Reserved parking : marine reserves and small-scale fishing communities: a collection of articles from SAMUDRA report

As the earth’s resources continue to face increasing pressure from a variety of human and natural causes, protection of the environment and biodiversity is a matter of contemporary concern, The conservation of coastal and marine resources, in particular, has become a priority for countries around the world. In this context, marine protected areas (MPAs) are being widely promoted as one of the most effective tools for the conservation of coastal and marine resources. Most MPAs are located in coastal areas of great biodiversity, and hence their development has direct impacts on the lives and livelihoods of coastal communities, especially small-scale and traditional fishing communities. Typically, they are the ones who have to bear the costs of conservation practices–lost livelihood options, expulsion from traditional fishing grounds and living spaces, and violation of human/community rights, to name a few. The articles in this dossier, drawn chronologically from the pages of Samudra Report, the triannual publication of ICSF, draw attention to these issues. They show that conservation and livelihoods are closely intertwined, and that top-down, non-participatory models of conservation can be counter-productive. Despite being poor and powerless, fishing and coastal communities can be powerful allies in conservation efforts, given their longstanding dependence on natural resources and their traditional ecological knowledge systems. As the examples in this dossier reveal, it is possible for fishing communities to protect and conserve the environment, while continuing with sustainable fishing operations. Clearly, only an integrated approach to fisheries management and conservation will prove successful. This dossier will be useful for policymakers, social scientists, non-governmental organizations and others interested in fisheries, conservation, communities and livelihoods.

A few observations on the biology of Tachysurus thalassinus Ruppell from Veraval (Gujarat)

The length-weight relationship of T. thalassinus differed in the sexes and, therefore separate equations were obtained; for males log W = -5.1728 4- 3.0495 log L; and for females log W = -5.7456 + 3.2798 log L. The spawning period of this species appears to be restricted to a short period from October to November. Fecundity has been found to range from 33 to 55 mature eggs in specimens of the size range 421-564mm. The sex ratio of males to females was 1.8:1. T. thalassinus is a bottom carnivore, crustaceans ranking first in food followed by fishes, mollusc and polychaetes.

Rights first, rights forever: small-scale fisheries and fishing communities from a human-rights perspective. A collection of articles from SAMUDRA report

Small-scale and artisanal fisheries contribute about two-thirds of the global fish production destined for direct human consumption. They also accommodate over 90 per cent of those who make their living from fisheries. Women comprise at least half the workforce in small-scale fisheries. Despite the important contributions made by small-scale fisheries to poverty eradication and food security, small-scale fishers and fishworkers continue to be marginalized at different levels. It is in this context that the Committee on Fisheries (COFI) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has developed the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-scale Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication (SSF Guidelines).

Labels or fables? The myth of sustainability: a collection of articles from SAMUDRA Report

Labels or Fables? The Myth of Sustainability examines the costs of certification of global fisheries and how it is allegedly biased towards industrial-scale fisheries. This dossier is a compilation of articles from Samudra Report dealing with the issue of ecolabelling in fisheries.

慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆及海马和前脑皮层突触体膜流动性的影响

慢性应激对学习记忆功能的影响是神经科学的热点问题,在脑内,海马和前额叶是与学习记忆功能密切相关的重要脑区,也是应激易累及损伤的主要靶区。膜流动性的改变在神经细胞功能活动中起重要作用。为探讨慢性应激对大鼠空间学习记忆功能的影响及前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性的作用。采用多因素慢性应激动物模型,通过开场试验和Morris水迷宫测试大鼠行为及空间学习记忆能力;并且测定大鼠前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性和突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的变化。研究结果显示,与对照组相比,应激组大鼠在应激后即刻,在新异环境中的自发活动和探究行为显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01),空间学习记忆能力明显下降(p<0.05,p<0.01);并且应激组大鼠前脑皮层和海马突触体膜流动性显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01);而突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的显著增加(p<0.05,p<0.01)。停止应激后一周,应激大鼠的各项指标有所恢复,但仍未达到正常水平。研究结果提示,慢性应激引起大鼠明显的开场行为改变和空间学习记忆功能障碍,这些变化可能与突触体膜流动性和突触体内游离Ca2+浓度的变化密切相关。

Product life trade-offs: what if products fail early?

Increasing product life allows the embodied emissions in products to be spread across a longer period but can mean that opportunities to improve use-phase efficiency are foregone. In this paper, a model that evaluates this trade-off is presented and used to estimate the optimal product life for a range of metal-intensive products. Two strategies that have potential to save emissions are explored: (1) adding extra embodied emissions to make products more sturdy, increasing product life, and (2) increasing frequency of use, causing early product failure to take advantage of improvements in use-phase efficiency. These strategies are evaluated for two specific case studies (long-life washing machines and more frequent use of vehicles through car clubs) and for a range of embodied and use-phase intensive products under different use-phase improvement rate assumptions. Particular emphasis is placed on the fact that products often fail neither at their design life nor at their optimal life. Policy recommendations are then made regarding the targeting of these strategies according to product characteristics and the timing of typical product failure relative to optimal product life.

青海湖裸鲤繁殖群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对青海湖裸鲤的3个洄游繁殖群体-黑马河(HM)、布哈河(BH)及沙柳河(SL)群体各30个个体的DNA多态性进行了分析。用13个引物在三个群体中共检测出85个位点,其中多态性位点68个。青海湖裸鲤群体总的DNA多态位点百分率为80.0%。数据分析结果显示:青海湖裸鲤3个群体总的Nei基因多样性为0.3395,Shannon遗传多样性信息指数为0.4861,存在着较为丰富的遗传多样性。青海湖裸鲤3个群体间平均遗传距离为0.0788,基因分化系数Gst为0.1070,表

Silica and alumina thin films grown by liquid phase deposition

This work demonstrates the condition optimization during liquid phase deposition (LPD) Of SiO2/GaAs films. LPD method is further applied to form Al2O3 films on semiconductors with poison-free materials. Proceeding at room temperature with inexpensive equipment, LPD of silica and alumina films is potentially serviceable in microelectronics and related spheres.

Web应用服务器研究综述

Web应用服务器是Web计算环境下产生的新型中间件，为创建、部署、运行、集成和管理事务性Web应用提供一个跨平台的运行环境，被认为是自关系型数据库以来最令人激动的企业应用技术。诸多IT企业纷纷推出其各自的Web应用服务器产品和系统，学术界也对这种热门领域产生了浓厚的兴趣。在分析Web计算环境下传统中间件发展所遇到的问题的基础上，介绍Web应用服务器的起源和发展、运行模式以及评测基准，然后对Web应用服务器研究现状进行综述，主要包括Web应用服务器的定义、体系结构、组件容器、分布事务处理、负载平衡、高速缓存、Web Service等研究热点和关键技术。根据评测基准，对若干主流Web应用服务器从功能和性能两个文献进行分析和比较。此外，还指出了Web应用服务器目前存在的不足以及未来的发展趋势。

扬子褶皱带侏罗纪砂岩古地磁及其褶皱带弧形弯曲的成因

为了更好地认识上扬子褶皱带和中扬子褶皱带走向差异的机制，我们对中、上扬子褶皱带过渡的关键地区重庆

A Compact Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer for the Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard

A compact direct digital frequency synthesizer （DDFS） for system-on-chip implementation of the high precision rubidium atomic frequency standard is developed. For small chip size and low power consumption, the phase to sine mapping data is compressed using sine symmetry technique, sine-phase difference technique, quad line approximation technique,and quantization and error read only memory （QE-ROM） technique. The ROM size is reduced by 98% using these techniques. A compact DDFS chip with 32bit phase storage depth and a 10bit on-chip digital to analog converter has been successfully implemented using a standard 0.35μm CMOS process. The core area of the DDFS is 1.6mm^2. It consumes 167mW at 3.3V,and its spurious free dynamic range is 61dB.