Efficient implementation of general negation using abstract interpretation

While negation has been a very active área of research in logic programming, comparatively few papers have been devoted to implementation issues. Furthermore, the negation-related capabilities of current Prolog systems are limited. We recently presented a novel method for incorporating negation in a Prolog compiler which takes a number of existing methods (some modified and improved) and uses them in a combined fashion. The method makes use of information provided by a global analysis of the source code. Our previous work focused on the systematic description of the techniques and the reasoning about correctness and completeness of the method, but provided no experimental evidence to evalúate the proposal. In this paper, after proposing some extensions to the method, we provide experimental data which indicates that the method is not only feasible but also quite promising from the efficiency point of view. In addition, the tests have provided new insight as to how to improve the proposal further. Abstract interpretation techniques (in particular those included in the Ciao Prolog system preprocessor) have had a significant role in the success of the technique.

Towards data-aware resource analysis for service orchestrations

Compile-time program analysis techniques can be applied to Web service orchestrations to prove or check various properties. In particular, service orchestrations can be subjected to resource analysis, in which safe approximations of upper and lower resource usage bounds are deduced. A uniform analysis can be simultaneously performed for different generalized resources that can be directiy correlated with cost- and performance-related quality attributes, such as invocations of partners, network traffic, number of activities, iterations, and data accesses. The resulting safe upper and lower bounds do not depend on probabilistic assumptions, and are expressed as functions of size or length of data components from an initiating message, using a finegrained structured data model that corresponds to the XML-style of information structuring. The analysis is performed by transforming a BPEL-like representation of an orchestration into an equivalent program in another programming language for which the appropriate analysis tools already exist.

Continuous multi-criteria methods for crop and soil conservation planning on La Colacha (Río Cuarto, Province of Cordoba, Argentina)

Agro-areas of Arroyos Menores (La Colacha) west and south of Rand south of R?o Cuarto (Prov. of Cordoba, Argentina) basins are very fertile but have high soil loses. Extreme rain events, inundations and other severe erosions forming gullies demand urgently actions in this area to avoid soil degradation and erosion supporting good levels of agro production. The authors first improved hydrologic data on La Colacha, evaluated the systems of soil uses and actions that could be recommended considering the relevant aspects of the study area and applied decision support systems (DSS) with mathematic tools for planning of defences and uses of soils in these areas. These were conducted here using multi-criteria models, in multi-criteria decision making (MCDM); first of discrete MCDM to chose among global types of use of soils, and then of continuous MCDM to evaluate and optimize combined actions, including repartition of soil use and the necessary levels of works for soil conservation and for hydraulic management to conserve against erosion these basins. Relatively global solutions for La Colacha area have been defined and were optimised by Linear Programming in Goal Programming forms that are presented as Weighted or Lexicographic Goal Programming and as Compromise Programming. The decision methods used are described, indicating algorithms used, and examples for some representative scenarios on La Colacha area are given.

Implementación de algoritmos para la manipulación de curvas concoides en diseño geométrico

Este proyecto se enmarca dentro de la Computación Simbólica y de los fundamentos matemáticos del Diseño Geométrico Asistido por ordenador (CAGD). Se abordara uno de los problemas principales en el ámbito del CAGD y que es la manipulación de las Curvas Concoide. La importancia del avance en la manipulación de las curvas concoide radica en el papel fundamental que desempeñan en múltiples aplicaciones en la actualidad dentro de campos de diversa índole tales como la medicina, la óptica, el electromagnetismo, la construcción, etc. El objetivo principal de este proyecto es el diseño e implementación de algoritmos para el estudio, cálculo y manipulación de curvas concoides, utilizando técnicas propias del Calculo Simbólico. Esta implementación se ha programado utilizando el sistema de computación simbólica Maple. El proyecto consiste en dos partes bien diferenciadas, una parte teórica y otra más practica. La primera incluye la descripción geométrica y definición formal de curvas concoide, así como las ideas y propiedades básicas. De forma más precisa, se presenta un estudio matemático sobre el análisis de racionalidad de estas curvas, explicando los algoritmos que serán implementados en las segunda parte, y que constituye el objetivo principal de este proyecto. Para cerrar esta parte, se presenta una pequeña introducción al sistema y a la programación en Maple. Por otro lado, la segunda parte de este proyecto es totalmente original, y en ella el autor desarrolla las implementaciones en Maple de los algoritmos presentados en la parte anterior, así como la creación de un paquete Maple que las recoge. Por último, se crean las paginas de ayudas en el sistema Maple para la correcta utilización del paquete matemático anteriormente mencionado. Una vez terminada la parte de implementación, se aplican los algoritmos implementados a una colección de curvas clásicas conocidas, recogiendo los datos y resultados obtenidos en un atlas de curvas. Finalmente, se presenta una recopilación de las aplicaciones más destacadas en las que las concoides desempeñan un papel importante así como una breve reseña sobre las concoides de superficies, objeto de varios estudios en la actualidad y a los que se considera que el presente proyecto les puede resultar de gran utilidad. Abstract This project is set up in the framework of Symbolic Computation as well as in the implementation of algebraic-geometric problems that arise from Computer Aided Geometric Design (C.A.G.D.) applications. We address problems related to conchoid curves. The importance of these curves is the fundamental role that they play in current applications as medicine, optics, electromagnetism, construction, etc. The main goal of this project is to design and implement some algorithms to solve problems in studying, calculating and generating conchoid curves with symbolic computation techniques. For this purpose, we program our implementations in the symbolic system “Maple". The project consists of two differentiated parts, one more theoretical part and another part more practical. The first one includes the description of conchoid curves as well as the basic ideas about the concept and its basic properties. More precisely, we introduce in this part the mathematical analysis of the rationality of the conchoids, and we present the algorithms that will be implemented. Furthermore, the reader will be brie y introduced in Maple programming. On the other hand, the second part of this project is totally original. In this more practical part, the author presents the implemented algorithms and a Maple package that includes them, as well as their help pages. These implemented procedures will be check and illustrated with some classical and well known curves, collecting the main properties of the conchoid curves obtained in a brief atlas. Finally, a compilation of the most important applications where conchoids play a fundamental role, and a brief introduction to the conchoids of surfaces, subject of several studies today and where this project could be very useful, are presented.

Ontology Localization

In the context of the Semantic Web, resources on the net can be enriched by well-defined, machine-understandable metadata describing their associated conceptual meaning. These metadata consisting of natural language descriptions of concepts are the focus of the activity we describe in this chapter, namely, ontology localization. In the framework of the NeOn Methodology, ontology localization is defined as the activity of adapting an ontology to a particular language and culture. This adaptation mainly involves the translation of the natural language descriptions of the ontology from a source natural language to a target natural language, with the final objective of obtaining a multilingual ontology, that is, an ontology documented in several natural languages. The purpose of this chapter is to provide detailed and prescriptive methodological guidelines to support the performance of this activity.

Análisis del acoplamiento vibro-acústico en resonadores de membrana

El presente Trabajo Fin de Máster pretende llevar a cabo el análisis del comportamiento vibratorio de resonadores de membrana, consistentes en un panel delgado y ligero montado a cierta distancia de un elemento constructivo rígido y pesado. Este tipo de sistemas resonantes son empleados habitualmente como absorbentes de media-baja frecuencia en aplicaciones de acondicionamiento acústico de salas. El análisis hará especial hincapié en la influencia del acoplamiento mecánico-acústico entre la placa vibrante (estructura) y el colchón de aire (fluido) encerrado entre la misma y la pared rígida. En primer lugar, realizaremos el análisis modal experimental del resonador objeto de ensayo a partir de las mediciones de su respuesta vibratoria, con el fin de caracterizar su comportamiento en base a sus primeros modos propios acoplados de flexión. El análisis de las señales vibratorias en el dominio de la frecuencia para la identificación de dicho modos se realizará en el entorno de programación MATLAB, haciendo uso de una herramienta propia que implementa los métodos de cálculo y los algoritmos necesarios para tal fin. Asimismo, simularemos el comportamiento del resonador mediante el método de elementos finitos (FEM), utilizando las aplicaciones ANSYS y SYSNOISE, considerando diferentes condiciones frontera en el modelo generado. Los resultados aquí obtenidos serán de utilidad para complementar aquellos obtenidos de forma experimental a la hora de extraer conclusiones prácticas del análisis realizado. SUMMARY. This Master's Thesis intends to carry out the analysis of the vibratory behaviour of resonance absorbers, consisting of a thin and lightweight panel mounted at a distance from a rigid wall. Such systems are commonly used as sound absorption systems for mid-low frequency in room acoustics applications. The analysis will emphasize the influence of mechanical-acoustic coupling between the vibrating plate (structure) and the air cushion (acoustic element) enclosed behind it. First of all, we are performing the experimental modal analysis of the resonance absorber under test from the vibrational response measurements, in order to characterize its behaviour based on its first bending coupled-modes. The analysis of vibration signals in the frequency domain for the identification of such modes will be made in MATLAB programming environment, using a proprietary tool that implements the calculation methods and algorithms needed for this purpose. Furthermore, we are simulating the behaviour of the resonance absorber applying the Finite Element Method (FEM) – using ANSYS and SYSNOISE applications - considering different boundary conditions in the model created. The results from the simulation will be useful to complement those obtained experimentally when drawing practical conclusions from this analysis.

Posibilidades del motor 3D de la Nintendo DS

La consola portátil Nintendo DS es una plataforma de desarrollo muy presente entre la comunidad de desarrolladores independientes, con una extensa y nutrida escena homebrew. Si bien las capacidades 2D de la consola están muy aprovechadas, dado que la mayor parte de los esfuerzos de los creadores amateur están enfocados en este aspecto, el motor 3D de ésta (el que se encarga de representar en pantalla modelos tridimensionales) no lo está de igual manera. Por lo tanto, en este proyecto se tiene en vista determinar las capacidades gráficas de la Nintendo DS. Para ello se ha realizado una biblioteca de funciones en C que permite aprovechar las posibilidades que ofrece la consola en el terreno 3D y que sirve como herramienta para la comunidad homebrew para crear aplicaciones 3D de forma sencilla, dado que se ha diseñado como un sistema modular y accesible. En cuanto al proceso de renderizado se han sacado varias conclusiones. En primer lugar se ha determinado la posibilidad de asignar varias componentes de color a un mismo vértice (color material reactivo a la iluminación, color por vértice directo y color de textura), tanto de forma independiente como simultáneamente, pudiéndose utilizar para aplicar diversos efectos al modelo, como iluminación pre-calculada o simulación de una textura mediante color por vértice, ahorrando en memoria de video. Por otro lado se ha implementado un sistema de renderizado multi-capa, que permite realizar varias pasadas de render, pudiendo, de esta forma, aplicar al modelo una segunda textura mezclada con la principal o realizar un efecto de reflexión esférica. Uno de los principales avances de esta herramienta con respecto a otras existentes se encuentra en el apartado de animación. El renderizador desarrollado permite por un lado animación por transformación, consistente en la animación de mallas o grupos de vértices del modelo mediante el movimiento de una articulación asociada que determina su posición y rotación en cada frame de animación. Por otro lado se ha implementado un sistema de animación por muestreo de vértices mediante el cual se determina la posición de éstos en cada instante de la animación, generando frame a frame las poses que componen el movimiento (siendo este último método necesario cuando no se puede animar una malla por transformación). Un mismo modelo puede contener diferentes esqueletos, animados independientemente entre sí, y cada uno de ellos tener definidas varias costumbres de animación que correspondan a movimientos contextuales diferentes (andar, correr, saltar, etc). Además, el sistema permite extraer cualquier articulación para asociar su transformación a un objeto estático externo y que éste siga el movimiento de la animación, pudiendo así, por ejemplo, equipar un objeto en la mano de un personaje. Finalmente se han implementado varios efectos útiles en la creación de escenas tridimensionales, como el billboarding (tanto esférico como cilíndrico), que restringe la rotación de un modelo para que éste siempre mire a cámara y así poder emular la apariencia de un objeto tridimensional mediante una imagen plana, ahorrando geometría, o emplearlo para realizar efectos de partículas. Por otra parte se ha implementado un sistema de animación de texturas por subimágenes que permite generar efectos de movimiento mediante imágenes, sin necesidad de transformar geometría. ABSTRACT. The Nintendo DS portable console has received great interest within the independent developers’ community, with a huge homebrew scene. The 2D capabilities of this console are well known and used since most efforts of the amateur creators has been focused on this point. However its 3D engine (which handles with the representation of three-dimensional models) is not equally used. Therefore, in this project the main objective is to assess the Nintendo DS graphic capabilities. For this purpose, a library of functions in C programming language has been coded. This library allows the programmer to take advantage of the possibilities that the 3D area brings. This way the library can be used by the homebrew community as a tool to create 3D applications in an easy way, since it has been designed as a modular and accessible system. Regarding the render process, some conclusions have been drawn. First, it is possible to assign several colour components to the same vertex (material colour, reactive to the illumination, colour per vertex and texture colour), independently and simultaneously. This feature can be useful to apply certain effects on the model, such as pre-calculated illumination or the simulation of a texture using colour per vertex, providing video memory saving. Moreover, a multi-layer render system has been implemented. This system allows the programmer to issue several render passes on the same model. This new feature brings the possibility to apply to the model a second texture blended with the main one or simulate a spherical reflection effect. One of the main advances of this tool over existing ones consists of its animation system. The developed renderer includes, on the one hand, transform animation, which consists on animating a mesh or groups of vertices of the model by the movement of an associated joint. This joint determines position and rotation of the mesh at each frame of the animation. On the other hand, this tool also implements an animation system by vertex sampling, where the position of vertices is determined at every instant of the animation, generating the poses that build up the movement (the latter method is mandatory when a mesh cannot be animated by transform). A model can contain multiple skeletons, animated independently, each of them being defined with several animation customs, corresponding to different contextual movements (walk, run, jump, etc). Besides, the system allows extraction of information from any joint in order to associate its transform to a static external object, which will follow the movement of the animation. This way, any object could be equipped, for example, on the hand of a character. Finally, some useful effects for the creation of three-dimensional scenes have been implemented. These effects include billboarding (both spherical and cylindrical), which constraints the rotation of a model so it always looks on the camera's direction. This feature can provide the ability to emulate the appearance of a three-dimensional model through a flat image (saving geometry). It can also be helpful in the implementation of particle effects. Moreover, a texture animation system using sub-images has also been implemented. This system allows the generation of movement by using images as textures, without having to transform geometry.

A model-driven approach to teaching concurrency

We present an undergraduate course on concurrent programming where formal models are used in different stages of the learning process. The main practical difference with other approaches lies in the fact that the ability to develop correct concurrent software relies on a systematic transformation of formal models of inter-process interaction (so called shared resources), rather than on the specific constructs of some programming language. Using a resource-centric rather than a language-centric approach has some benefits for both teachers and students. Besides the obvious advantage of being independent of the programming language, the models help in the early validation of concurrent software design, provide students and teachers with a lingua franca that greatly simplifies communication at the classroom and during supervision, and help in the automatic generation of tests for the practical assignments. This method has been in use, with slight variations, for some 15 years, surviving changes in the programming language and course length. In this article, we describe the components and structure of the current incarnation of the course?which uses Java as target language?and some tools used to support our method. We provide a detailed description of the different outcomes that the model-driven approach delivers (validation of the initial design, automatic generation of tests, and mechanical generation of code) from a teaching perspective. A critical discussion on the perceived advantages and risks of our approach follows, including some proposals on how these risks can be minimized. We include a statistical analysis to show that our method has a positive impact in the student ability to understand concurrency and to generate correct code.

Guidelines for multilingual linked data

In this article, we argue that there is a growing number of linked datasets in different natural languages, and that there is a need for guidelines and mechanisms to ensure the quality and organic growth of this emerging multilingual data network. However, we have little knowledge regarding the actual state of this data network, its current practices, and the open challenges that it poses. Questions regarding the distribution of natural languages, the links that are established across data in different languages, or how linguistic features are represented, remain mostly unanswered. Addressing these and other language-related issues can help to identify existing problems, propose new mechanisms and guidelines or adapt the ones in use for publishing linked data including language-related features, and, ultimately, provide metrics to evaluate quality aspects. In this article we review, discuss, and extend current guidelines for publishing linked data by focusing on those methods, techniques and tools that can help RDF publishers to cope with language barriers. Whenever possible, we will illustrate and discuss each of these guidelines, methods, and tools on the basis of practical examples that we have encountered in the publication of the datos.bne.es dataset.

KATS: A Knowledge Acquisition Tool Based on Electronic Document Processing

This paper describes a particular knowledge acquisition tool for the construction and maintenance of the knowledge model of an intelligent system for emergency management in the field of hydrology. This tool has been developed following an innovative approach directed to end-users non familiarized in computer oriented terminology. According to this approach, the tool is conceived as a document processor specialized in a particular domain (hydrology) in such a way that the whole knowledge model is viewed by the user as an electronic document. The paper first describes the characteristics of the knowledge model of the intelligent system and summarizes the problems that we found during the development and maintenance of such type of model. Then, the paper describes the KATS tool, a software application that we have designed to help in this task to be used by users who are not experts in computer programming. Finally, the paper shows a comparison between KATS and other approaches for knowledge acquisition.

MAIA: an event-based modular architecture for intelligent agents

Online services are no longer isolated. The release of public APIs and technologies such as web hooks are allowing users and developers to access their information easily. Intelligent agents could use this information to provide a better user experience across services, connecting services with smart automatic. behaviours or actions. However, agent platforms are not prepared to easily add external sources such as web services, which hinders the usage of agents in the so-called Evented or Live Web. As a solution, this paper introduces an event-based architecture for agent systems, in accordance with the new tendencies in web programming. In particular, it is focused on personal agents that interact with several web services. With this architecture, called MAIA, connecting to new web services does not involve any modification in the platform.

Medida de distancia semántica en grafos UNL

El trabajo que se presenta a continuación desarrolla un modelo para calcular la distancia semántica entre dos oraciones representadas por grafos UNL. Este problema se plantea en el contexto de la traducción automática donde diferentes traductores pueden generar oraciones ligeramente diferentes partiendo del mismo original. La medida de distancia que se propone tiene como objetivo proporcionar una evaluación objetiva sobre la calidad del proceso de generación del texto. El autor realiza una exploración del estado del arte sobre esta materia, reuniendo en un único trabajo los modelos propuestos de distancia semántica entre conceptos, los modelos de comparación de grafos y las pocas propuestas realizadas para calcular distancias entre grafos conceptuales. También evalúa los pocos recursos disponibles para poder experimentar el modelo y plantea una metodología para generar los conjuntos de datos que permitirían aplicar la propuesta con el rigor científico necesario y desarrollar la experimentación. Utilizando las piezas anteriores se propone un modelo novedoso de comparación entre grafos conceptuales que permite utilizar diferentes algoritmos de distancia entre conceptos y establecer umbrales de tolerancia para permitir una comparación flexible entre las oraciones. Este modelo se programa utilizando C++, se alimenta con los recursos a los que se ha hecho referencia anteriormente, y se experimenta con un conjunto de oraciones creado por el autor ante la falta de otros recursos disponibles. Los resultados del modelo muestran que la metodología y la implementación pueden conducir a la obtención de una medida de distancia entre grafos UNL con aplicación en sistemas de traducción automática, sin embargo, la carencia de recursos y de datos etiquetados con los que validar el algoritmo requieren un esfuerzo previo importante antes de poder ofrecer resultados concluyentes.---ABSTRACT---The work presented here develops a model to calculate the semantic distance between two sentences represented by their UNL graphs. This problem arises in the context of machine translation where different translators can generate slightly different sentences from the same original. The distance measure that is proposed aims to provide an objective evaluation on the quality of the process involved in the generation of text. The author carries out an exploration of the state of the art on this subject, bringing together in a single work the proposed models of semantic distance between concepts, models for comparison of graphs and the few proposals made to calculate distances between conceptual graphs. It also assesses the few resources available to experience the model and presents a methodology to generate the datasets that would be needed to develop the proposal with the scientific rigor required and to carry out the experimentation. Using the previous parts a new model is proposed to compute differences between conceptual graphs; this model allows the use of different algorithms of distance between concepts and is parametrized in order to be able to perform a flexible comparison between the resulting sentences. This model is implemented in C++ programming language, it is powered with the resources referenced above and is experienced with a set of sentences created by the author due to the lack of other available resources. The results of the model show that the methodology and the implementation can lead to the achievement of a measure of distance between UNL graphs with application in machine translation systems, however, lack of resources and of labeled data to validate the algorithm requires an important effort to be done first in order to be able to provide conclusive results.

Software architecture implementation based on OpenSim

One of the objectives of the European Higher Education Area is the promotion of collaborative and informal learning through the implementation of educational practices. 3D virtual environments become an ideal space for such activities. On the other hand, the problem of financing in Spanish universities has led to the search for new ways to optimize available resources. The Technical University of Madrid requires the use of laboratories which due to their dangerousness, duration or control of the developed processes are difficult to perform in real life. For this reason, we have developed several 3D laboratories in virtual environment. The laboratories are built on open source platform OpenSim. In this paper it is exposed the use of the OpenSim platform for these new teaching experiences and the new design of the software architecture. This architecture requires the adaptation of the platform to the needs of the users and the different laboratories of our University. We will explain the structure of the implemented architecture and the process of creating and configuring it. The proposed architecture is decentralized, each laboratory is housed in different an educational center. The architecture adds several services, among others, the creation and management of users automated, communication between external services and platforms in different program languages. Therefore, we achieve improving the user experience and rising the functionalities of laboratories.

Contexto, criptoanálisis y propuesta de solución de la inscripción de la talla (original) de la Virgen de Candelaria de Tenerife (Canarias, España)

Esta investigación es un ejemplo de simbiosis entre criptoanálisis y desciframiento de lenguas. Es la búsqueda del sentido de una inscripción, un conjunto de casi doscientas letras latinas, en una talla de la Virgen María que estaba en la isla de Tenerife, en la localidad hoy de Candelaria, en las islas Canarias. La imagen desapareció en un temporal en el año 1826. No obstante, es posible lograr una gran certeza sobre qué letras tenía, acudiendo a las fuentes documentales textuales y artísticas. El conocimiento del significado, si lo hubiera, de la inscripción mariana, creemos que no puede lograrse sin la adecuada comprensión del contexto. Esto significa indagar en la historia de la misma talla, que se remonta hasta el siglo XIV o XV, en el estudio de la población autóctona canaria, así como de los pueblos que allí llegaron en sus diferentes momentos históricos. Además, es necesario conocer el redescubrimiento del archipiélago canario y sus procesos de conquista y evangelización. Todos estos datos irán ofreciendo un panorama nuevo y sorprendente para comprender no sólo las letras sino la misma imagen escultórica en madera. A partir de este momento la indagación se moverá en ver si las letras corresponden a alguna lengua posible, lo que nos ha llevado a analizar un amplísimo conjunto de textos lo más cercanos a la época bajo estudio, pertenecientes a alrededor de un centenar de lenguas. Tras el examen lingüístico se ha procedido a un estudio de las posibles formas criptográficas que se hubieran utilizado para generar el texto de la inscripción. Se ofrece un detallado y minucioso elenco de técnicas posibles que pudieran haberse adoptado y se criptoanaliza con exhaustividad las letras de la talla mariana. Al mismo tiempo se ofrece un nuevo marco criptológico de métodos y sistemas más ordenado y completo que el que hasta ahora venía considerándose, en especial desde el surgimiento de la criptografía de clave asimétrica. Continuamos la investigación sopesando la posible generación pseudo-aleatoria del texto, un texto que pudiera no tener sentido alguno. En este momento, y habiendo completado todas las posibilidades e hipótesis, habiéndose negado todas, volvemos a reconsiderar el cuerpo de conjeturas y supuestos. Desde ahí analizamos en profundidad el ámbito etnográfico y lingüístico bereber como hipótesis más plausible y probable. Tras la profundización en esta lengua y la corrección de los errores que nos llevaron a no detectarla en nuestro análisis precedente, llegamos a la conclusión de encontrarnos ante una lengua arcaica bereber, un conjunto de letras pertenecientes a una lengua y familia hoy no desaparecida, si bien muy modelada y difuminada por otras lenguas, en especial el árabe. Esto nos llevará a rescatar aspectos léxicos, morfológicos, sintácticos y fonéticos de este habla arcaica. Con todos estos datos realizamos un amplio estudio semántico de la talla tanto desde la perspectiva aborigen autóctona como cristiana. Finalmente, desde las voces lexicales y sus raíces de las lenguas bereberes e insulares amazigh, ofrecemos el significado de las letras inscritas en la talla mariana de Candelaria. ABSTRACT This research is an example of symbiosis between cryptanalysis and deciphering of languages. It is the search for meaning in an inscription, a group of about two hundred latin letters on a carving of the Virgin Mary that was on the island of Tenerife, in the town of Candelaria today, in the Canary islands. The image disappeared in a storm in 1826. However, it is possible to achieve a great certainty about what letters had, going to the textual and artistic documentary sources. The knowledge of the meaning, if any, of the marian inscription, can not be achieved without an adequate knowledge of the context. This means researching into the history of the same carving, which dates back to the fourteenth and fifteen century; the study of the canarian indigenous people and of the people who came there at different historical moments. Furthermore, it is necessary to know the rediscovery of the Canary islands and their processes of conquest and evangelization. All these data will offer a new and surprising outlook to understanding not only the letters but the same wood sculpture. From this moment the inquiry will move to see if the letters correspond to any possible language, which has led us to analyze a very large set of texts as close to the time under study, in a hundred languages. After the language examination, has been carried out a study of possible cryptographic forms used to generate the text of the inscription. A detailed and thorough list of possible techniques that could be adopted is offered. Then exhaustively we cryptanalyze the letters of the marian carving. At the same time a new crypto framework of methods and systems more orderly and complete, especially since the emergence of asymmetric key cryptography, is provided. We continue researching the possible pseudo-random generation of the text, a text that would not make any sense. At this time, and having completed all the possibilities and hypotheses, all having refused, we return to rethink our assumptions. From there we analyze in depth the ethnographic and linguistic berber sphere as the most likely hypothesis. Following the deepening of this language and correcting the mistakes that led us not to detect it in our analysis above, we conclude that this is an archaic berber language, a set of letters belonging to a language and family not extinct today but very modeled and influenced by other languages, primarily arabic. This will lead us to rescue lexical, morphological, syntactic and phonetic aspects of this archaic speech. With all this data we make a wide semantic study of the carving from the indigenous and christian perspective. Finally, from the lexical voices and roots of the berber languages amazigh and island-amazigh, we give the meaning of the letters inscribed in the marian carving of Candelaria.

Desarrollo de una herramienta de análisis de la señal de voz

El habla es la principal herramienta de comunicación de la que dispone el ser humano que, no sólo le permite expresar su pensamiento y sus sentimientos sino que le distingue como individuo. El análisis de la señal de voz es fundamental para múltiples aplicaciones como pueden ser: síntesis y reconocimiento de habla, codificación, detección de patologías, identificación y reconocimiento de locutor… En el mercado se pueden encontrar herramientas comerciales o de libre distribución para realizar esta tarea. El objetivo de este Proyecto Fin de Grado es reunir varios algoritmos de análisis de la señal de voz en una única herramienta que se manejará a través de un entorno gráfico. Los algoritmos están siendo utilizados en el Grupo de investigación en Aplicaciones MultiMedia y Acústica de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid para llevar a cabo su tarea investigadora y para ofertar talleres formativos a los alumnos de grado de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación. Actualmente se ha encontrado alguna dificultad para poder aplicar los algoritmos ya que se han ido desarrollando a lo largo de varios años, por distintas personas y en distintos entornos de programación. Se han adaptado los programas existentes para generar una única herramienta en MATLAB que permite: . Detección de voz . Detección sordo/sonoro . Extracción y revisión manual de frecuencia fundamental de los sonidos sonoros . Extracción y revisión manual de formantes de los sonidos sonoros En todos los casos el usuario puede ajustar los parámetros de análisis y se ha mantenido y, en algunos casos, ampliado la funcionalidad de los algoritmos existentes. Los resultados del análisis se pueden manejar directamente en la aplicación o guardarse en un fichero. Por último se ha escrito el manual de usuario de la aplicación y se ha generado una aplicación independiente que puede instalarse y ejecutarse aunque no se disponga del software o de la versión adecuada de MATLAB. ABSTRACT. The speech is the main communication tool which has the human that as well as allowing to express his thoughts and feelings distinguishes him as an individual. The analysis of speech signal is essential for multiple applications such as: synthesis and recognition of speech, coding, detection of pathologies, identification and speaker recognition… In the market you can find commercial or open source tools to perform this task. The aim of this Final Degree Project is collect several algorithms of speech signal analysis in a single tool which will be managed through a graphical environment. These algorithms are being used in the research group Aplicaciones MultiMedia y Acústica at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid to carry out its research work and to offer training workshops for students at the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación. Currently some difficulty has been found to be able to apply the algorithms as they have been developing over several years, by different people and in different programming environments. Existing programs have been adapted to generate a single tool in MATLAB that allows: . Voice Detection . Voice/Unvoice Detection . Extraction and manual review of fundamental frequency of voiced sounds . Extraction and manual review formant voiced sounds In all cases the user can adjust the scan settings, we have maintained and in some cases expanded the functionality of existing algorithms. The analysis results can be managed directly in the application or saved to a file. Finally we have written the application user’s manual and it has generated a standalone application that can be installed and run although the user does not have MATLAB software or the appropriate version.