Interacciones de género estudiante-profesor, deserción y rendimiento académico en Colombia

En este trabajo se estima el efecto del género del profesor sobre la deserción y el rendimiento educativo de los estudiantes en Colombia durante el periodo 2009-2012. La estrategia empírica se fundamenta en un modelo de regresión lineal que establece la relación entre la proporción de profesoras interactuada con el género del estudiante. Los resultados sugieren que existe un sesgo de selección debido a que las profesoras aumentan la probabilidad de que las niñas finalicen la educación media, lo que implica que la composición de habilidades entre hombres y mujeres no es la misma. Luego de corregir este sesgo de selección, se encuentra un resultado significativo en el género del profesor. Un aumento de una desviación estándar en la proporción de profesoras incrementa en 0.01 desviaciones estándar el puntaje de los niños en la prueba de matemáticas y el puntaje de las niñas en la prueba de lenguaje. Este trabajo utiliza información proveniente de la prueba Saber 11, la Resolución 166 y el concurso docente.

Pronunciation.

Explica los principios básicos y la terminología de este importante aspecto de la enseñanza de idiomas. El recurso contiene más de ciento treinta actividades de aula para desarrollar la enseñanza de la pronunciación. Está estructurado en tres secciones: la sección primera introduce la explicación de los principales conceptos y terminología de la pronunciación; la sección segunda invita a reflexionar y evaluar las actividades de los materiales publicados con referencia a estos conceptos ; la sección tercera ofrece tareas para la experimentación de las ideas y puntos de vista de las secciones uno y dos en las realidad de las aulas.

O fio de Ariadne : a formação contínua do PNEP e desenvolvimento da competência da leitura no 1.º CEB

Afirmando-se como uma necessidade premente, a qualidade da formação contínua de professores tem evoluído nos últimos anos. Esta urgência surge a partir das exigências que cada vez mais se sentem, quer a nível nacional, quer internacional, de um ensino e aprendizagem que acompanhe as mudanças sociais, tecnológicas e multiculturais. O Programa Nacional de Ensino do Português (PNEP), que surgiu pela necessidade de aumentar os níveis de literacia dos alunos portugueses, foi o objeto de estudo desta investigação. Nesta perspetiva, pretendeu-se identificar de que forma a formação de professores se articula com as dinâmicas da formação centrada nas escolas, no âmbito do PNEP, no desenvolvimento de competências de leitura dos alunos do 1.º CEB. Embora a aprendizagem do português padrão passe pelo ensino e aprendizagem de vários domínios, focalizou-se o estudo na relação entre a atitude reflexiva do professor e o desenvolvimento das capacidades leitoras dos alunos, através do ensino explícito de estratégias de compreensão de textos. O estudo empírico sustentou-se em autores como Alarcão (2002), Colomer & Camps (2008), García (1992), Lomas (2003), Pawlas, & Oliva, (2007), Sim-Sim (2007), entre outros. No estudo optou-se por uma metodologia mista, qualitativa e quantitativa. O caso em estudo, sobre o PNEP e a sua influência na formação docente, concretizou-se em contexto escolar e circunscreveu-se ao cenário profissional da investigadora. Durante o ano letivo 2009/10 sete professoras/formandas, sob a supervisão da investigadora/formadora, desenvolveram a sua prática pedagógica, num Agrupamento de Escolas na área de Gondomar. Assim, foram analisadas as reflexões contidas nos portefólios formativos das docentes. Em extensão, foi aplicado um inquérito por questionário, a cento e vinte e um professores dos Núcleos Regionais do Porto e Minho. Segundo os resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a frequência do PNEP contribuiu para formar professores reflexivos que, ao mudarem práticas, potenciaram o desenvolvimento da competência de leitura dos alunos do 1.º CEB, o que se refletiu na melhoria dos resultados escolares, em todas as áreas do saber.

O ensino da língua portuguesa e a linguagem na comunicação virtual: alternativas e dilemas

A presente investigação tem como objetivo compreender como os professores de Língua Portuguesa integram a linguagem da comunicação pela Internet em sua prática pedagógica, uma vez que a linguagem utilizada na comunicação virtual demonstra variações linguísticas na expectativa oposta a Língua Portuguesa em sua forma padrão e, neste contexto, a escola e o professor de português representam intermédios possíveis entre o escrito padrão e o virtual. Após processo investigativo que contou com recolha de dados documentais e entrevistas semiestruturadas, constata-se que os professores de Língua Portuguesa ressaltam as diferenças da linguagem na comunicação pela Internet em relação à forma padrão na mesma precisão em que defendem o uso da tecnologia no ambiente escolar. Afirmam que, neste contexto, o papel do professor de português concentra-se no preparo do estudante para o uso da forma padrão, permitindo uma abertura em sua prática à linguagem na comunicação virtual. Neste sentido, defendem que o posicionamento adequado do professor de Língua Portuguesa diante do ensino da língua padrão e sua relação com a linguagem virtual, centraliza-se numa abertura para um estudo linguístico na perspectiva dos possíveis usos sociais da língua, possuindo como referencial a forma padrão da Língua Portuguesa.

Comparative and international education: policy transfer, context sensitivity and professional development

This paper examines the intellectual and professional contribution of comparative and international studies to the field of education. It explores the nature of the challenges that are currently being faced, and assesses its potential for the advancement of future teaching, research and professional development. Attention is paid to the place of comparative and international education (CIE)-past and present-in teacher education, in postgraduate studies, and in the realms of policy and practice, theory and research. Consideration is first given to the nature and history of CIE, to its initial contributions to the field of education in the UK, and to its chief mechanisms and sites of production. Influential methodological and theoretical developments are examined, followed by an exploration of emergent questions, controversies and dilemmas that could benefit from sustained comparative analysis in the future. Conclusions consider implications for the place of CIE in the future of educational studies as a whole; for relations between and beyond the 'disciplines of education'; and for the development of sustainable research capacity in this field.

Agency and conformity in school-based teacher training

Concern has been expressed that the current climate in schools militates against trainee teachers' self-directed development. This article explores the issue of trainees' capacity for self-direction through the analysis of interviews with 32 trainees, investigating their perceived proactive social strategies. Three proactive strategies were identified: 'tactical compliance', personalising advice, and seeking out opportunities to exercise control. It is argued that these strategies are indicative of trainees' drive to establish a personal teaching identity through self-directed development and the creation of individual development agendas. The article concludes by emphasising the importance of the development of proactive social skills in beginning teachers. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Considering heteroglossia in language and development in Sub-Saharan Africa

Countries throughout the sub-Saharan (SSA) region have a complex linguistic heritage having their origins in opportunistic boundary changes effected by Western colonial powers at the Berlin Conference 1884-85. Postcolonial language-in-education policies valorizing ex-colonial languages have contributed at least in part to underachievement in education and thus the underdevelopment of human resources in SSA countries. This situation is not likely to improve whilst unresolved questions concerning the choice of language(s) that would best support social and economic development remain. Whilst policy attempts to develop local languages have been discussed within the framework of the African Union, and some countries have experimented with models of multilingual education during the past decade, the goalposts have already changed as a result of migration and trade. This paper argues that language policy makers need to be cognizant of changing language ecologies and their relationship with emerging linguistic and economic markets. The concept of language, within such a framework, has to be viewed in relation to the multiplicity of language markets within the shifting landscapes of people, culture, economics and the geo-politics of the 21st Century. Whilst, on the one hand, this refers to the hegemony of dominant powerful languages and the social relations of disempowerment, on the other hand, it also refers to existing and evolving social spaces and local language capabilities and choices. Within this framework the article argues that socially constructed dominant macro language markets need to be viewed also in relation to other, self-defined, community meso- and individual micro- language markets and their possibilities for social, economic and political development. It is through pursuing this argument that this article assesses the validity of Omoniyi’s argument in this volume, for the need to focus on the concept of language capital within multilingual contexts in the SSA region as compared to Bourdieu’s concept of linguistic capital.  

Language capital and development: the case of African language publishing for children in South Africa

In recognizing 11 official languages, the 1996 South African Constitution provides a context for the management of diversity with important implications for the redistribution of wealth and power. The development and implementation of the language-in-education policies which might be expected to flow from the Constitution, however, have been slow and ineffective. One of the casualties of government procrastination has been African language publishing. In the absence of well-resourced bilingual education, most learners continue to be taught through the medium of English as a second language. Teachers are reluctant to use more innovative pedagogies without the support of adequate African language materials and publishers are cautious about producing such materials. Nonetheless, activity in this sector offers many opportunities for African language speakers. This paper explores the challenges and constraints for African language publishing for children and argues that market forces and language policy need to work in mutually reinforcing ways. Further progress is necessarily dependent on the political will to implement language-in-education policies that promote additive bilingualism and, in the process, guarantee sales for risk-averse publishers.

Teaching English to speakers of other languages teachers’ views on the relationship between research and practice

This paper reports on a study investigating teachers’ views and beliefs about the relationship between second language (L2) research and practice. Although a gap has been frequently reported between the two, there is little empirical data to show what teachers’ views on this relationship are or how these views and beliefs influence their use of research. A total of 60 TESOL1 teachers in England responded to a questionnaire which sought both qualitative and quantitative data. Results of the data analysis suggest that although their views on research and its usefulness are positive, teachers are mainly sceptical about the practicality and relevance of L2 research. More importantly, they expect research to originate from rather than end in classrooms and maintain that the prime responsibility of bringing research and practice together is to be shared by teacher training programmes and educational policies of the institutions they work in. Our analysis of the data further implies that there are differences between teachers’ epistemological assumptions and the more established notions of research.

Reading the world through words: cultural themes in heritage Chinese language textbooks

This paper explores the social and cultural knowledge embedded in the textbooks for language and literacy education in a Chinese heritage language school, the Zhonguo School, in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It examines how Chinese language arts textbooks introduce the child reader to cultural knowledge considered legitimate and valued in China as well as in Chinese diasporan communities. Furthermore, it looks at the construction of cultural knowledge in Chinese language textbooks in relation to the mainstream ideology to which immigrant children are exposed in and out of mainstream school classrooms. It looks at how the power relationship between legitimate cultural knowledge in majority and minority contexts is established and to what extent it affects language minority students' literacy practices in mainstream school and heritage language school contexts. Data sources are the Chinese textbooks used from kindergarten to Grade 5 in a Chinese heritage language school.

Connecting research and practice in TESOL: a community of practice perspective

In line with a growing interest in teacher research engagement in second language education, this article is an attempt to shed light on teachers’ views on the relationship between teaching and practice. The data comprise semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers in England, examining their views about the divide between research and practice in their field, the reasons for the persistence of the divide between the two and their suggestions on how to bridge it. Wenger’s (1998) Community of Practice (CoP) is used as a conceptual framework to analyse and interpret the data. The analysis indicates that teacher experience, learning and ownership of knowledge emerging from participation in their CoP are key players in teachers’ professional practice and in the development of teacher identity. The participants construe the divide in the light of the differences they perceive between teaching and research as two different CoPs, and attribute the divide to the limited mutual engagement, absence of a joint enterprise and lack of a shared repertoire between them. Boundary encounters, institutionalised brokering and a more research-oriented teacher education provision are some of the suggestions for bringing the two communities together.

Discourse strategies and power roles in student-led distance learning

The assertion of identity and power via computer-mediated communication in the context of distance or web-based learning presents challenges to both teachers and students. When regular, face-to-face classroom interaction is replaced by online chat or group discussion forums, participants must avail themselves of new techniques and tactics for contributing to and furthering interaction, discussion, and learning. During student-only chat sessions, the absence of teacher-led, face-to-face classroom activities requires the students to assume leadership roles and responsibilities normally associated with the teacher. This situation raises the questions of who teaches and who learns; how students discursively negotiate power roles; and whether power emerges as a function of displayed expertise and knowledge or rather the use of authoritative language. This descriptive study represents an examination of a corpus of task-based discussion logs among Vietnamese students of distance learning courses in English linguistics. The data reveal recurring discourse strategies for 1) negotiating the progression of the discussion sessions, 2) asserting and questioning knowledge, and 3) assuming or delegating responsibility. Power is defined ad hoc as the ability to successfully perform these strategies. The data analysis contributes to a better understanding of how working methods and materials can be tailored to students in distance learning courses, and how such students can be empowered by being afforded opportunities and effectively encouraged to assert their knowledge and authority.