722 resultados para Sexual and reproductive health and rights
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The ‘Giving Australia’ project is an initiative of the Prime Minister’s Community Business Partnership, coordinated by the Australian Council of Social Service (ACOSS) in collaboration with the Centre for Australian Community Organisations and Management (CACOM) at the University of Technology, Sydney, the Australian Centre of Philanthropy and Nonprofit Studies (ACPNS)at the Queensland University of Technology, Roy Morgan Research (RMR),McNair Ingenuity Research and the Fundraising Institute - Australia (FIA).
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Strange encounters, mobility, evocative textures, cultural connections, stories, water, land, travel, discontinuity - the overriding sense of the
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The little Anglican boarding school of St Barnabas, in the mountain town of Ravenshoe, north Queensland, was where Robert Waddington built his reputation as an educationalist. He was headmaster there from 1961-70, but a growing number of former pupils are now coming forward to say they were subjected to sexual and physical abuse by him. Bim Atkinson, 58, said that his ordeal began after he was sent to the school and joined the choir. “I was absolutely petrified of the man,” Mr Atkinson recalls. “After I joined the choir, the abuse started. He would tell me to go to the sickbay, which had a connecting door to his bedroom and then I would end up in his room.”
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Background Ambulance professionals often address conflicts between ethical values. As individuals’ values represent basic convictions of what is right or good and motivate behaviour, research is needed to understand their value profiles. Objectives To translate and adapt the Managerial Values Profile to Spanish and Swedish, and measure the presence of utilitarianism, moral rights and/or social justice in ambulance professionals’ value profiles in Spain and Sweden. Methods The instrument was translated and culturally adapted. A content validity index was calculated. Pilot tests were carried out with 46 participants. Ethical considerations This study conforms to the ethical principles for research involving human subjects and adheres to national laws and regulations concerning informed consent and confidentiality. Findings Spanish professionals favoured justice and Swedish professionals’ rights in their ambulance organizations. Both countries favoured utilitarianism least. Gender differences across countries showed that males favoured rights. Spanish female professionals favoured justice most strongly of all. Discussion Swedes favour rights while Spaniards favour justice. Both contexts scored low on utilitarianism focusing on total population effect, preferring the opposite, individualized approach of the rights and justice perspectives. Organizational investment in a utilitarian perspective might jeopardize ambulance professionals’ moral right to make individual assessments based on the needs of the patient at hand. Utilitarianism and a caring ethos appear as stark opposites. However, a caring ethos in its turn might well involve unreasonable demands on the individual carer’s professional role. Since both the justice and rights perspectives portrayed in the survey mainly concern relationship to the organization and peers within the organization, this relationship might at worst be given priority over the equal treatment and moral rights of the patient. Conclusion A balanced view on ethical perspectives is needed to make professionals observant and ready to act optimally – especially if these perspectives are used in patient care. Research is needed to clarify how justice and rights are prioritized by ambulance services and whether or not these organization-related values are also implemented in patient care.
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In 1952 Helsinki hosted the Summer Olympic Games and Armi Kuusela, the current “Maiden of Finland”, was at the same time crowned Miss Universe. In popular history writing, these events have been designated as a crucial turning point – the end of an era marked by war and deprivation and the beginning of a modern, Western nation. Symptomatically, both events were marked by Finnish women’s sexual relationships with foreign men. The Olympics were shadowed by a concern over Finnish women’s “undue friendliness” with the Olympic guests, and Armi Kuusela's world tour was cut short by her surprise marriage in Tokyo and subsequent emigration to the Philippines. This study is an inquiry into the Helsinki Olympics and the public persona of Armi Kuusela from the point of view of transnational heterosexuality and the constitution of Finnish national identity. Methodologically the two main components of the study are intersectionality, defined here as a focus on the mutual histories and effects of discourses of gender, sexuality, race and nation; and transnational history as a way of exploring the ways that both nations and sexual subjects are embedded in global relations of power. The analysis proceeds by way of contextual and intertextual readings of various sources. Part one, centering on the Olympics, involves a campaign mounted by certain women’s organizations before the Games in order to educate young women about the potential dangers of the forthcoming international event as well as magazine and newspaper articles published during and after the Games concerning the encounter between young Finnish women and foreign, especially “Southern,” men. It places the debates during the Olympics within the framework of wartime understandings of women’s sexuality; the history of the concept of decency (siveellisyys); post-war population policy; the intersectional histories of conceptions pertaining to race and sexuality; and finally, the post-war concerns over women’s migration from rural areas to the capital city and their potential emigration abroad. Part two deals with the persona of Armi Kuusela and the public reception of her world tour and marriage, based on material from both Finland and the Philippines (newspapers, magazines, advertisements, books and films). It examines the persona of Armi Kuusela as a figure of national import in terms of the East/West divide; the racialized images of different geographic climates and Oriental “Others;” the meaning of whiteness in the Philippines; the significance of class and colonial history for the domestication of sexual and racial transgressions implied by an unconventional transnational marriage; as well as the cultural logics of transnational desire and its possible meanings for women in 1950s Finland. The study develops two arguments. First, it suggests that instead of being purely oppositional to national discourses, transnational desire may also be viewed as a product of these very discourses. Second, it claims that the national significance of both the Olympics and the persona of Armi Kuusela was due to the new points of comparison they both offered for national identity construction. In comparison with the sexualized Southern men at the Olympics and the racialized Orient in the representations of Armi Kuusela’s travels and marriage, Finland emerged as part of the civilized North, placed firmly within the perimeters of Western Europe. As such, both events mark a “whitening” of the Finnish people as well as a distancing from their previous designations in racial hierarchies. At the same time, however, the process of becoming a white nation inevitably meant complying with and reproducing racial hierarchies, rather than simply abolishing them.
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The study approaches two modern novels using the conceptual frame of Lacanian psychoanalysis, especially the Lacanian notion of subject. The novels can be described as subversive “Bildungsromans” (development novels) highly influenced by psychoanalytic thought. Anaïs Nin’s (1903—1977) “poetic novel” House of Incest (1936) is a story of sexual and artistic awakening while Hélène Cixous’s (b. 1937) first novel Dedans (1969) depicts the growth of a little girl whose father dies. Both are first novels and first person narratives. Concentrating in the narrator’s internal life the novels writings break with the realistic conventions of narrative, bringing forth the themes of anguish, alienation from the world and escape into the prison like realm of the self. The study follows roughly the Lacanian process of becoming a subject. Each chapter opens up with a quick introduction to the Lacanian concepts used in the following part that analyses the novels. The study can thus also be used as a brief introduction to Lacanian theory in finnish. The psychoanalytic narrative/story of the birth of the subject and the novels stories can be seen as mirroring each other. The method of the study is thus based on a dialogue between the theoretical concepts and the analyses. Novels are being approached as texts that break with the Cartesian notion of an autonomous subject making room for a dialectics of self and other, for a movement in which the “I” builds an identity mirroring itself with others. While both of the novels recount the birth of a character called I, they also have a first person narrator apart from the character “I”. Having constituted the self’s identity, the narrator finds from inside of the self also an other or “you” – this discovery is the final clue to the coffin of the autonomous self. From the Lacanian perspective man’s great Other is the order of language, Symbolic, which constitutes the individual, the speaking subject. Using this perspective the novels are interpreted as describing the process of becoming a subject of the Symbolic; subjected to Symbolic order. This “birth process” happens in particular in the Imaginary register, where the self’s identity is built. In the Imaginary or Mirror phase the “I” mirrors himself with different others (e.g. with his mirror image and the family members, the surrounding others) learning to see his body and his selfhood both as familiar and strange, other. In the Imaginary phase the novels’ characters are also trying to deal with the opposite realm of the Symcolic, the Real. The Lacanian Real is not the reality “before words” but a reality left over from the Symbolic, aside of it but constituted by the Symbolic, to be deducted only from within it. In the novels the Real is experienced as a womblike state where the self is immersed in the other’s body. The process of coming a subject of the Symbolic is depicted also as a process of renouncing the “dream of the womb”, which, if realized, could only mean the non-existence of the subject, i.e. death. The study concentrates on analysing the novels’ writing, where meanings are constantly changing: “I” becomes you, the father becomes a mother, inside becomes outside. This technique enables also the deconstruction of certain opposing notions in the novels. The Lacanian point of view exposes language as a constantly moving universe where the subject has no more stability than the momentary meanings language creates. The self’s identity depicted in the novels is a Lacanian fixed identity, whose growth is necessary but opposes the flux imminent to the Symbolic. The anguish experienced in the novels, in the “house of incest” or “inside”, is due to clinging on the unchanging “I”. However, the writing of the novels shows how the meaning of the “I” changes constantly and the fixity thus becomes movement. This way House of Incest and Dedans, despite their pessimistic stories, manage to create an image of a new, moving subject.
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Depending on you – A study of spousal care, everyday life and agency The present aim of the aging policy is to promote old peoples´ possibilities to live at their own home. It is also many elderly couples´ own wish. At home a persons spouse is the most natural care giver, if she or he is able to give care. Spousal care means living together, giving and receiving care and interdependency between the spouses. The aim of the policy is to support spousal care by paying financial support to a carer and arrang-ing formal home care services. The purpose of this research is to study the agency of care giving and receiving spouses as care givers and receivers and also as home care service users. The data of the study consist of the interviews of 21 elderly couples. Both spouses were interviewed seper-ately, with the exception of five couples who were interviewed together. In these inter-views a care receiver had difficulties in communicating by speaking and a spouse was her or his interpreter. The study is based on a social constructionistic and a discourse analytical view of con-struction of meanings in human communication. Talking is a social action: people achieve identities, realities, social order and social relationship through talking. In inter-pretating the spouses agency I have used of Harvey Sack´s method of Membership Categorization Device (MCD). The spouses construct social categories which made the meaning of their agency visible. Care changes the routines and actions of everyday life. The couples have to negotiate their duties and rights between each other. Care giving and receiving are both physical and emotional actions. In the end it becomes a part of the couples´ normal life. The pur-pose of couples´ action is to live together as long as possible. They want to strengthen both their own agency and their spouses´ agency. The living together depends on both of them. The spouses decided together what home care services they would like to use and on which conditions they have to use services. Spouses have different kind of agencies as service users which describe their relationship and confidency on formal home care support and services. Services must support the elderly couples´ shared life at home. They cannot be against the conditions on the spousal care. When you want to arrange services to elderly care giving and receiving couples, you have to consider their own wishes and the meanings of their own relationship and shared life.
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This study examines the Sámi people and the construction of the Sámi identity and the role of language in the cross-border Sámi movement within the context of the international indigenous movement and discourse between 1962 and 2008. The Sámi movement began as a reaction to state assimilation policies. This led to the birth of indigenous processes strengthening the Sámi cultures and languages. Activities across borders and the ethnopolitical processes in each of the Nordic countries in question also formed the basis of the internationalization of the Sámi people. The discourse on indigenous peoples has grown into a question of human rights, which is examined in different national and international contexts. The study is based on ethnographic data that has been collected via interviews, questionnaires and participant observation with the researched people in different meetings and events. Archive and newsprint material are also used. The approach of the study is auto-ethnographic. The post-colonial theories used in the study strive to destabilize power relations and the distinctions of otherness produced by colonialism, and to reclaim both one's own culture and language in the context of the indigenous movement. A standard model for this type of approach was created by Edward W. Said in his 1978 work Orientalism. The central concepts of the analysis are decolonization, otherness, ethnicity and identity. The dissertation consists of four published articles and an introduction. The subject matter is analyzed on three levels: global, European and Nordic. On the global level, the results demonstrate that the indigenous movement has constructed a new understanding of indigenousness with new rights. International treaties have facilitated the unification of new concepts and rights, such as the right to self-determination and language, also helping in transforming them into rights of the Sámi people on a national level. On the Nordic level, aligning the Sámi culture with indigenous discourse became significant for the process of developing the Sámi identity in the Sámi movement. In this process, the Sámi movement made use of Sámi languages in order to mobilize groups of people and to construct relatedness between different Sámi groups. The realization that one s own language is significant to one's culture has resulted in recreating the vitality, visibility and the legitimation of language in society more generally. The migration of the Sámi people from their traditional territories to increasingly multi-ethnic urban areas alters one's relationship to one's own community as the relationship to cultural traditions changes. Among the urban Sámi, who form a group of ‘new Sáminess’, linguistic discrimination and assimilation continue because of the lack of legislative and other effective language policy measures to promote the learning and use of the Sámi language.
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Estudo sobre os programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria da Câmara dos Deputados, a fim de se captarem representações, crenças e valores sobre a política. O trabalho assume a perspectiva de uma antropologia da política, desnaturalizando conceitos como democracia, participação e representação política, para captar as concepções dos sujeitos envolvidos no diálogo proposto pela Câmara dos Deputados, por intermédio desses canais de correio eletrônico. Assim, a tese não estuda os programas Fale com o Deputado e Fale com a Ouvidoria, mas nos programas. As mensagens enviadas, juntamente com os documentos produzidos pela Casa Legislativa acerca dos programas, bem como notícias e entrevistas com parlamentares e assessores sobre eles, são suportes de expressão de significados associados ao mundo da política, muitas vezes, concebidos como excludentes. Assim, eles são veículos de expressão, mas também de ação, que expõem combinações, normalmente contrapostas, por uma espécie de ficção construída em torno da noção de modernidade: indivíduo e pessoa, diretos e favores, particular e universal. Os documentos abordados revelam conciliações e embates discursivos que acenam para distintas maneiras de os atores fazerem a política, as quais acabam por revelar entendimentos sobre como se dá a gestão interna à Casa desses programas e questionamentos a respeito dos limites e possibilidades da Internet no fazer político.
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Report/South Africa- Recasting the Net, What’s New, Webby?- European Parliament resolution recognizes women in fisheries,America/Canada- Stuck at the back of the boat, Milestones- Magna Carta of Women adopted in Philippines, Profile- Chitra Suriyakumar: Living in Hope, Report/India- Women, the Eyes of the World, Q&A- Interview with Clarisse Canha from Associação para a Igualdade e Direitos das Mulheres —Association for Equality and Rights for Women (UMAR-Azores), Yemaya Mama- ... sums it up !! Yemaya Recommends- Fisherwomen, Fishermen’s Wives.
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O tema da sexualidade na região amazônica do Peru tem sido objeto de diversas elaborações discursivas desde os tempos coloniais, destacando-se certas ideias, como intensidade e desordem. Tais concepções sedimentaram-se em representações de ampla difusão e permanência no país, sendo a charapa ardiente, representação hipersexualizada da mulher amazônica, a mais paradigmática. A existência desses discursos e a escassez de literatura acadêmica sobre o tema da sexualidade nesta região motivaram esta pesquisa, que objetivou explorar o lugar da sexualidade na construção de si, entre mulheres da Amazônia urbana do Peru. Para tal foi efetuada uma revisão de fontes secundárias, dirigida a rastrear a origem desta representação e sua recriação, na história do país. A seguir, a partir de informações obtidas em entrevistas em profundidade com mulheres da região investigada, foram exploradas suas opiniões acerca desta representação e a maneira como lidam com ela, em circunstâncias concretas da vida cotidiana. Os relatos evidenciaram tanto processos de negação como de reprodução e resignificação, em um jogo complexo e flexível, que varia de acordo com o contexto em que as mulheres se encontram. Por outro lado, foram apreendidas as trajetórias afetivo-sexuais das informantes, por intermédio de entrevistas em profundidade, a partir de indagações sobre diversos temas, como iniciação sexual, infidelidade feminina, valoração da atividade sexual e trocas econômico-sexuais, entre outros. Foram identificados eixos estruturantes da vida sexual destas mulheres. Destaca-se um discurso relacional, que enaltece a reciprocidade como marco da vida sexual e, em segundo plano, comparece também uma retórica fisicalista, que considera a atividade sexual como necessidade corporal. Por fim, o estudo evidenciou um importante papel da sexualidade como recurso feminino, no plano econômico, em estreita articulação com dimensões afetivas e considerações familiares. Trata-se de trocas econômico-sexuais que integram a dinâmica cotidiana de reciprocidade nos vínculos afetivo-sexuais.
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A cidadania é um dos principais temas da atualidade, sendo múltiplos os seus significados. Na perspectiva jurídica prepondera uma visão focada na centralidade do Estado e na titularidade de direitos. O tema-problema central desta pesquisa considera a insuficiência dessa concepção da cidadania. As hipóteses de base afirmam que tal conceito produziu um processo de alienações da cidadania e um fetichismo constitucional; por outro lado, um novo sentido para o conceito pode ser pensado na chave teórico-prática da dialética e da desalienação. A partir do método do materialismo histórico e dialético, de Marx e Engels, constrói-se uma crítica a partir da prática política e social da cidadania na América Latina, que oferece importantes contribuições materiais para se pensar uma nova compreensão desse conceito na atualidade. A interpretação dessa dinâmica é feita por meio do instrumental teórico-metodológico de Antonio Gramsci, identificando-se novos atores políticos e sociais, e diferentes relações entre Estado, sociedade civil e cidadãos. A cidade do Rio de Janeiro é estudada empiricamente, na conjuntura dos mega eventos internacionais, como espaço da prática dinâmica e ampliada da cidadania através dos movimentos sociais urbanos, que adotam a ocupação como estratégia de ação política direta e efetivação de direitos.
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No contexto de avanço da globalização, o Investimento Estrangeiro Direto (IED) mostra-se como um dos principais veículos para a inserção internacional dos países. Como os objetivos das empresas transnacionais e dos Estados hospedeiros não são os mesmos, há a necessidade de adoção de políticas que levem à convergência. No plano legal, observou-se nas últimas décadas a consolidação do regime internacional dos investimentos, com o crescimento exponencial do número de tratados de investimento e de arbitragens investidor-Estado fundadas nos mesmos. Mas há insatisfações de parte a parte com o sistema. Por um lado, os países tentam limitar o ativismo dos árbitros mediante a revisão de seus tratados. Por outro, tanto os investidores como os Estados começam a perceber que não há vencedores reais na arbitragem, dadas as suas diversas deficiências. Nomeadamente: custos elevados, longa duração, incoerência nas decisões e desgaste para as relações investidor-Estado no longo prazo. Nesse diapasão, surgem propostas de alternativas. Pensadores do sistema, valendo-se do Planejamento de Sistemas de Disputas, têm desenvolvido Políticas de Prevenção de Controvérsias. Tais políticas fundamentam-se nas dinâmicas de busca de soluções baseadas em interesses contrapostas às baseadas na força e nos direitos seguindo processos de administração precoce de conflitos. Diversos países, em diferentes níveis de desenvolvimento, têm tido êxito na implementação dessas políticas. A difusão das melhores práticas, movimento apoiado por organizações internacionais, oferece oportunidades para a melhora da governança, através da promoção de maior coerência e coordenação nas ações do Estado, da transparência e do império da lei. O tema é de interesse para o Brasil, país que, diferentemente dos demais, nunca ratificou um único tratado de investimento. Isso porque já surgem vozes na indústria clamando por uma mudança de posição, diante da emergência do país também como um exportador de capital. Caso tal inflexão se confirme, o Brasil tem a oportunidade de tomar partido das melhores experiências internacionais, usando tais tratados como instrumentos na sua estratégia de desenvolvimento.
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Esta tese baseia-se em trabalho etnográfico que investiga performances de gênero em um Clube de Mulheres no Rio de Janeiro, onde, após um show de strip-tease masculino para uma platéia exclusivamente feminina, tem início uma festa dançante com a presença de público masculino. No espetáculo são encenados atos (hetero)sexuais em duplas ou em grupo, envolvendo os strippers e as mulheres que voluntariamente sobem ao palco. A trilha sonora, marcada pelo estilo pornofunk, traz elementos alusivos à infidelidade conjugal masculina e feminina, à orgia e à prostituição masculina e feminina. Como em rituais de inversão, há, durante o show, tanto uma suspensão controlada das convenções de gênero tradicionais, quanto sua paradoxal reafirmação. Para o deleite de um público feminino, os strippers mantêm no palco a representação do papel ativo na cópula, e tanto sua hexis corporal quanto suas performances realçam a prontidão para o ato sexual, a virilidade e o controle sobre a conduta feminina. As mulheres, por sua vez, encenam uma parcial submissão ao controle masculino. Elas manifestam alguma reatividade e heteronomia em relação aos homens na festa que acontece depois, quando pares heterossexuais relativamente anônimos interagem através de aproximações sucessivas que englobam carícias e beijos na boca. Neste contexto, como sujeitos ou objetos, tanto os strippers quanto as mulheres desempenham posições conflitantes com as tradicionais expectativas de gênero, que permanecem, entretanto, preservadas em grande medida pela idéia de que elas dependem de estímulos especiais para, no campo do erotismo e da sexualidade, desejar ou fazer coisas para as quais os homens estariam supostamente sempre prontos. A tese procura mostrar que, como espécie de preço a pagar pelas inversões que ocorrem nesse espaço, tanto a imagem das mulheres quanto a dos strippers é desvalorizada, recaindo sobre eles os estigmas que ainda cercam as rupturas relativas às convenções de gênero.
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No início do século XX, a pesca tornou-se uma atividade de importância ressaltada pelo Estado. A Marinha propôs mudanças na legislação, para regionalizar a atividade e legalizar a vida profissional do pescador, o qual adquiriu uma cidadania maior que a de boa parte da população do período da Primeira República. Deve-se ressaltar que só foi possível estruturar assim a atividade pesqueira, porque anteriormente, no período imperial, houve uma longa preparação, a qual, nos fins do século XIX, já na Primeira República, culminou em o Estado compenetrar-se de que precisava conhecer e controlar os recursos naturais e sociais brasileiros. A estruturação politico-administrativa da pesca ocorreu criando-se a Confederação de Pesca e as federações estaduais, com suas colônias de pesca em todo Brasil. A finalidade era marcar o território com estruturas fixas que rganizassem os pescadores em comunidades e permitissem ao Estado controlar a produção nacional de pescado. Neste contexto, caberia a Marinha formar uma reserva naval composta por pescadores que pudesse ser facilmente arregimentados para garantir a defesa naval brasileira em situações de guerra. Neste sentido, a presente dissertação tem por objeto tanto organizar as informações acerca de como atividade pesqueira foi estruturada pelas legislações e pelos relatos da expedição que lhe fundou e organizou a estrutura nacional no Brasil, quanto mostrar a necessidade do Estado de conhecer melhor o seu próprio território e de identificar os potenciais da economia da pesca. A dissertação visa também salientar como essas mudanças vieram a influir, durante a Primeira República, sobre os deveres e direitos dos pescadores, e de que modo tais direitos e deveres contrastavam com os do restante do povo brasileiro.