Africa (Description de l’Afrique), diffère significativement du manuscrit original. Elle subit maintes modifications par Ramusio dont l’objectif est de livrer un ouvrage qui répond aux attentes des Européens et qui correspond à l’image que l’Occident chrétien se faisait du monde musulman. Cette version a servi de texte de départ aux nombreuses traductions qui ont suivi. La première traduction française, datant de 1556, est réalisée par Jean Temporal, éditeur et imprimeur lyonnais. La deuxième, parue en 1956 et rééditée en 1980, est l’œuvre d’Alexis Épaulard; elle s’appuie partiellement sur le manuscrit original, mais aussi sur la version imprimée de Ramusio. Notre travail consiste à confronter les deux traductions françaises à l’édition de Ramusio. Nous tenterons de démontrer que les deux traducteurs français sont lourdement intervenus dans le texte traduit, et ce afin de servir des desseins expansionnistes et colonialistes. Notre recherche met en évidence la prise de position des traducteurs et les idéologies qui affectent l’appréciation du livre. Pour ce faire, nous procédons à l’analyse des traductions au niveau textuel et au niveau paratextuel tout en mettant en évidence le contexte historique et politico-idéologique entourant la parution de ces deux traductions françaises. Nous consacrons une attention toute particulière au choix des mots, aux allusions et aux stratégies utilisées par les traducteurs et les éditeurs. Les travaux de Maria Tymoczko sur la traduction et l’engagement politique fournissent le cadre de référence théorique de cette recherche, tout autant que les textes d’Edward Said sur l’orientalisme et le postcolonialisme. Il ressort de cette recherche que ces traductions françaises sont empreintes d’une idéologie eurocentrée visant à conforter les ambitions hégémoniques en terre africaine.

The Take Home Car Advantage

This paper explores the idea of police officers from Conway being able to take their police cars home instead of leaving them at the station and having an assigned vehicle instead of a shared one.

27th International Police Executive Symposium, Washington DC, USA, Urban Security: Challenges for 21st Century Global Cities

Goncalo de Melo Bandeira Counter-Terrorism, State of Emergency and Human Rights. In the global cities, the fight against terrorism is a way forward. Prevention of terrorism is another possible way. There are legal systems where the prevailing idea is combating terrorism. Fight, because is possible: life imprisonment or informal death penalty or even torture. While other jurisdictions only follow the prevention of terrorist crime: the retribution and positive general prevention and the resocialization. There may be extreme cases also in restorative justice. The recent terrorist attacks in Paris on 11.13.2015 have shown to the different types of police several problems. Some of those are: the declaration of State of emergency and the consequent restriction of human rights as the privacy of human communication or the liberty of travel by local city citizens or foreign citizens or the public entertainment shows, the problem of money laundering and the restriction of the business as usual, the vicious circle of more isolation from some urban communities, v.g. muslims, and other citizens also; and, brevitatis causa, the criminological problem of the causes and consequences of terrorism.

How automated speed enforcement may reduce travel time variability and result in travel time savings : the case study of the loop 101 speed enforcement program in Scottsdale, Arizona

The city of Scottsdale Arizona implemented the first fixed photo Speed Enforcement camera demonstration Program (SEP) on a US freeway in 2006. A comprehensive before-and-after analysis of the impact of the SEP on safety revealed significant reductions in crash frequency and severity, which indicates that the SEP is a promising countermeasure for improving safety. However, there is often a trade off between safety and mobility when safety investments are considered. As a result, identifying safety countermeasures that both improve safety and reduce Travel Time Variability (TTV) is a desirable goal for traffic safety engineers. This paper reports on the analysis of the mobility impacts of the SEP by simulating the traffic network with and without the SEP, calibrated to real world conditions. The simulation results show that the SEP decreased the TTV: the risk of unreliable travel was at least 23% higher in the ‘without SEP’ scenario than in the ‘with SEP’ scenario. In addition, the total Travel Time Savings (TTS) from the SEP was estimated to be at least ‘569 vehicle-hours/year.’ Consequently, the SEP is an efficient countermeasure not only for reducing crashes but also for improving mobility through TTS and reduced TTV.

Bus and car travel time on urban networks : integrating Bluetooth and bus vehicle identification data

Travel time in an important transport performance indicator. Different modes of transport (buses and cars) have different mechanical and operational characteristics, resulting in significantly different travel behaviours and complexities in multimodal travel time estimation on urban networks. This paper explores the relationship between bus and car travel time on urban networks by utilising the empirical Bluetooth and Bus Vehicle Identification data from Brisbane. The technologies and issues behind the two datasets are studied. After cleaning the data to remove outliers, the relationship between not-in-service bus and car travel time and the relationship between in-service bus and car travel time are discussed. The travel time estimation models reveal that the not-in-service bus travel time are similar to the car travel time and the in-service bus travel time could be used to estimate car travel time during off-peak hours