Cross-cultural dimensions of meaning in the evaluation of events in world history? Perceptions of historical calamities and progress in cross-cultural data from 30 societies

The universality versus culture specificity of quantitative evaluations (negative-positive) of 40 events in world history was addressed using World History Survey data collected from 5,800 university students in 30 countries/societies. Multidimensional scaling using generalized procrustean analysis indicated poor fit of data from the 30 countries to an overall mean configuration, indicating lack of universal agreement as to the associational meaning of events in world history. Hierarchical cluster analysis identified one Western and two non-Western country clusters for which adequate multidimensional fit was obtained after item deletions. A two-dimensional solution for the three country clusters was identified, where the primary dimension was historical calamities versus progress and a weak second dimension was modernity versus resistance to modernity. Factor analysis further reduced the item inventory to identify a single concept with structural equivalence across cultures, Historical Calamities, which included man-made and natural, intentional and unintentional, predominantly violent but also nonviolent calamities. Less robust factors were tentatively named as Historical Progress and Historical Resistance to Oppression. Historical Calamities and Historical Progress were at the individual level both significant and independent predictors of willingness to fight for one’s country in a hierarchical linear model that also identified significant country-level variation in these relationships. Consensus around calamity but disagreement as to what constitutes historical progress is discussed in relation to the political culture of nations and lay perceptions of history as catastrophe.

Where are cultural and social in ecosystem services? A framework for constructive engagement

A focus on ecosystem services (ES) is seen as a means for improving decisionmaking. In the research to date, the valuation of the material contributions of ecosystems to human well-being has been emphasized, with less attention to important cultural ES and nonmaterial values. This gap persists because there is no commonly accepted framework for eliciting less tangible values, characterizing their changes, and including them alongside other services in decisionmaking. Here, we develop such a framework for ES research and practice, addressing three challenges: (1) Nonmaterial values are ill suited to characterization using monetary methods; (2) it is difficult to unequivocally link particular changes in socioecological systems to particular changes in cultural benefits; and (3) cultural benefits are associated with many services, not just cultural ES. There is no magic bullet, but our framework may facilitate fuller and more socially acceptable integrations of ES information into planning and management. © 2012 by American Institute of Biological Sciences. All rights reserved.

Crossing the cultural divide: assessing the needs of a local immigrant community

Gemstone Team CARE (Community Assessment of Resident Experiences)

Facts and Fictions: Feminist Literary Criticism and Cultural Critique, 1968-2012

"Facts and Fictions: Feminist Literary Criticism and Cultural Critique, 1968-2012" is a critical history of the unfolding of feminist literary study in the US academy. It contributes to current scholarly efforts to revisit the 1970s by reconsidering often-repeated narratives about the critical naivety of feminist literary criticism in its initial articulation. As the story now goes, many of the most prominent feminist thinkers of the period engaged in unsophisticated literary analysis by conflating lived social reality with textual representation when they read works of literature as documentary evidence of real life. As a result, the work of these "bad critics," particularly Kate Millett and Andrea Dworkin, has not been fully accounted for in literary critical terms.

This dissertation returns to Dworkin and Millett's work to argue for a different history of feminist literary criticism. Rather than dismiss their work for its conflation of fact and fiction, I pay attention to the complexity at the heart of it, yielding a new perspective on the history and persistence of the struggle to use literary texts for feminist political ends. Dworkin and Millett established the centrality of reality and representation to the feminist canon debates of "the long 1970s," the sex wars of the 1980s, and the more recent feminist turn to memoir. I read these productive periods in feminist literary criticism from 1968 to 2012 through their varied commitment to literary works.

Chapter One begins with Millett, who de-aestheticized male-authored texts to treat patriarchal literature in relation to culture and ideology. Her mode of literary interpretation was so far afield from the established methods of New Criticism that she was not understood as a literary critic. She was repudiated in the feminist literary criticism that followed her and sought sympathetic methods for reading women's writing. In that decade, the subject of Chapter Two, feminist literary critics began to judge texts on the basis of their ability to accurately depict the reality of women's experiences.

Their vision of the relationship between life and fiction shaped arguments about pornography during the sex wars of the 1980s, the subject of Chapter Three. In this context, Dworkin was feminism's "bad critic." I focus on the literary critical elements of Dworkin's theories of pornographic representation and align her with Millett as a miscategorized literary critic. In the decades following the sex wars, many of the key feminist literary critics of the founding generation (including Dworkin, Jane Gallop, Carolyn Heilbrun, and Millett) wrote memoirs that recounted, largely in experiential terms, the history this dissertation examines. Chapter Four considers the story these memoirists told about the rise and fall of feminist literary criticism. I close with an epilogue on the place of literature in a feminist critical enterprise that has shifted toward privileging theory.

Age Effects in Cultural Life Scripts.

Life scripts are culturally shared expectations about the timing of life events in an idealized life course. Because they are cultural semantic knowledge, they should be known by all adult age groups including those who have not lived through all events in the life script, but this has not been tested previously. Young, middle-aged and older adults from the Netherlands were therefore asked in this online study to imagine an ordinary Dutch infant and to name the seven most important events that were likely to take place in the life of this prototypical child. Participants subsequently answered questions about at what ages these events were expected to occur and about their prevalence, importance and valence. We found that the cultural life script was similar for young, middle-aged and older adults and for adults with different educational attainment.

Cross-cultural variability of component processes in autobiographical remembering: Japan, Turkey, and the USA.

Although the underlying mechanics of autobiographical memory may be identical across cultures, the processing of information differs. Undergraduates from Japan, Turkey, and the USA rated 30 autobiographical memories on 15 phenomenological and cognitive properties. Mean values were similar across cultures, with means from the Japanese sample being lower on most measures but higher on belief in the accuracy of their memories. Correlations within individuals were also similar across cultures, with correlations from the Turkish sample being higher between measures of language and measures of recollection and belief. For all three cultures, in multiple regression analyses, measures of recollection were predicted by visual imagery, auditory imagery, and emotions, whereas measures of belief were predicted by knowledge of the setting. These results show subtle cultural differences in the experience of remembering.

Cultural life scripts structure recall from autobiographical memory.

Three classes of evidence demonstrate the existence of life scripts, or culturally shared representations of the timing of major transitional life events. First, a reanalysis of earlier studies on age norms shows an increase in the number of transitional events between the ages of 15 and 30 years, and these events are associated with narrower age ranges and more positive emotion than events outside this period. Second, 1,485 Danes estimated how old hypothetical centenarians were when they had been happiest, saddest, most afraid, most in love, and had their most important and most traumatic experiences. Only the number of positive events showed an increase between the ages of 15 and 30 years. Third, undergraduates generated seven important events that were likely to occur in the life of a newborn. Pleasantness and whether events were expected to occur between the ages of 15 and 30 years predicted how frequently events were recorded. Life scripts provide an alternative explanation of the reminiscence bump. Emphasis is on culture, not individuals.

Inner speech and bilingual autobiographical memory: a Polish-Danish cross-cultural study.

Thirty years after fleeing from Poland to Denmark, 20 immigrants were enlisted in a study of bilingual autobiographical memory. Ten "early immigrators" averaged 24 years old at the time of immigration, and ten "late immigrators" averaged 34 years old at immigration. Although all 20 had spent 30 years in Denmark, early immigrators reported more current inner speech behaviours in Danish, whereas late immigrators showed more use of Polish. Both groups displayed proportionally more numerous autobiographical retrievals that were reported as coming to them internally in Polish (vs Danish) for the decades prior to immigration and more in Danish (vs Polish) after immigration. We propose a culture- and language-specific shaping of semantic and conceptual stores that underpins autobiographical and world knowledge.

New World Gold Cultural Anxiety and Monetary Disorder in Early Modern Spain

Elvira Vilches examines economic treatises, stories of travel and conquest, moralist writings, fiction, poetry, and drama to reveal that New World gold ultimately became a problematic source of power that destabilized Spain’s sense of ...

Cultural development and technical and financial assistance on the basis of the CDCE (Convention on diversity of cultural expressions)

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

El tráfico de la maquinaria en diferentes sistemas de labranza y su incidencia sobre la compactación del suelo y el rendimiento del maíz (Zea mays L.) en el partido de Luján

El establecimiento del cultivo depende fundamentalmente de los métodos utilizados para la preparación del suelo y la siembra. Nuestro principal objetivo fue evaluar la compactación del suelo y los efectos de los residuos de la cosecha del maíz (Zea Mays L.) sobre la emergencia de las plántulas y los rendimientos en tres diferentes métodos de labranza: siembra directa (SD), arado de cincel (CN) y arado de reja y vertedera (AV). El estudio se realizó al este de la región pampeana entre Octubre de 2004 y Marzo de 2007. El suelo del sitio de estudio es un Argiudol típico. Nuestras hipótesis de trabajo fueron: a) que los rendimientos de maíz se ven afectados por los métodos de labranza utilizados para la preparación del suelo, y b) que el tráfico, en los tres métodos de labranza, causa compactación subsuperficial del suelo. Las variables medidas fueron: (1) Índice de cono (IC) ) entre 0 y 450 mm, (2) la materia seca de la raíz por planta (MSR), (3) materia seca por planta (MSP), (4) la emergencia de plántulas (EP), y (5) los rendimientos del maíz (RM). Los resultados mostraron que en SD, el nivel de compactación del suelo causo menores rendimientos (disminución entre el 10,7 y el 15,2 por ciento) en comparación con CN y AV. La EP fue más lenta en CN y de AV en comparación con SD, pero resultados similares se obtuvieron 18 días después de la siembra. Los valores más altos MSR se observaron en CN y AV (42,3 y 46,1 g planta-1, respectivamente) en comparación con el SD (37,1 g planta-1). El estudio arrojó las siguientes conclusiones. El RM está directamente relacionado con la MSR por planta, que se vio afectada por la compactación del suelo. El horizonte Ap del suelo tiene que ser labrado para mejorar el RM. A pesar del mayor número de pasadas de equipos en el CN y el AV, todos los sistemas labranza causaron compactación del subsuelo. La EP no se vio afectada por el rastrojo del cultivo.

La dosificación por expulsión forzada y el daño a la semilla : una revisión

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Mediación cultural con SimCalc en la adquisición del conocimiento del movimiento rectilíneo

Esta investigación de corte cualitativo tiene el objetivo de estudiar cómo un grupo de estudiantes mexicanos de 16-18 años logra significar la relación entre las gráficas cartesianas de distancia-tiempo, velocidad-tiempo y aceleración-tiempo al interactuar en un entorno digital. Nuestra interpretación se basa en asumir que el conocimiento resulta de las acciones del sujeto cognoscente que se acerca a su objeto de conocimiento provisto de artefactos culturales de mediación. Las gráficas cartesianas atadas a la animación promueven en los estudiantes una actitud para expresar y explorar sus ideas a través de las representaciones simbólicas que ellos mismos producen. Los resultados sugieren que este tipo de experiencias puede ayudar a construir una sólida base para acceder a las ideas del Cálculo.

El problema social y cultural de la población sorda en el aprendizaje de las matemáticas se minimiza con la intervención del profesor

Este artículo tiene como objeto de investigación el aprendizaje y como objeto matemático el concepto de función con estudiantes sordos de educación básica y media, con el propósito de mostrar cómo el problema social y cultural que tiene esta población para el aprendizaje de las matemáticas puede ser minimizado mediante la intervención del profesor, a partir de secuencias didácticas de enseñanza y la asistencia de un entorno informático. Para ello, se ha utilizado como marco teórico las situaciones didácticas de Brousseau y los registros de representación semiótica de Duval, y como metodología la Ingeniería didáctica.