O Aqueduto da Água de Prata em Évora: bases para uma propostas de recuperação

INTRODUÇÃO: A água, elemento fundamental para o florescimento de qualquer civilização, foi desde tempos imemoriais diligentemente procurada e habilmente posta ao serviço do homem. A sua maior ou menor abundância e qualidade, condicionou a formação e desaparecimento de muitas cidades, assim como o seu grau de riqueza e desenvolvimento. Contudo, se nos primórdios o homem escolhia o sítio de fixação essencialmente em função das condições hídricas do local, épocas houve em que outros interesses mais fortes ditaram a sua escolha. Aparecem então sitias inóspitos povoados, e onde a população carenciada desse bem essencial que é a água, a teve de obter por processos mais ou menos engenhosos. Ao abastecimento em fontes naturais ou rios, seguiu-se todo o percurso de construção de poços e cisternas que, recolhendo e armazenando a água do sub-solo ou das chuvas, permitiu a sua utlização mais racional. Com o aumento populacional, e a escassez de recursos aquíferos, foi necessário recorrer-se a captações em locais cada vez mais distanciados dos núcleos urbanos. A condução dessa água que primitivamente era feita simplesmente por gravidade, através de canais ou tubagens, assumiu carácter inovador com os gregos (construção dos primeiros túnel e sifão que se conhecem na adução de água) e com os romanos, com a utilização pela primeira vez, também, de arcarias para suporte do canal ou tubagem adutora. A aplicação destes princípios básicos, extremamente simples, aliados à precisão de execução legou-nos verdadeiras obras monumentais, obras essas acima de tudo essenciais ao florescimento das antigas cidades. Em Portugal, na exiguidade deste território, muitos foram os aquedutos construídos ao longo dos séculos. As arcarias, mais ou menos monumentais destas aduções de água, passaram a marcar significativamente algumas das nossas paisagens urbanas e rurais. Foram os romanos que desempenharam em Portugal um papel decisivo na construção destas imponentes infraestruturas hídricas, essenciais às exigências públicas da população romana aqui instalada.

Efeito do tratamento térmico do titânio sobre a proliferação de células pré-osteoblásticas

Titanium is a biomaterial widely employed in biomedical applications (implants, prostheses, valves, stents). Several heat treatments are usually used in order to obtain physical properties required to different applications. This work studied the influence of the heat treatment on microstructure of commercial pure titanium, and their consequences in growth and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells. Discs of titanium were treated in different temperatures, and characterized by optical microscopy, image analysis, wettabillity, roughness, hardness and X-ray diffraction. After the heat treatment, significant modifications in these properties were observed. Pattern images of titanium, before and after the cell culture, were compared by overlapping to analyze the influence of microstructure in microstructure and preferences guidance cells. However, in general, titanium discs that showed a higher residual strength also presented an increase of cells numbers on surface

Processamento e análise de imagens na caracterização da superfície do titânio submetido a um ensaio de cultura de células

This work aims to develop a methodology for analysis of images using overlapping, which assists in identification of microstructural features in areas of titanium, which may be associated with its biological response. That way, surfaces of titanium heat treated for 08 (eight) different ways have been subjected to a test culture of cells. It was a relationship between the grain, texture and shape of grains of surface of titanium (attacked) trying to relate to the process of proliferation and adhesion. We used an open source software for cell counting adhered to the surface of titanium. The juxtaposition of images before and after cell culture was obtained with the aid of micro-hardness of impressions made on the surface of samples. From this image where there is overlap, it is possible to study a possible relationship between cell growth with microstructural characteristics of the surface of titanium. This methodology was efficient to describe a set of procedures that are useful in the analysis of surfaces of titanium subjected to a culture of cells

Tratamento termoquímico do titânio auxiliado por plasma de ar - N2 - O2

Discs were grade II cp Ti oxynitride by plasma of Ar - N2 - O2 using different proportions of individual gases. These ratios were established from analysis of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) of plasma species. The proportions that resulted in species whose spectra showed an abrupt change of light intensity were chosen for this study. Nanohardness tests revealed that there was a correlation between the intensity of N2 + species with the hardness, because the treatments where they had a higher intensity, obtained a higher value nanohardness, although the crystalline phases have remained unchanged. With respect to topography, it was observed that in general, the surface roughness is related to the intensities of plasma species, because they may have different values depending on the behavior of the species. Images obtained by optical microscopy revealed a surface with grains of different colors to optical reflectance showed a peak of reflection in the red area. Measures the contact angle and surface tension showed hydrophilic properties and hydrophilic with little variation of polar and dispersive components of surface tension

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de nitretação por plasma em fonte pulsada e sua influencia sobre a nitretação do titânio

The pulsed plasma nitriding is a solution currently used in the metallurgical industry to resolve problems earlier in the processing of parts by using plasma DC voltage. These problems consisted mainly of edge effect and opening arches caused due to non-uniformity of electric fields on uneven surfaces. By varying the pulse width can reduce these effects. However, variations in pulse width can drastically affect the population of the plasma species and hence the final microstructure of the nitrided layer. In literature, little is known about the effect of process parameters on the properties of the plasma species and, consequently, the surface properties. We have developed a system of nitriding with pulsed source with fixed period of 800  pulse width is variable. Examined the variation of these parameters on the properties of nitrided surface when keeping constant temperature, gas composition, flow, pressure and power. It was found that the values of width and pulse repetition time of considerable influence in the intensities of the species present in plasma. Moreover, we observed the existence of the edge effect for some values of pulse widths, as well as changes in surface roughness and hardness

Síntese verde de nanopartículas de prata a partir de extrato aquoso do tubérculo de Curcuma longa associadas à quitosana e avaliação da atividade antitumoral in vitro em câncer de pele não melanoma (linhagem A431)

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Nanociência e Nanobiotecnologia, 2016.

Influência dos parâmetros de processo na deposição de nitreto de titânio por plasma em gaiola catódica

Titanium nitride films were grown on glass using the Cathodic Cage Plasma Deposition technique in order to verify the influence of process parameters in optical and structural properties of the films. The plasma atmosphere used was a mixture of Ar, N2 and H2, setting the Ar and N2 gas flows at 4 and 3 sccm, respectively and H2 gas flow varied from 0, 1 to 2 sccm. The deposition process was monitored by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) to investigate the influence of the active species in plasma. It was observed that increasing the H2 gas flow into the plasma the luminescent intensities associated to the species changed. In this case, the luminescence of N2 (391,4nm) species was not proportional to the increasing of the H2 gas into the reactor. Other parameters investigated were diameter and number of holes in the cage. The analysis by Grazing Incidence X-Ray Diffraction (GIXRD) confirmed that the obtained films are composed by TiN and they may have variations in the nitrogen amount into the crystal and in the crystallite size. The optical microscopy images provided information about the homogeneity of the films. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) results revealed some microstructural characteristics and surface roughness. The thickness was measured by ellipsometry. The optical properties such as transmittance and reflectance (they were measured by spectrophotometry) are very sensitive to changes in the crystal lattice of the material, chemical composition and film thicknesses. Therefore, such properties are appropriate tools for verification of this process control. In general, films obtained at 0 sccm of H2 gas flow present a higher transmittance. It can be attributed to the smaller crystalline size due to a higher amount of nitrogen in the TiN lattice. The films obtained at 1 and 2 sccm of H2 gas flow have a golden appearance and XRD pattern showed peaks characteristics of TiN with higher intensity and smaller FWHM (Full Width at Half Maximum) parameter. It suggests that the hydrogen presence in the plasma makes the films more stoichiometric and becomes it more crystalline. It was observed that with higher number of holes in the lid of the cage, close to the region between the lid and the sample and the smaller diameter of the hole, the deposited film is thicker, which is justified by the most probability of plasma species reach effectively the sample and it promotes the growth of the film

Obtenção e caracterização de dióxido de estanho nanoestruturado pelo método de síntese contínua por combustão em solução

Continuous Synthesis by Solution Combustion was employed in this work aiming to obtain tin dioxide nanostructured. Basically, a precursor solution is prepared and then be atomized and sprayed into the flame, where its combustion occurs, leading to the formation of particles. This is a recent technique that shows an enormous potential in oxides deposition, mainly by the low cost of equipment and precursors employed. The tin dioxide (SnO2) nanostructured has been widely used in various applications, especially as gas sensors and varistors. In the case of sensors based on semiconducting ceramics, where surface reactions are responsible for the detection of gases, the importance of surface area and particle size is even greater. The preference for a nanostructured material is based on its significant increase in surface area compared to conventional microcrystalline powders and small particle size, which may benefit certain properties such as high electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, mechanical and chemical. In this work, were employed as precursor solution tin chloride dehydrate diluted in anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Were utilized molar ratio chloride/solvent of 0,75 with the purpose of investigate its influence in the microstructure of produced powder. The solution precursor flux was 3 mL/min. Analysis with X-ray diffraction appointed that a solution precursor with molar ratio chloride/solvent of 0,75 leads to crystalline powder with single phase and all peaks are attributed to phase SnO2. Parameters as distance from the flame with atomizer distance from the capture system with the pilot, molar ratio and solution flux doesn t affect the presence of tin dioxide in the produced powder. In the characterization of the obtained powder techniques were used as thermogravimetric (TGA) and thermodiferential analysis (DTA), particle size by laser diffraction (GDL), crystallographic analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area (BET) and electrical conductivity analysis. The techniques used revealed that the SnO2 exhibits behavior of a semiconductor material, and a potentially promising material for application as varistor and sensor systems for gas

Propriedades tribomecânicas de superfícies de titânio carbonitretadas por plasma

Interstitial compounds of titanium have been mainly studied due to the large range of properties acquired when C, N, O and H atoms are added. In this work, surfaces of TiCxNy were produced by thermochemical treatments assisted by plasma with different proportions of Ar + N2 + CH4 gas mixture. The Ar gas flow was fixed in 4 sccm, varying only N2 and CH4 gas flows. During the thermochemical treatment, the plasma was monitored by Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) for the investigation of the influence of active species. After treatments, C and N concentration profile, crystalline and amorphous phases were analyzed by Nuclear Reaction (NRA). Besides tribomechanical properties of the Ti surface were studied through the nanohardness measurements and friction coefficient determination. The worn areas were evaluated by profilometry and Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) in order to verify the wear mechanism present in each material. It has been seen which the properties like nanohardness and friction coefficient have strong relation with luminous intensity of species of the plasma, suggesting a using of this characteristic as a parameter of process

Diagnóstico das espécies ativas do plasma usado em tratamentos termoquímicos do titânio

Plasma diagnostics by Optical Emission Spectroscopy were performed for electrical discharge in three gas mixture respecting the combinations z N2 y Ar x H2, z N2 y Ar x O2 e z N2 y Ar x CH4, in which the indexes z and y systematically vary from 1 to 4 and x varies from 0 to 4, every one has dimension SCCM, resulting in 80 combinations. From the all obtained spectrums, the species CH (387,1 nm), N2+ (391,4 nm), Hβ (486,1 nm), Hα (656,3 nm), Ar (750,4 nm), O (777,4 nm) e O (842,6 nm) were analyzed because of their abundance and importance on the kinetic of reaction from the plasma to surface, besides their high dependences on the gases flows. Particularly interesting z, y and x combinations were chosen in order to study the influence of active species on the surface modification during the thermochemical treatment. From the mixtures N2 Ar O2 e N2 Ar CH4 were chosen three peculiar proportions which presented luminous intensity profile with unexpected maximum or minimum values, denominated as plasma anomaly. Those plasma concentrations were utilized as atmosphere of titanium treatment maintaining constant the control parameters pressure and temperature. It has been verified a relation among luminous intensity associated to N2+ and roughness, nanohardness and O atoms diffusion into the crystalline lattice of treated titanium and it has been seen which those properties becomes more intense precisely in the higher points found in the optical profile associated to the N2+ specie. Those parameters were verified for the mixture which involved O2 gas. For the mixture which involves CH4 gas, the relation was determinate by roughness, number of nitrogen and carbon atoms diffused into the titanium structure which presented direct proportionality with the luminous intensity referent to the N2+ and CH. It has been yet studied the formation of TiCN phases on the surface which presented to be essentially directly proportional to the increasing of the CH specie and inversely proportional to the increasing of the specie N2+

Tratamento térmico do titânio e suas consequências sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e de biocompatibilidade

The titanium and titanium alloys are widely used as biomaterial in biomedical device and so research have been developed aiming to improve and/or better to understand interaction biomaterial/biological environment. The process for manufacturing of this titanium implants usually involves a series of thermal and mechanical processes which have consequence on the final product. The heat treatments are usually used to obtain different properties for each application. In order to understand the influence of these treatments on the biological response of the surface, it was done, in this work, different heat treatments in titanium and analyzed their influence on the morphology, adhesion and proliferation of the pre-osteoblastic cells (MC3T3-E1). For such heat-treated titanium disks were characterized by optical microscopy, contact angle, surface energy, roughness, microhardness, X-ray diffraction and scanning through the techniques (BSE, EDS and EBSD). For the analysis of biological response were tested by MTT proliferation, adhesion by crystal violet and β1 integrin expression by flow cytometry. It was found that the presence of a microstructure very orderly, defined by a chemical attack, cells tend to stretch in the same direction of orientation of the material microstructure. When this order does not happen, the most important factor influencing cell proliferation is the residual stress, indicated by the hardness of the material. This way the disks with the highest level state of residual stress also showed increased cell proliferation

Citotoxicidade de curcumina presente em nanoparticulas de quitosana/sultato de condroitina contendo lecitina

Dissertação (mestrado)–Universidade de Brasília, Universidade UnB de Planaltina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Materiais, 2015.

Construção de um aparato experimental para monitoramento in situ da deposição de filmes finos de titânio por magnetron sputtering

The technique of surface coating using magnetron sputtering is one of the most widely used in the surface engineering, for its versatility in obtaining different films as well as in the micro / nanometric thickness control. Among the various process parameters, those related to the active species of the plasma are of the most fundamental importance in the mechanism and kinetics of deposition. In order to identify the active species of the plasma, parameters such as gas flow, pressure and density of electric power were varied during titanium coating on glass substrate. By flowing argon gas of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 sccm (cubic centimeters per minute) for each gas flow a sequential scan of the electric current of 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40 , 0.50 A. The maximum value of 0.50 A was chosen based both on literature data and on limitations of the equipment. The monitoring of plasma species present during the deposition was carried out in situ by the technique of optical emission spectroscopy (OES) through the spectrometer Ocean Optics USB2000 Series. For this purpose, an apparatus was developed to adapt the OES inside the plasma reactor to stay positioned closest to the target. The radiations emitted by the species were detected by an optical fiber placed behind the glass substrate and their intensities as a function of wavelength were, displayed on a monitor screen. The acquisition time for each condition of the plain parameters was related to the minima of spectral lines intensities due to the film formed on the substrate. The intensities of different emission lines of argon and titanium were then analyzed as a function of time, to determine the active species and estimate the thickness of the deposited films. After the deposition, the coated glasses thin films were characterized by optical transmittance through an infrared laser. It was found that the thickness and deposition rate determined by in situ analysis were consistent with the results obtained by laser transmittance

A (re)fundação do Aqueduto da Água da Prata, em Évora 1533-37: Novos dados arqueológicos

INTRODUÇÃO: O AQUEDUTO DA ÁGUA DA PRATA, do alto do seu estatuto de monumento nacional e de maior projeto de aparato público do Renascimento português, tem exercido ao longo dos séculos um considerável fascínio sobre os que estimam o património histórico da cidade de Évora. E muitas são as razões que justificam um tal sentimento. Além das duas evocadas, talvez valha a pena arrolar a mais pueril de todas: a de que o velho aqueduto quinhentista, resistindo às vicissitudes do tempo, ainda hoje continua a cumprir a sua função original- o abastecimento de água potável e perene a Évora. E não se julgue que este aqueduto se limita à imagem iconográfica do arcaria agigantando-se à passagem da muralha medieval: uma complexa rede de nascentes e sistemas de adução, a montante, e um notável património urbano constituído, sobretudo, por fontes e chafarizes, a jusante, dão corpo a uma vasta estrutura hidráulica de captação, transporte e distribuição de água com mais de 19 km de extensão. E, este sim, é o verdadeiro monumento, tão utilitário quanto grandioso, que os antigos documentos designam, apropriadamente, por Cano Real da Agua da Prata. Naturalmente, nem todo este cano real resistiu ao tempo, sobretudo o troço rural entre S. Bento de Cástris e as nascentes do Divor, onde a estrutura hidráulica original foi edificada com evidente simplicidade de recursos. O seu avançado estado de ruína, obrigou, inclusivamente, a uma profunda reforma iniciada em 1873, de que resultou a catual configuração do Aqueduto, visível, sobretudo, entre a estrada de Arraiolos (monte das Pinas) e Metrogos. Esta reforma foi ampliada em sucessivas campanhas de beneficiação até cerca de 1930, época em que se iniciou a rede de distribuição domiciliária de água com a construção dos reservatórios de chegada, a central elevatória e o depósito elevado, marcas arquitetónicas ainda hoje bem visíveis na cidade, algumas das quais oportunamente integradas num itinerário expositivo municipal. Neste contexto, é natural que a relação afetiva comungada pela generalidade dos eborenses com este património monumental também se insinue na escrita familiar e sincera dos "eborógrafos". E muitos foram - entre nomes de diferentes épocas e desigual dimensão biográfica - os que lhe dedicaram generosas páginas de divulgação histórica4 , contributos científicos diversos, projetos de investigação arquitetónica e arqueológica, estudos de recuperação e valorização patrimonial, e até, como nos assegura Diogo Barbosa Machado, um "Tratado do Aqueducto Real da Fonte da agua da prata dedicado ao Senado da Cidade de Évora, em cujo Cartorio fe guarda" (MACHADO, 1741: 72), obra assinada pelo vereador (1605-1606) e Provedor do Cano, Agostinho de Moura Peçanha, e da qual parece não restar memória nos nossos arquivos. Diga-se, a propósito, que este acentuado interesse público pelo aqueduto de Évora, em especial nos últimos anos, tem sublinhado a importância da dinamização e rentabilização do seu enorme potencial turístico, lúdico e cultural, sendo bom exemplo a recente criação do "Percurso Ambiental da Água da Prata", por iniciativa camarária. Em muitos destes aspetos nos revemos tributários, quando não devedores. Talvez por isso nos sentimos tentados, desde há vários anos, a avançar no estudo e salvaguarda deste importante património local. Vontade adiada, diga-se, sobretudo pela manifesta falta de disponibilidade para levar a cabo um projeto de investigação, coerente e consequente, no mínimo tocado por algum ensaio de novidade. Contudo, em 2007, circunstâncias várias levaram-nos a interessar definitivamente pelo tema. Uma das que mais terá pesado resultou da leitura do um artigo publicado na revista Monumentos com o título "o sistema hidráulico quinhentista da cidade de Évora". Nele, os seus reputados autores sentenciavam a inexistência de um aqueduto romano anterior à obra quinhentista por mera impossibilidade técnica, afirmando-o com tal segurança que nem sentiram necessidade de esboçar a mais leve argumentação topográfica em defesa da sua tese. Dito assim, ficámos a imaginar se valeria o esforço tentar reabilitar alguma vez o tema do aqueduto romano. Em boa hora o decidimos fazer. E partimos do princípio de que a interpretação dos factos devia ser feita por cuidadosa recolha de prova que a diligência (não raras vezes a ventura) permitisse carrear com sucesso. E sendo correta esta premissa, a sua oportunidade ganhou mais força com a materialização de resultados concretos a compulsar toda a bibliografia para confronto de dúvidas e incoerências; a recolher indícios de estruturas e materiais arqueológicos; a esmiuçar a toponímia e a cartografia; a rever os locais-chave uma e outra vez; a seguir pistas abandonadas; a filtrar informação variada no mesmo crivo da dúvida; a entusiasmar gente da historiografia local a acreditar na viabilidade de hipóteses. Foi, justamente, esta a metodologia adotada ao decidirmo-nos pelo tema do Aqueduto. E, ao segui-la, julgamos ter logrado alcançar, além de um lastro de legitimidade científica, as bases conceptuais de um projeto de investigação consistente e coerente onde muito ajudou a imediata estudaram a hidráulica em Évora. ...

Preparação e caracterização de catalisadores à base de titânio suportado em MCM-41 para produção de compostos oxigenados através da pirólise catalítica do capim elefante

In recent years, the area of advanced materials has been considerably, especially when it comes to materials for industrial use, such as is the case with structured porosity of catalysts suitable for catalytic processes. The use of catalysts combined with the fast pyrolysis process is an alternative to the oxygenate production of high added value, because, in addition to increasing the yield and quality of products, allows you to manipulate the selectivity to a product of interest, and therefore allows greater control over the characteristics of the final product. Based on these arguments, in this work were prepared titanium catalysts supported on MCM-41 for use in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass, called elephant grass. The reactions of pyrolysis of biomass were performed in a micro pyrolyzer, Py-5200, coupled to GC / MS, the company CDS Corporation, headquartered in the United States. The catalysts Ti-MCM-41 in different molar ratios were characterized by XRD, TG / DTG, FT-IR, SEM, XRF, UV-visible adsorption of nitrogen and the distribution of particle diameter and specific surface area measurement by the BET method. From the catalytic tests it was observed that the catalysts synthesized showed good results for the pyrolysis reaction.The main products were obtained a higher yield of aldehydes, ketones and furan. It was observed that the best reactivity is a direct function of the ratio Si/Ti, nature and concentration of the active species on mesoporous supports. Among the catalysts Ti-MCM-41 (molar ratio Si / Ti = 25 and 50), the ratio Si / Ti = 25 (400 ° C and 600 ° C) favored the cracking of oxygenates such as acids , aldehydes, ketones, furans and esters. Already the sample ratio Si / Ti = 50 had the highest yield of aromatic oxygenates