Boloceroides spp.

Boloceroides spp. are looking like an untidy mop, this anemone is sometimes seen in sea grass areas on many of our shores. It is possibly seasonal. Sometimes, large numbers are seen (up to 10-20 animals in a trip) and then none at all.  Tiny swimming anemones may sometimes be confused with Sea grass anemones which have translucent tentacles with tiny spots. The swimming anemone harbors symbiotic single-celled algae (zooxanthellae). The algae undergo photosynthesis to produce food from sunlight. The food produced is shared with the sea anemone, which in return provides the algae with shelter and minerals. The oral disk and tentacle muscles are used to obtain, retain, and ingest prey; in Boloceroides spp. tentacles can autotomize if it is needed to evade a predator. Tentacles can control body form by use of their endodermal muscles. Retractors are longitudinal muscles that will aid in withdrawing tentacles and the oral disk if they are exposed to the open air.  This hypothesis is furthered because in comparison to other sea anemones, Boloceroides is loosely attached to its respective substrate, thus allowing the pedal disk to detach quickly resulting in a rapid swimming response. Boloceroides can reproduce both sexually and asexually. As Anthozoans, Boloceroides produce sexually by bypassing the medusa life cycle stage; this allows Boloceroides (and all Anthozoans) to release their egg and sperm creating planula a bilaterally symmetrical, flattened, ciliated, motile larva.

À procura do esquecimento: A mulher toxicodependente

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

TAXONOMY, MORPHOLOGY, AND RNA-SEQ TRANSCRIPTOMICS OF THE CUBOZOAN ALATINA ALATA, AN EMERGING MODEL CNIDARIAN

Cnidarians are often considered simple animals, but the more than 13,000 estimated species (e.g., corals, hydroids and jellyfish) of the early diverging phylum exhibit a broad diversity of forms, functions and behaviors, some of which are demonstrably complex. In particular, cubozoans (box jellyfish) are cnidarians that have evolved a number of distinguishing features. Some cubozoan species possess complex mating behaviors or particularly potent stings, and all possess well-developed light sensation involving image-forming eyes. Like all cnidarians, cubozoans have specialized subcellular structures called nematocysts that are used in prey capture and defense. The objective of this study is to contribute to the development of the box jellyfish Alatina alata as a model cnidarian. This cubozoan species offers numerous advantages for investigating morphological and molecular traits underlying complex processes and coordinated behavior in free-living medusozoans (i.e., jellyfish), and more broadly throughout Metazoa. First, I provide an overview of Cnidaria with an emphasis on the current understanding of genes and proteins implicated in complex biological processes in a few select cnidarians. Second, to further develop resources for A. alata, I provide a formal redescription of this cubozoan and establish a neotype specimen voucher, which serve to stabilize the taxonomy of the species. Third, I generate the first functionally annotated transcriptome of adult and larval A. alata tissue and apply preliminary differential expression analyses to identify candidate genes implicated broadly in biological processes related to prey capture and defense, vision and the phototransduction pathway and sexual reproduction and gametogenesis. Fourth, to better understand venom diversity and mechanisms controlling venom synthesis in A. alata, I use bioinformatics to investigate gene candidates with dual roles in venom and digestion, and review the biology of prey capture and digestion in cubozoans. The morphological and molecular resources presented herein contribute to understanding the evolution of cubozoan characteristics and serve to facilitate further research on this emerging cubozoan model.

Rotation of Vibrio fischeri Flagella Produces Outer Membrane Vesicles That Induce Host Development

Using the squid-vibrio association, we aimed to characterize the mechanism through which Vibrio fischeri cells signal morphogenesis of the symbiotic light-emitting organ. The symbiont releases two cell envelope molecules, peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that, within 12 h of light organ colonization, act in synergy to trigger normal tissue development. Recent work has shown that outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) produced by V. fischeri are sufficient to induce PG-dependent morphogenesis; however, the mechanism(s) of OMV release by these bacteria has not been described. Like several genera of both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria, V. fischeri cells elaborate polar flagella that are enclosed by an extension of the outer membrane, whose function remains unclear. Here, we present evidence that along with the well-recognized phenomenon of blebbing from the cell's surface, rotation of this sheathed flagellum also results in the release of OMVs. In addition, we demonstrate that most of the development-inducing LPS is associated with these OMVs and that the presence of the outer membrane protein OmpU but not the LPS O antigen on these OMVs is important in triggering normal host development. These results also present insights into a possible new mechanism of LPS release by pathogens with sheathed flagella. IMPORTANCE Determining the function(s) of sheathed flagella in bacteria has been challenging, because no known mutation results only in the loss of this outer membrane-derived casing. Nevertheless, the presence of a sheathed flagellum in such host-associated genera as Vibrio, Helicobacter, and Brucella has led to several proposed functions, including physical protection of the flagella and masking of their immunogenic flagellins. Using the squid-vibrio light organ symbiosis, we demonstrate another role, that of V. fischeri cells require rotating flagella to induce apoptotic cell death within surface epithelium, which is a normal step in the organ's development. Further, we present evidence that this rotation releases apoptosis-triggering lipopolysaccharide in the form of outer membrane vesicles. Such release may also occur by pathogens but with different outcomes for the host.

Food-Web Complexity in Guaymas Basin Hydrothermal Vents and Cold Seeps

In the Guaymas Basin, the presence of cold seeps and hydrothermal vents in close proximity, similar sedimentary settings and comparable depths offers a unique opportunity to assess and compare the functioning of these deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems. The food webs of five seep and four vent assemblages were studied using stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses. Although the two ecosystems shared similar potential basal sources, their food webs differed: seeps relied predominantly on methanotrophy and thiotrophy via the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle and vents on petroleum-derived organic matter and thiotrophy via the CBB and reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycles. In contrast to symbiotic species, the heterotrophic fauna exhibited high trophic flexibility among assemblages, suggesting weak trophic links to the metabolic diversity of chemosynthetic primary producers. At both ecosystems, food webs did not appear to be organised through predator-prey links but rather through weak trophic relationships among co-occurring species. Examples of trophic or spatial niche differentiation highlighted the importance of species-sorting processes within chemosynthetic ecosystems. Variability in food web structure, addressed through Bayesian metrics, revealed consistent trends across ecosystems. Food-web complexity significantly decreased with increasing methane concentrations, a common proxy for the intensity of seep and vent fluid fluxes. Although high fluid-fluxes have the potential to enhance primary productivity, they generate environmental constraints that may limit microbial diversity, colonisation of consumers and the structuring role of competitive interactions, leading to an overall reduction of food-web complexity and an increase in trophic redundancy. Heterogeneity provided by foundation species was identified as an additional structuring factor. According to their biological activities, foundation species may have the potential to partly release the competitive pressure within communities of low fluid-flux habitats. Finally, ecosystem functioning in vents and seeps was highly similar despite environmental differences (e.g. physico-chemistry, dominant basal sources) suggesting that ecological niches are not specifically linked to the nature of fluids. This comparison of seep and vent functioning in the Guaymas basin thus provides further supports to the hypothesis of continuity among deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems.

Vai morrer o meu menino - Paralisado, doente, isolado, exclusivo, desejado e amado: Estudo de um processo de comunicação num universo simbiótico

Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada para obtenção de grau de Mestre na especialidade de Psicologia Clínica.

Segurança pública e privada

A presente investigação teve como objetivo analisar o carácter subsidiário e complementar dos serviços de segurança privada, face à atividade desenvolvida pelas forças e serviços de segurança. Centrada nos espetáculos desportivos, procurou mostrar de que forma se materializa a complementaridade e subsidiariedade entre serviços de segurança privada e as forças e serviços de segurança. Através de uma estratégia de investigação qualitativa, concretizada a partir de uma pesquisa documental e um inquérito por entrevista semiestruturada, cujos dados foram alvo de análise de conteúdo, pretendeu-se recolher informação que permita à GNR melhorar a sua atuação na segurança dos espetáculos desportivos. No âmbito da segurança interna, a segurança privada assume um papel fundamental no garante da segurança, a par das atividades desenvolvidas pelas forças e serviços de segurança. Nos espetáculos desportivos, esta relação simbiótica é evidente, sendo um claro exemplo de uma abordagem integrada a este direito fundamental. Conclui-se que a relação, prevista legalmente como complementar e subsidiária, entre serviços de segurança privada e forças e serviços de segurança, se materializa pela adoção e normalização de diversos mecanismos de coordenação e articulação, mas principalmente pela partilha de um fim último comum: a segurança de todos os cidadãos. Abstract: Inserted in the CEMC 2015-16, this work aims to analyze the alternative and complementary nature of private security services, due to the activity carried out by Police Forces. Focusing on sports events, this research sought to show how materializes complementarity and subsidiarity between private security services and Police forces. Through a qualitative research strategy, implemented from documental research and a survey by semi-structured interviews, whose data were subjected to content analysis, we intended to collect information to the GNR improve their performance in the safety of sports events. In the context of internal security, private agents play a key role in security guarantees, along with the activities carried out by security forces and services. In sports events, this symbiotic relationship is too obvious, being a clear example of an integrated approach to this fundamental right. It was concluded that the relationship provided legally as complementary and subsidiarity between private security companies and security forces and services, materializes the adoption and standardization of various mechanisms for coordination and articulation, but mostly by sharing an end last common: the safety of all citizens.

New insights into the genetic diversity of zooxanthellae in Mediterranean anthozoans

Symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium, also called zooxanthellae, are found in association with a wide diversity of shallow-water anthozoans. The Symbiodinium genus includes numerous lineages, also referred to as clades or phylotypes, as well as a wide diversity of genetic sub-clades and sub-phylotypes. There are few studies characterizing the genetic diversity of zooxanthellae in Mediterranean anthozoans. In this study, we included anthozoans from the Western Mediterranean Sea and by means of internal transcriber (ITS) and large sub-unit (LSU) rRNA markers we corroborate what has been previously identified, demonstrating that phylotype “Temperate A” is very common among host Cnidaria in this basin. Our finding of fixed differences in ITS and LSU markers that correspond to different host taxa, indicate that this clade may comprise several closely-related species.

Especificidad del hongo micorrizico (Rhizoctonia sp.) en Phalaenopsis sp., Cymbidium sp., Trichoceros antenifer, Oncidium excavatum, y Cyrtochilum sp.

Las orquídeas producen abundantes semillas pequeñas, careciendo de endospermo, cotiledones y sustancias de reserva para llevar a cabo su germinación. Es por esto que estratégicamente las semillas establecen una relación simbiótica con un hongo micorrízico que favorece a su germinación y desarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la especificidad del hongo micorrízico (Rhizoctonia sp.) en la germinación de cinco géneros de orquídeas. Se usaron dos medios de cultivo: 1) PhytamaxTM y 2) avena-agar+Rhizoctonia sp. Los resultados evaluados a los 45 y 75 días demuestran que no existe especificidad entre el hongo Rhizoctonia sp. y Trichoceros antenifer, especie de la cual se aisló el hongo. La germinación en tres de los cinco géneros evaluados fue mayor en el tratamiento avena-agar+Rhizoctonia sp., evidenciando también mayor tamaño y vigor las plantas que se desarrollaron en este tratamiento, aunque estos datos no fueron evaluados. Los resultados sugieren también que la planta hospedera del hongo inoculado podría tener una ventaja en cuanto al tiempo requerido para su germinación; sin embargo otras, especies también se ven favorecidas con el inóculo, aunque éste sea obtenido de otra fuente.

Triterpene benzoates from the bark of Picramnia teapensis (Simaroubaceae)

Two new benzoic acid esters of triterpene alcohols [lup-20 (29)-en-28-oic acid 3 alpha, 7 beta -dibenzoate and 3 alpha -hydroxy-lup-20(29)-en-28-ic acid 7 beta -benzoate] were isolated from the stem bark of Picramnia teapensis Tul. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of spectral analyses. Other known compounds, beta -sitosterol, estigmasterol, lupeol and epilupeol, were identified in mixture by GC-MS. The triterpene esters have not shown in-vitro inhibitory effect on the growth of Leucoagaricus gongylophorus (Fisher), referred also as Leucocoprinus gongylophorus (Heim), syn Rozites gongylophora (Moller), the symbiotic fungus cultivated by the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens L.

The Hibernicon and Visions of Returning Home: Popular Entertainment in Irish America from the Civil War to World War I

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2012

Non-specific transient mutualism between the plant parasitic nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , and the opportunistic bacterium Serratia quinivorans BXF1, a plant-growth promoting pine endophyte with antagonistic effects

The aim of this study is to understand the biological role of Serratia quinivorans BXF1, a bacterium commonly found associated with Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the plant parasitic nematode responsible for pine wilt disease. Therefore, we studied strain BXF1 effect in pine wilt disease. We found that strain BXF1 promoted in vitro nematode reproduction. Moreover, the presence of bacteria led to the absence of nematode chitinase gene (Bxcht-1) expression, suggesting an effect for bacterial chitinase in nematode reproduction. Nevertheless, strain BXF1 was unable to colonize the nematode interior, bind to its cuticle with high affinity or protect the nematode from xenobiotic stress. Interestingly, strain BXF1 was able to promote tomato and pine plant-growth, as well as to colonize its interior, thus, acting like a plant-growth promoting endophyte. Consequently, strain BXF1 failed to induce wilting symptoms when inoculated in pine shoot artificial incisions. This bacterium also presented strong antagonistic activities against fungi and bacteria isolated from Pinus pinaster. Our results suggest that B. xylophilus does not possess a strict symbiotic community capable of inducing pine wilt disease symptoms as previously hypothesized. We show that bacteria like BXF1, which possess plant-growth promoting and antagonistic effects, may be opportunistically associated with B. xylophilus, possibly acquired from the bacterial endophytic community of the host pine.

Bacterial community associated to the pine wilt disease insect vectors Monochamus galloprovincialis and Monochamus alternatus

Monochamus beetles are the dispersing vectors of the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). PWD inflicts significant damages in Eurasian pine forests. Symbiotic microorganisms have a large influence in insect survival. The aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial community associated to PWD vectors in Europe and East Asia using a culture-independent approach. Twenty-three Monochamus galloprovincialiswere collected in Portugal (two different locations); twelve Monochamus alternatus were collected in Japan. DNA was extracted from the insects’ tracheas for 16S rDNA analysis through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and barcoded pyrosequencing. Enterobacteriales, Pseudomonadales, Vibrionales and Oceanospirilales were present in all samples. Enterobacteriaceae was represented by 52.2% of the total number of reads. Twenty-three OTUs were present in all locations. Significant differences existed between the microbiomes of the two insect species while for M. galloprovincialis there were no significant differences between samples from different Portuguese locations. This study presents a detailed description of the bacterial community colonizing the Monochamus insects’ tracheas. Several of the identified bacterial groups were described previously in association with pine trees and B. xylophilus, and their previously described functions suggest that they may play a relevant role in PWD.

The damage caused by Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea grains is dependent on the plant genotype.

Beans fromcowpea cultivars fertilized with mineral N or inoculated with various rhizobium strainsmay contain different nitrogen concentrations and nitrogen metabolite composition, which affects the beans? defense mechanisms against pests. In this study, the population growth of Callosobruchus maculatus reared on beans from four cowpea cultivars fertilized with different nitrogen sources was evaluated. The factors tested were beans from four cowpea cultivars and seven different nitrogen sources: mineral N fertilization, inoculation with five strains of symbiotic diazotrophic bacteria, and soil nitrogen (absolute control).

Computational resources for structural and metagenomic characterization of functions in bacteria and bacterial communities. Antimicrobial resistance, pathways for xenobiotic degradation and relationship between gut microbiome and ageing.

Prokaryotic organisms are one of the most successful forms of life, they are present in all known ecosystems. The deluge diversity of bacteria reflects their ability to colonise every environment. Also, human beings host trillions of microorganisms in their body districts, including skin, mucosae, and gut. This symbiosis is active for all other terrestrial and marine animals, as well as plants. With the term holobiont we refer, with a single word, to the systems including both the host and its symbiotic microbial species. The coevolution of bacteria within their ecological niches reflects the adaptation of both host and guest species, and it is shaped by complex interactions that are pivotal for determining the host state. Nowadays, thanks to the current sequencing technologies, Next Generation Sequencing, we have unprecedented tools for investigating the bacterial life by studying the prokaryotic genome sequences. NGS revolution has been sustained by the advancements in computational performance, in terms of speed, storage capacity, algorithm development and hardware costs decreasing following the Moore’s Law. Bioinformaticians and computational biologists design and implement ad hoc tools able to analyse high-throughput data and extract valuable biological information. Metagenomics requires the integration of life and computational sciences and it is uncovering the deluge diversity of the bacterial world. The present thesis work focuses mainly on the analysis of prokaryotic genomes under different aspects. Being supervised by two groups at the University of Bologna, the Biocomputing group and the group of Microbial Ecology of Health, I investigated three different topics: i) antimicrobial resistance, particularly with respect to missense point mutations involved in the resistant phenotype, ii) bacterial mechanisms involved in xenobiotic degradation via the computational analysis of metagenomic samples, and iii) the variation of the human gut microbiota through ageing, in elderly and longevous individuals.