Tahko Pihkalan kokoelma

Prof. Lauri Pihkalan testamentin perusteella Jyväskylän yliopiston kirjastolle luovutettu kokoelma koti- ja ulkomaista urheilukirjallisuutta 1800-luvun loppupuolelta 1970-luvulle. Sisältää urheilua ja ruumiinkulttuuria käsittelevän kirjallisuuden lisäksi poliittista historiaa, sotalaitosta ja naisliikettä koskevaa kirjallisuutta sekä ainutlaatuisen Amerikka-kokoelman. Kirjoissa näkyy Pihkalan lukutavat ja merkinnät.

Undergraduate palliative care teaching in Swiss medical faculties: a nationwide survey and improved learning objectives.

BACKGROUND: In 2007, a first survey on undergraduate palliative care teaching in Switzerland has revealed major heterogeneity of palliative care content, allocation of hours and distribution throughout the 6 year curriculum in Swiss medical faculties. This second survey in 2012/13 has been initiated as part of the current Swiss national strategy in palliative care (2010 - 2015) to serve as a longitudinal monitoring instrument and as a basis for redefinition of palliative care learning objectives and curriculum planning in our country. METHODS: As in 2007, a questionnaire was sent to the deans of all five medical faculties in Switzerland in 2012. It consisted of eight sections: basic background information, current content and hours in dedicated palliative care blocks, current palliative care content in other courses, topics related to palliative care presented in other courses, recent attempts at improving palliative care content, palliative care content in examinations, challenges, and overall summary. Content analysis was performed and the results matched with recommendations from the EAPC for undergraduate training in palliative medicine as well as with recommendations from overseas countries. RESULTS: There is a considerable increase in palliative care content, academic teaching staff and hours in all medical faculties compared to 2007. No Swiss medical faculty reaches the range of 40 h dedicated specifically to palliative care as recommended by the EAPC. Topics, teaching methods, distribution throughout different years and compulsory attendance still differ widely. Based on these results, the official Swiss Catalogue of Learning Objectives (SCLO) was complemented with 12 new learning objectives for palliative and end of life care (2013), and a national basic script for palliative care was published (2015). CONCLUSION: Performing periodic surveys of palliative care teaching at national medical faculties has proven to be a useful tool to adapt the national teaching framework and to improve the recognition of palliative medicine as an integral part of medical training.

Harmonization of training and assessment of medical specialists in physical and rehabilitation medicine across Europe - The contribution of the UEMS Board of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine

Background.- The main goals of the European Board of Physical and Rehabili-tation Medicine (EBPRM), founded in 1991 as the third speciality board of theUnion of European Medical Specialists (UEMS), are to harmonize pre-graduate,post-graduate and continuous medical education in physical and rehabilitationmedicine (PRM) all over Europe. The harmonization of curricula of the medi-cal specialities and the assessment of medical specialists has become one of thepriorities of the UEMS and its working groups to which the EBPRM contributes.Action.- The EBPRM will continue to promote a specific minimal undergraduatecurriculum on PRM including issues like disability, participation and handicapto be taught all over Europe as a basis for general medical practice. The EBPRMwill also expand the existing EBPRM postgraduate curriculum into a detailedcatalogue of learning objectives. This catalogue will serve as a tool to boostharmonization of the national curricula across Europe as well as to structurethe content of the MCQ examination. It would be a big step forward towardsharmonization of European PRM specialist training if an important number ofcountries would use the certifying MCQ examination of the Board as a part ofthe national assessments for PRM specialists.

Early Modern Persian, Urdu, and English Historiography and the Imagination of Islamic India under British Rule

This paper analyses the early modern transformations of South Asian literary cultures through the production of historiography in Persian, English, and Urdu. In the 18th-19th centuries, South Asian communities experienced and participated in a major restructuring of the languages of the subcontinent. Urdu and English were institutionalized as governmental languages and utilized in new literary productions as Persian was gradually marginalized from the centre of literary and governmental polities. Three interrelated colonial policies reshaped the historical consciousness of South Asia and Britain: the production of new Persian histories commissioned under British patronage, the initiation of Urdu historiography through the translation of Persian and English histories, and the construction of the British history of India written in English. This article explores the historical and social dynamics of these events and situates the origins and evolution of the colonial historiographical project. Major works discussed are the Tārīkh-i Bangālah of Salīm Allāh Munshī (fl. 1763), James Mill's (1773-1836) The History of British India first published in 1817, Mīr Sher ʿAlī Afsos' the Ārāʾish-i mahfil, as well as the production of original Urdu histories such as Muḥammad Zakāʾ-Allāh's (1832-1910) the Tārīkh-i Hindustān.

Historical Hallmarks of Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Agents.

Thrombosis is a well known phenomenon among physicians since antiquity. A variety of peculiar agents, such as leeches and bark, were used to prevent it. Hirudin was used during the 19th century. The next eon, heparin, strepokinase, urokinase, TPA, dicumarol, warfarin, aspirin, ticlopidine, Clopidogrel, SSHA and SP54 provoked huge advances in anticoagulation. During 21st century with the use of fondaparinux, dabigatran, rivaroxaban and Ticagrelor antithrombotic prevention and therapeutic interaction entered an era of medical challenges. Although the risk after a thrombotic episode is now highly reduced, blood clots still present damaging or even lethal consequences in human organisms and further research is strongly recommended.

Reduction and Analysis Methods of Indigo

Throughout history indigo was derived from various plants for example Dyer’s Woad (Isatis tinctoria L.) in Europe. In the 19th century were the synthetic dyes developed and nowadays indigo is mainly synthesized from by-products of fossil fuels. Indigo is a so-called vat dye, which means that it needs to be reduced to its water soluble leucoform before dyeing. Nowadays, most of the industrial reduction is performed chemically by sodium dithionite. However, this is considered environmentally unfavourable because of waste waters contaminating degradation products. Therefore there has been interest to find new possibilities to reduce indigo. Possible alternatives for the application of dithionite as the reducing agent are biologically induced reduction and electrochemical reduction. Glucose and other reducing sugars have recently been suggested as possible environmentally friendly alternatives as reducing agents for sulphur dyes and there have also been interest in using glucose to reduce indigo. In spite of the development of several types of processes, very little is known about the mechanism and kinetics associated with the reduction of indigo. This study aims at investigating the reduction and electrochemical analysis methods of indigo and give insight on the reduction mechanism of indigo. Anthraquinone as well as it’s derivative 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone were discovered to act as catalysts for the glucose induced reduction of indigo. Anthraquinone introduces a strong catalytic effect which is explained by invoking a molecular “wedge effect” during co-intercalation of Na+ and anthraquinone into the layered indigo crystal. The study includes also research on the extraction of plant-derived indigo from woad and the examination of the effect of this method to the yield and purity of indigo. The purity has been conventionally studied spectrophotometrically and a new hydrodynamic electrode system is introduced in this study. A vibrating probe is used in following electrochemically the leuco-indigo formation with glucose as a reducing agent.

Les escriptores catalanes vuitcentistes i la traducció

La història de la traducció al català en el segle XIX no presenta la figura del traductor professional, sinó només la de l’escriptor doblat de traductor. Però d’escriptores vuitcentistes que escrivissin en català, n’hi va haver poques i, de fet, no en tenim encara una nòmina completa ni podem valorar, amb unes escasses excepcions, les seves aportacions literàries ni quantitativament ni qualitativament. La poca o nul·la recerca realitzada en aquest àmbit fa que tampoc no tinguem prou informació per precisar quina fou la contribució traductogràfica real de les literates catalanes en aquella centúria. El treball intenta ser una aproximació al tema, alhora que un estat de la qüestió.

La història contemporània de la llengua catalana com a paradoxa

En aquest article ens proposem demostrar que la història del català del segle XVI ençà està caracteritzada per tres fenòmens sense els quals no podem entendre tampoc la situació actual: reculada en els usos socials de la llengua, baixa cohesió de la comunitat lingüística, i augment de la variació interna i les interferències. Aquestes tres constants, però, s'han corregit en part des de finals del XIX, segons l'àmbit i el territori. Al nostre parer, allò que singularitza el català entre les llengües europees és aquesta combinació paradoxal de reculades i recuperacions durant l'edat contemporània. This paper aims to demonstrate that the history of Catalan from the 16th century onwards is characterized by three phenomena without which the current situation of this language cannot be understood. These three phenomena are regression in social practices, low cohesion of the language community and increase of its internal variation as well as interferences. Nevertheless, those phenomena have been partially mitigated from the late 19th century depending on the domain and area concerned. In our view, what singles out Catalan among all European languages is this paradoxical combination of setbacks and recoveries in the late modern age.

Heterociclos 1,2,3-triazólicos: histórico, métodos de preparação, aplicações e atividades farmacológicas

The 1,2,3-triazole, known since the end of 19th century, is a very widely used heterocyclic system present in many synthetic substances and commercial pharmaceutical compounds. In fact, 1,2,3-triazoles show several applications in many areas especially as medicines against many diseases like cancer, AIDS, Parkinson and Alzheimer. Nowadays there is a large variety of known methods to obtain these heterocyclic compounds comprising mainly three synthetic routes. Nevertheless, there is no article that gives an objective overview of the synthetic methods for obtaining these kinds of azoheterocycles. This paper presents a brief history of this class of compounds, and a synthetic discussion concerning the main synthetic methods for its preparation, such as cyclization through hydrazones, concerted cycloadditon [2+3] and pseudopericyclic cyclization - and some others of restricted application, but also important. Finally, this paper also provides a brief overview on pharmacological applications of some 1,2,3-triazoles.

Redrawing Tarraco

The city of Tarragona houses an important architectural heritage mainly from its past as ‘Tarraco’, capital of the Roman province of Hispania Citerior, but also from its medieval and late 19th century history. The archaeological ensemble of Tarraco was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, but although many efforts have been devoted by archaeologists and historians to unveil and understand the history and aspect of the Roman city, many aspects remain unknown. This is largely caused by the absence of a coherent body of historiographical material, which is todays cattered across several institutions and, specially, the lack of precise and useful graphical representations of the remains and of the existing city that allows in-depth analysis and interpretations of future findings. In recent years, researchers from the Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology (ICAC) and the Architecture School of the URV (ETSA) have teamed up to produce comprehensive, detailed graphic materials, including a new set of plans and sections of the old city, of the grandiose areas of representation of the Provincial capital, and of the hidden structures beneath the city’s surface. These have been executed with the latest technologies (fotogrammetry, laser scanning) but also with traditional methods (measurement, topography), on t op of a mixture of existing materials (hand-drafted cartography from municipal master plans) and of historical and archaeological documentation.

A química orgânica na consolidação dos conceitos de átomo e molécula

The present work discusses the appearance of the concepts of valence and molecular structure, and describes the appropriation and evolution of the concept of molecule in the period following the publication of Avogadro's Hypothesis. The point of reference is the development of what became known as Organic Chemistry, which encompassed Pharmacy, Physiological Chemistry, Animal and Plant Chemistry, Chemistry of Dyestuffs, Agricultural Chemistry, and the fledgling Organic Synthesis industry in the early 19th century. The theories formulated in these areas and the quest for accurate atomic weights led to those concepts of valence and molecular structure and to a precise differentiation between atom and molecule.

O instituto de coimbra e a análise química de águas minerais em portugal na segunda metade do Século XIX

O Instituto, journal published by the Institute of Coimbra (IC), an academic society founded in this city in 1852, contains many articles on hydrology and chemical analysis of water for human consumption, written by well-known Portuguese chemists and physicians. Based on these papers, we analyse the evolution of hydrology in Portugal throughout the second half of the 19th century, with emphasis on the chemical studies of mineral waters by the physicians Augusto da Costa Simões, Francisco Alves and José Epifânio Marques, and by the chemists Joaquim dos Santos e Silva, António Ferreira da Silva and Charles Lepierre, all of them members of the IC.

Kant, Nietzsche and the idealization of friendship into nihilism

Is friendship still possible under nihilistic conditions? Kant and Nietzsche are important stages in the history of the idealization of friendship, which leads inevitably to the problem of nihilism. Nietzsche himself claims on the one hand that only something like friendship can save us in our nihilistic condition, but on the other hand that precisely friendship has been unmasked and become impossible by these very conditions. It seems we are struck in the nihilistic paradox of not being allowed to believe in the possibility of what we cannot do without. Literary imagination since the 19th century seems to make us even more skeptical. Maybe Beckett provides an illustration of a way out that fits well to Nietzsche's claim that only "the most moderate, those who do not require any extreme articles of faith" will be able to cope with nihilism.

Career satisfaction among medical school professors: a case study in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the career satisfaction of medical school professors in relation to initial motivation, satisfaction factors, and the desire to remain in the profession. METHODOLOGY: A qualitative methodology was used, based on questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with faculty members at a federal institution of higher education in Brazil. RESULTS: For 42.86% of the sample, teaching began while they were medical students; 80% had chosen teaching either as a vocation or due to influence from families or professors; 20% chose teaching as a professional opportunity. The majority, 57.14%, stated they were happy with teaching, and 51.42% did not plan to leave the career. Factors involved in satisfaction with teaching were: the possibility of remaining up-to-date in the medical profession, the feeling of doing their duty, their contribution to training future doctors, and contact with young people and the university setting. Factors leading to dissatisfaction were pedagogical (33.33%), economic (30.95%), institutional (14.28%), and relational (14.28%). CONCLUSIONS: Subjects expressed a positive attitude towards teaching, and because of their great personal satisfaction with the career, they did not plan to leave it. These findings should shed light on factors that interfere with career satisfaction and help increase those that promote satisfaction, thus improving the productivity and well-being of medical professors.

Group mentoring for junior medical students: perceptions of mentees and mentors

Entering medical school can be associated with a number of difficulties that can hinder students' performance. Mentoring programs are designed to help students circumvent difficulties and improve their learning and personal development. The current study aimed to evaluate the perceptions of both students and mentors regarding a recently introduced, group-based mentoring program designed to support first-year students. After one year of regular meetings, students and mentors' perceptions of the program were assessed by means of structured questionnaires. Response content categories were identified through multiple readings. Both regular attendees and non-participating students had positive opinions about the program. Mentors were highly satisfied at having participated and acknowledged that the program has been useful not only for assisting students, but also for fostering their own personal and professional development. In conclusion, the group-based mentoring program is feasible and can elicit positive views from both mentors and students. In addition, faculty members' participation as mentors can also be beneficial, since the program appears to contribute to their own personal and professional development