Propyl Gallate Synthesis Using Acidophilic Tannase and Simultaneous Production of Tannase and Gallic Acid by Marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032

Marine Aspergillus awamori BTMFW032, recently reported by us, produce acidophilic tannase as extracellular enzyme. Here, we report the application of this enzyme for synthesis of propyl gallate by direct transesterification of tannic acid and in tea cream solubilisation besides the simultaneous production of gallic acid along with tannase under submerged fermentation by this fungus. This acidophilic tannase enabled synthesis of propyl gallate by direct transesterification of tannic acid using propanol as organic reaction media under low water conditions. The identity of the product was confirmed with thin layer chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was noted that 699 U/ml of enzyme could give 60% solubilisation of tea cream within 1 h. Enzyme production medium was optimized adopting Box–Behnken design for simultaneous synthesis of tannase and gallic acid. Process variables including tannic acid, sodium chloride, ferrous sulphate, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, incubation period and agitation were recognized as the critical factors that influenced tannase and gallic acid production. The model obtained predicted 4,824.61 U/ml of tannase and 136.206 μg/ml gallic acid after 48 h of incubation, whereas optimized medium supported 5,085 U/ml tannase and 372.6 μg/ml of gallic acid production after 36 and 84 h of incubation, respectively, with a 15-fold increase in both enzyme and gallic acid production. Results indicated scope for utilization of this acidophilic tannase for transesterification of tannic acid into propyl gallate, tea cream solubilisation and simultaneous production of gallic acid along with tannase

Continuous Production of Extracellular L-Glutaminase by Ca-Alginate-Immobilized Marine Beauveria bassiana BTMF S-10 in Packed-Bed Reactor

L-Glutamine amidohydrolase (L-glutaminase, EC 3.5.1.2) is a therapeutically and industrially important enzyme. Because it is a potent antileukemic agent and a flavor-enhancing agent used in the food industry, many researchers have focused their attention on L-glutaminase. In this article, we report the continuous production of extracellular L-glutaminase by the marine fungus Beauveria bassiana BTMF S-10 in a packed-bed reactor. Parameters influencing bead production and performance under batch mode were optimized in the order-support (Na-alginate) concentration, concentration of CaCl2 for bead preparation, curing time of beads, spore inoculum concentration, activation time, initial pH of enzyme production medium, temperature of incubation, and retention time. Parameters optimized under batch mode for L-glutaminase production were incorporated into the continuous production studies. Beads with 12 × 108 spores/g of beads were activated in a solution of 1% glutamine in seawater for 15 h, and the activated beads were packed into a packed-bed reactor. Enzyme production medium (pH 9.0) was pumped through the bed, and the effluent was collected from the top of the column. The effect of flow rate of the medium, substrate concentration, aeration, and bed height on continuous production of L-glutaminase was studied. Production was monitored for 5 h in each case, and the volumetric productivity was calculated. Under the optimized conditions for continuous production, the reactor gave a volumetric productivity of 4.048 U/(mL·h), which indicates that continuous production of the enzyme by Ca-alginate-immobilizedspores is well suited for B. bassiana and results in a higher yield of enzyme within a shorter time. The results indicate the scope of utilizing immobilized B. bassiana for continuous commercial production of L-glutaminase

Architecture and other Architectures: Mapping the Production of Insular Space in the Pearl River Delta (China) and Jakarta (Indonesia)

Globalization is widely regarded as the rise of the borderless world. However in practice, true globalization points rather to a “spatial logic” by which globalization is manifested locally in the shape of insular space. Globalization in this sense is not merely about the creation of physical fragmentation of space but also the creation of social disintegration. This study tries to proof that global processes also create various forms of insular space leading also to specific social implications. In order to examine the problem this study looks at two cases: China’s Pearl River Delta (PRD) and Jakarta in Indonesia. The PRD case reveals three forms of insular space namely the modular, concealed and the hierarchical. The modular points to the form of enclosed factories where workers are vulnerable for human-right violations due to the absent of public control. The concealed refers to the production of insular space by subtle discrimination against certain social groups in urban space. And the hierarchical points to a production of insular space that is formed by an imbalanced population flow. The Jakarta case attempts to show more types of insularity in relation to the complexity of a mega-city which is shaped by a culture of exclusion. Those are dormant and hollow insularity. The dormant refers to the genesis of insular– radical – community from a culture of resistance. The last type, the hollow, points to the process of making a “pseudo community” where sense of community is not really developed as well as weak social relationship with its surrounding. Although global process creates various expressions of territorial insularization, however, this study finds that the “line of flight” is always present, where the border of insularity is crossed. The PRD’s produces vernacular modernization done by peasants which is less likely to be controlled by the politics of insularization. In Jakarta, the culture of insularization causes urban informalities that have no space, neither spatially nor socially; hence their state of ephemerality continues as a tactic of place-making. This study argues that these crossings possess the potential for reconciling venue to defuse the power of insularity.

Experimental study of textual development in Spanish students of English as a foreign language in segundo de bachillerato : features of written register in compositions of argumentative genre.

Esta investigación pretende, por un lado, describir y explicar los rasgos orales de las redacciones de los estudiantes españoles de inglés como lengua extranjera; y, por otro, intentar mejorar el estilo escrito de los textos de estos estudiantes a través de una intervención pedagógica.. Se diseña y aplica un tratamiento pedagógico a un grupo de estudiantes de segundo de bachillerato de Madrid. La instrucción se centra en hacerles conscientes de los recursos lingüísticos disponibles en inglés para la redacción de un texto. Se comparan las composiciones escritas por los estudiantes antes del tratamiento experimental con sus producciones posteriores, así como con un grupo de control del mismo instituto que no recibe ninguna instrucción. Se cotejan los textos en inglés con redacciones escritas en español por los estudiantes del grupo experimental. Asimismo, los textos escritos en inglés después del tratamiento experimental se comparan con redacciones de un grupo de estudiantes nativos de secundaria. Se analizan dos variables, para las que el estudio aporta sendos instrumentos de medida, la calidad y el grado de estilo escrito de los textos. La comparación de los textos escritos en español y en inglés de los estudiantes españoles del grupo experimental revela que las redacciones en la lengua materna son superiores en relación a su calidad pero no al grado de estilo escrito. Varios resultados estadísticos apuntan que el tratamiento recibido por el grupo experimental contribuye al desarrollo del grado de estilo escrito de los textos en inglés pero no mejora la calidad global de los mismos. Los resultados revelan que el grupo experimental es similar a los nativos en el grado de estilo escrito, aunque éste último supera a los estudiantes del inglés como lengua extranjera en la 'calidad' de los textos. Este estudio concluye que la impronta oral de las redacciones de los estudiantes de inglés como lengua extranjera puede deberse a la combinación de varios factores, la competencia discursiva en la lengua materna, la competencia lingüística/discursiva en la lengua objeto de aprendizaje, el conocimiento socio-cultural y lingüístico de adecuación contextual y el tipo de pedagogía en inglés como lengua extranjera.

AQA GCSE English Language Unit 3 student workbook: Understanding Spoken and Written Texts and Writing Creatively.

Las dos principales secciones de este cuaderno de ejercicios están diseñadas para ayudar a los estudiantes a adquirir experiencia para el AQA examen de Literatura Inglesa de enseñanza secundaria y así conseguir el GCSE (Certificado General de Educación Secundaria). El cuadernillo contiene material y ejercicios que tienen por objeto mejorar el nivel de habilidades de los estudiantes. Los temas del cuadernillo son: comprensión de textos escritos (escribir ensayos sobre los textos en prosa, caracterización y voz, aspectos de género y forma, muestras: Oliver Twist de Charles Dickens, poemas de Emily Dickinson, el soneto 18 de William Shakespeare), la producción de textos creativos (escritura creativa), el estudio del lenguaje hablado.

Issues in design, creation and production of distance-learning resources. 'Cuestiones en el diseño, creación y producción de recursos para la enseñanza a distancia'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Toward a pedagogy of advanced studies in the University : the production of an inventive academic writing in the Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities

Resumen basado en el de la publicaci??n

A prática do interacionismo sociodiscursivo da língua portuguesa escrita : projeto de reescrita textual

A dificuldade na produção da língua portuguesa escrita e a constante desmotivação dos alunos para escrever tem sido a grande preocupação dos educadores. Seguimos como fundamentação teórica da língua portuguesa escrita o interacionismo sociodiscursivo na abordagem da teoria de Bronckart e Bakhtin, o gênero discursivo segundo Bakhtin e a teoria do Habitus na concepção de Bourdieu, na intenção de reconhecer na língua escrita a manifestação concreta da competência linguística dos textos escolares e dos contextos sociais. Nessa perspectiva pretendemos analisar a prática interacionista sociodiscursiva e cognitiva da língua portuguesa escrita a partir dos textos dos alunos do ensino médio, e da reescrita dos textos de acordo com as orientações realizadas pelo professor. Conhecer o interacionismo sociodiscursivo na prática, nas produções textuais escritas dos alunos, foi o grande desafio da pesquisa. A partir da parte empírica foi possível verificar que os textos reescritos apresentaram avanço em vários aspectos, já que alguns alunos conseguiram sobressair em quesitos esperados pelo professor, mas outros alunos permaneceram presos ao primeiro texto sem modificação na estrutura ou argumentação, limitando-se às correções gramaticais. Nenhum aluno ousou recorrer a numa nova argumentação, ou ainda a uma nova estratégia em defesa dos argumentos propostos. Percebese a necessidade de novos caminhos que direcionem o professor em suas correções textuais capazes de motivarem os alunos a refletirem e que permitam que os alunos recorram à interação com o professor para melhorarem de maneira consciente as suas produções textuais.

The essentials of written language

This paper discusses the development of written language in children.

Comparison of written and spoken language from deaf and hearing children at five age levels

This dissertation compares oral and written language development in hearing and deaf children. The study applies grammatical, lexical and syntactical measures to describe and analyze the differences in language development in groups of hearing and orally-taught hearing-impaired children and to relate these findings to chronological age.