Pertussis: infection, vaccination and gene polymorphisms

Pertussis or whooping cough is a human respiratory tract infection and a vaccine-preventable disease that is caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria. Pertussis vaccination has been part of the Finnish national vaccine program since 1952. Despite extensive vaccinations, the incidence of pertussis has increased in many countries during the last decades. Large epidemics have been observed also in countries with high vaccine coverage. Inter-individual variation in immune responses is always encountered after vaccination. Low vaccine responses may cause vulnerability to pertussis even straight after vaccination. Reasons for low responses are not fully understood. The innate immune system is responsible for the initial recognition of pathogens and vaccine antigens. The role of innate immunity on pertussis immunity has not been thoroughly investigated. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are important molecules of the innate immune system and in the recognition of pathogens. Cytokines form a signaling network that have a notable role in immune responses after infections as well as after vaccinations. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is common in genes encoding these molecules and the polymorphisms have been reported to affect vaccine response after viral and bacterial vaccines. This study investigated the gene polymorphisms of MBL2, TLR4 and interleukin (IL)-10 promoter and their association with vaccine responses after acellular pertussis (aP) vaccination in Finnish adolescents and infants. Cell-mediated immune responses were investigated ten years after the previous pertussis vaccinations in young adults. In addition, the role of MBL deficiency in pertussis infection susceptibility was evaluated. The results of this study show that subjects with TLR4 polymorphism had lower antibody production and persistence after aP vaccination compared with normal allele. A specific SNP in the TLR4 gene was associated with decreased antibody responses and persistence in adolescents after aP booster vaccination. Cell-mediated immune responses were partly detected ten years after the previous vaccination; booster vaccine clearly enhanced the responses. In addition, subjects with IL-10 polymorphism had altered cell-mediated immune responses. MBL deficiency was found to be more frequent in pertussis patients than healthy controls but the polymorphism of MBL2 was not associated with antibody responses after acellular pertussis vaccination. The novel finding of this study was that genetic variation in the innate immune system seems to play a role in altered pertussis vaccine responses as well as in pertussis infection. These new findings enlighten the mechanisms behind the low responses after pertussis vaccination and help to predict risk factors related to this phenomenon.

ค咭唎國新出種痘奇書Ying ji li guo xin chu zhong dou qi shu.Traité de la vaccination, nouvellement inventée en Angleterre.

Publié et gravé (1805) pour la Compagnie des Indes Orientales, par un employé de la Compagnie, Duo lin wen ; traduit par Zheng Chong qian, qui avait été interprète de la mission anglaise de 1793.

Enhancing pnemonia surveillance in acute care facilities in post SARS era : a Canadian hospital surveillance study, 2003-2004 influenza season

A retrospective study of patients hospitalized with influenza and/or pneumonia in a Niagara area community hospital for the influenza season 2003-04 was designed with the main goal of enhancing pneumonia surveillance in acute care facilities and the following specific objectives: 1) identify etiologies, factors, and clinical presentation associated with pneumonia; 2) assess the ODIN score on ICU patients to predict outcomes of severe pneumonia; 3) identify the frequency of pneumonia and influenza in a hospital setting; and 4) develop a hospital pneumonia electronic surveillance tool. A total of 172 patients' charts (50% females) were reviewed and classified into two groups: those with diagnosis of pneumonia (n=132) and those without pneumonia (n=40). The latter group consisted mainly of patients with influenza (85%). Most patients were young (<10yrs) or elderly (>71yrs). Presenting body temperature <38°C, cough symptoms, respiratory and cardiac precomorbidities were common in both groups. Pneumonia was more frequent in males (p= .032) and more likely community-acquired (98%) than nosocomial (2%). No evidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia was found. Microbiology testing in 72% of cases detected 19 different pathogens. In pneumonia patients the most common organisms were Streptococcus pneumoniae (3%), Respiratory syncytial virus (4%), and Influenza A virus (2%). Conversely, Influenza A virus was identified in 73% of non-pneumonia patients. Community-acquired influenza was more common (80%) than nosocomial influenza (20%). The ODIN score was a good predictor of mortality and the new electronic surveillance tool was an effective prototype to monitor patients in acute care, especially during influenza season. The results of this study provided baseline data on respiratory illness surveillance and demonstrated that future research, including prospective studies, is warranted in acute care facilities.

Vigilancia epidemiológica de influenza durante el periódo de 1983 a 1986

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias, con Especialidad en Microbiología Médica) UANL

Vigilancia epidemiológica del virus de la influenza en la ciudad de Monterrey

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología Médica) UANL

Frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de transportadores del fármaco oseltamivir, utilizado en el brote pandémico de influenza a H1n1, en una población del Noreste de México.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Acentuación en Inmunobiología) UANL, 2012.

Identificación de tipos y subtipos del virus de influenza y su co-infección con patógenos asociados a enfermedades respiratorias mediante re-secuenciación con microarreglos.

Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias con Acentuación en Microbiología) UANL, 2013.

Variabilidad antigénica de cepas del virus influenza en aves migratorias y residentes del Norte de México.

Tesis (Maestro en Ciencias con acentuación en Microbiología) UANL, 2014.

Longitudinal changes in HIV-specific IFN-? secretion in subjects who received Remune™ vaccination prior to treatment interruption

Affiliation: Maude Loignon, Lise Cyr & Emil Toma : Département de microbiologie et immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal

New pandemics: HIV and AIDS, HCV and chronic hepatitis, Influenza virus and flu.

New pandemics are a serious threat to the health of the entire world. They are essentially of viral origin and spread at large speed. A meeting on this topic was held in Lyon, France, within the XIXth Jacques Cartier Symposia, a series of France-Québec meetings held every year. New findings on HIV and AIDS, on HCV and chronic hepatitis, and an update on influenza virus and flu were covered during this meeting on December 4 and 5, 2006. Aspects of viral structure, virus-host interactions, antiviral defenses, drugs and vaccinations, and epidemiological aspects were discussed for HIV and HCV. Old and recent data on the flu epidemics ended this meeting.

Estudio de la seroepidemiología del virus influenza tipo c

Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias con Especialidad en Microbiología Médica) UANL.