População estelar em galáxias ativas versus não ativas : o papel das novas gerações de estrelas

Esta tese apresenta o estudo da população estelar nuclear e extranuclear de uma amostra de galáxias ativas próximas (trinta e sete galáxias Seyfert 2 e vinte e quatro rádio-galáxias); e de uma amostra de controle de galáxias não ativas (onze elípticas: sete lenticulares e dezoito espirais). Foram para isto utilizados espectros óticos de fenda longa com boa razão sinal-ruído obtidos em telescôpios com aberturas de 1;5m a 4m. As regiões amostradas nas extrações correspomlem nas galáxias a 100-2000 parsecs (pc), com um valor mediano de 800 pc. A fim de verificar se existe relação entre a presença de formação estelar recente e a atividade nuclear; foram determinadas as idades das populações estelares da região nuclear e circumnuclear destas galáxias; utilizando o método de síntese espectral. Também foi verificada a infiuência do núcleo ativo sobre a população circunmclear; através do estudo da diluição das larguras equivalentes nucleares em relação àquelas de fora do núcleo. Um dos aspectos mais relevantes do presente estudo é a inclusão de uma amostra de controle de galáxias não ativas em um nÚmero comparável ao de galáxias ativas. O estudo conjunto de uma amostra de controle serviu para quantificar as diferenças obtidas dos espectros - em particular no contínuo e na população estelar das galáxias devido a existência da atividade nuclear. Os principais resultados são os que seguem: Uma grande fração de galáxias Seyfert 2 apresenta formação estelar recente (com idades iguais ou inferiores a 100 milhões de anos), tanto no núcleo quanto fora dele. Por outro lado, as rádio-galáxias em geral são dominadas por populações velhas e de idade intermediária (10 e 1 bilhão de anos); as populações jovens são significativas em apenas 10% destes objetos Em vários aspectos, galáxias Seyfert 2 e rádio-galáxias apresentam características diferentes. As primeiras apresentam resultados da síntese bem mais diversificados do que as últimas; tanto em termos de contribuição das populações de diferentes idades, quanto em relação ao comportamento dos gradientes de população estelar e dos avermelhamentos internos das galáxias. As galáxias Seyfert 2 apresentam uma diversidade de populações bastallte grande; e em geral essas populações são muito diferentes daquelas encontradas em galáxias não ativas lenticulares e espirais. Apesar das rádio-galáxias apresentarem uma pequena diversidade de populações estelares e, aparentemente, populações semelhantes àquelas encontradas em galáxias não ativas elípticas e lenticulares, elas têm populações levemente mais jovens do que as encontradas nas galáxias não ativas, sob a forma de uma contribuição maior da população de 1 bilhão de anos. Nenhuma rádio-galáxia Fanaroff-Riley tipo I apresenta contribuição significativa de populações mais jovem; do que 1 bilhão de anos: enquanto que em uma ou duas rádio-galáxias FRI isso ocorre. Esse resultàdo sugere que existe uma pequena diferença entre a população estelar das rádio-galáxias FRI e FGII estudadas. Essa diferença precisa ser melhor estudada, através de uma amostra de rádio-galáxias maior, para se verificar se não é originada apenas pelo pequeno número de objetos analisados em cada grupo Para as galáxias Seyfert 2, os resultados encontrados são consistentes com um cenário evolutivo 1 onde uma interação provocaria a queda do gás na direção do núcleo provocando um ou mais episódios de formação estelar e iniciando também a atividade nuclear. Enquanto a formação estelar é dominante, as assinaturas da interação são ainda visíveis e o espectro apresenta as características de uma população jovem e linhas de emissão intemediárias entre aquelas de galáxias Seyfert 2 e de galáxias "Starlmrst". A partir do momento em que o episóidio de formação estelar se enfraquece, o espectro passa a ser dominado por características de uma população mais velha e com linhas de emissão típicas de uma galáxia Seyfert. Dentro do cenário acima, a diversidade de populações encontrada pode então ser explicada como sendo devida a diferentes estágios evolutivos da interação; além disso: um outro fator importante parece ser a quantidade de gás disponível; se esta quantidade for muito pequena, pode não ocorrer o disparo de formação estelar. No caso das rádio-galáxias, as interações que teriam originado a atividade nuclear parecem ter ocorrido há mais tempo (1 bilhão de anos atrás para a maioria dos objetos estudados), sugerindo um maior intervalo de tempo entre a interação e o disparo da atividade rádio do que entre a interação e a atividade Seyfert.

Biodiversidade e potencial biotecnológico de leveduras e fungos leveduriformes associados ao filoplano de bromélias do Parque de Itapuã-Viamão/RS

As bromélias abrigam uma grande diversidade de organismos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar a biodiversidade de leveduras e fungos leveduriformes presentes no filoplano de bromélias e avaliar seu potencial biotecnológico. Foram coletadas 50 amostras de folhas de bromélias no Parque Estadual de Itapuã/RS (Praia da Pedreira e Praia de Fora). Fragmentos das folhas foram submetidos a lavagens sucessivas com 0,5%Tween 20. Diluições decimais seriadas da última lavagem, amostras de água dos tanques de bromélias e de flores foram inoculadas em meio YM modificado e incubadas a 25°C por 5-7 dias. Representantes dos diferentes morfotipos foram purificados e identificados pela metodologia convencional. A análise da biodiversidade foi realizada através do índice de Shannon-Weaver. Dos 191 isolados obtidos, 182 foram identificados, sendo 11% leveduras de afinidade ascomicética, 67,6% de afinidade basidiomicética, 19,8% de fungos leveduriformes e 1,6% de algas. Doze isolados de leveduras tiveram as regiões ITS e D1/D2 do 26SrDNA sequenciadas e pertencem a uma espécie ainda não descrita do gênero Rhodotorula. A diversidade e a riqueza de leveduras foram maiores na Praia da Pedreira (H=3,225 e S=34) que na Praia de Fora (H=2,820 e S=26). Cento e noventa e um isolados tiveram sua capacidade para produzir enzimas testada. Desses, 40,2% foram positivos para amilase, 49,2% para caseinase, 14,8% para gelatinase, 58,0% para celobiase, 36,0% para lactase e 61,3% para esterase. O filoplano das bromélias apresentou uma grande biodiversidade de leveduras e fungos leveduriformes,.demonstrando ser um bom substrato para o isolamento de leveduras produtoras de enzimas de interesse industrial.

Técnicas de isolamento de microrganismos

Apresenta a descrição dos métodos de cultivo e isolamento mais utilizados na microbiologia. Define e descreve as principais características dos meios de cultura: líquido, sólido ou semi-sólido; complexo ou quimicamente definido; diferencial, seletivo e seletivo - diferencial. Demonstra todas as etapas dos procedimentos para isolamento de microrganismos em cultura pura: técnicas do esgotamento e diluições em placa, ressaltando os cuidados a serem tomados no decorrer da metodologia.

Funil de separação

Este modelo é parte de um conjunto de modelos 3D produzidos pela equipe de audiovisual da SEaD/UFSCar para o jogo de realidade virtual “O Laboratório de Química”.

Extração de boro de água produzida sintética por sistema microemulsionado

Boron is a semi-metal present in certain types of soils and natural waters. It is essential to the healthy development of plants and non-toxic to humans, depending on its concentration. It is used in various industries and it s present in water production coming from oil production. More specifically in Rio Grande do Norte, one of the largest oil producers on shore of Brazil, the relationship water/oil in some fields becomes more than 90%. The most common destination of this produced water is disposal in open sea after processing to meet the legal specification. In this context, this research proposes to study the extraction of boron in water produced by microemulsion systems for industrial utilization. It was taken into account the efficiency of extraction of boron related to surfactant (DDA and OCS, both characterized by FT-IR), cosurfactant (butanol and isoamyl alcohol), organic phase (kerosene and heptanes) and aqueous phase (solution of boron 3.6 ppm in alkaline pH). The ratio cosurfactant/ surfactant used was four and the percentage of organic phases for all points of study was set at 5%. It was chosen points with the highest percentage of aqueous phase. Each system was designed for three points of different compositions in relation to the constituents of a pseudoternary diagram. These points were chosen according to studies of phase behavior in pseudoternary diagrams made in previous studies. For this research, points were chosen in the Winsor II region. The excess aqueous solution obtained in these systems was separated and analyzed by ICP OES. For the data set obtained, the better efficiency in the extraction of boron was obtained using the system with DAC, isoamyl alcohol and heptanes, which extracted 49% in a single step. OCS was not viable to the extraction of boron by microemulsion system in the conditions defined in this study

Efetividade do flúor e da escovação e eficácia dos materiais de colagem ionômero de vidro e resina composta na reversão das microporosidades criadas pelo condicionamento ácido no esmalte dentário

The objectives of this clinical study was to evaluate the use of the toothpaste with fluoride and without fluoride and the daily tooth brushing are effective in the reversion of the dental enamel conditioned by acid. Another objective of this clinical study was to evaluate if the positioning of orthodontic accessories with glass ionomer cement helps in the reversion of the dental enamel conditioned by acid, when compared to composed resin. One hundred and twenty teeth were selected with indication of extraction by orthodontic reasons. The 30 volunteers were divided, randomly, in two groups. A group used toothpaste without fluoride and the other with it. The teeth of the sample were shuffled, in each volunteer. The teeth were conditioned by the 37% orthophosphoric acid. One of the conditioned teeth stayed in the mouth and suffered action of the abrasion for the tooth brushing, in another teeth a stainless steel mesh protection was positioned with glass ionomer cement, in another tooth the screen was glued with composed resin, in a fourth tooth (the control) was only conditioned after the extractions, 60 days later. All the teeth were appraised through DIAGNOdent, MEVA and EDS. In the obtained data it was possible to observe that there were not statistic significant differences in any comparison, even in the group that did not have access to the fluoride in the toothpaste as in the other that had. According with the used methodology, it was possible to observe too that there was not statistic significant differences in any comparison, even in the group that had the stainless steel mesh positioned with glass ionomer cement as in the group that the stainless steel mesh was positioned with composed resin. However, it was observed that there was an improvement in the topography of the enamel in all the teeth. The accomplishment of this study was facilitated due to the participation of the researchers' of the health area (dentistry), materials engineer, physics and chemistry. The researchers were originating from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte and of the University of Queensland, in Australia. This interdisciplinary group was decisive in the accomplishment of the study. It can be concluded that the enamel tends to return to its initial aspect, even if the patient does not have access to fluoride. That is probably due the action of the abrasion for the tooth brushing and mastication. In spite of it not being significant, it is suggested that the conditioned enamel was more resistant to the abrasion in the group that had access to fluoride. It was also possible to conclude that the fluoride liberated by the glass ionomer was not enough to provide a significant difference in the enamel conditioned by the acid, when compared with the composed resin, even in the group that did not use fluoride in the toothpaste as in the group that used

Patogenicidade de isolados de Beauveria bassiana para ovos, larvas e ninfas ingurgitadas de Rhipicephalus sanguineus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Extração do óleo essencial de Cymbopogom winterianus J. com CO2 pressurizado

The extraction with pressurized fluids has become an attractive process for the extraction of essential oils, mainly due the specific characteristics of the fluids near the critical region. This work presents results of the extraction process of the essential oil of Cymbopogon winterianus J. with CO2 under high pressures. The effect of the following variables was evaluated: solvent flow rate (from 0.37 to 1.5 g CO2/min), pressure (66.7 and 75 bar) and temperature (8, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ºC) on the extraction kinetics and the total yield of the process, as well as in the solubility and composition of the C. winterianus essential oil. The experimental apparatus consisted of an extractor of fixed bed and the dynamic method was adopted for the calculation of the oil solubility. Extractions were also accomplished by conventional techniques (steam and organic solvent extraction). The determination and identification of extract composition were done by gas chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The extract composition varied in function of the studied operational conditions and also related to the used extraction method. The main components obtained in the CO2 extraction were elemol, geraniol, citronellol and citronellal. For the steam extraction were the citronellal, citronellol and geraniol and for the organic solvent extraction were the azulene and the hexadecane. The most yield values (2.76%) and oil solubility (2.49x10-2 g oil/ g CO2) were obtained through the CO2 extraction in the operational conditions of T = 10°C, P = 66.7 bar and solvent flow rate 0.85 g CO2/min

Tratamento de materiais contaminados com bifenilas policloradas (PCBS) via extração convencional e fluído supercrítico

The decontamination of the materials has been subject of some studies. One of the factors that it increases the pollution is the lack of responsibility in the discarding of toxic trash, as for example the presence of PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyls) in the environment. In the Brazilian regulations, the material contaminated with PCB in concentrations higher than 50 ppm must be stored in special places or destroyed, usually by incineration in plasma furnace with dual steps. Due to high cost of the procedure, new methodologies of PCBs removal has been studied. The objective of this study was to develop an experimental methodology and analytical methodology for quantification of removal of PCBs through out the processes of extractions using supercritical fluid and Soxhlet method, also technical efficiency of the two processes of extraction, in the treatment of contaminated materials with PCBs. The materials studied were soils and wood, both were simulated contamination with concentration of 6.000, 33.000 and 60.000 mg of PCB/ kg of materials. Soxhlet extractions were performed using 100 ml of hexane, and temperature of 180 ºC. Extractions by fluid supercritical were performed at conditions of 200 bar, 70°C, and supercritical CO2 flow-rate of 3 g/min for 1-3 hours. The extracts obtained were quantified using Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The conventional extractions were made according to factorial experimental planning technique 22, with aim of study the influence of two variables of process extraction for the Soxhlet method: contaminant concentration and extraction time for obtain a maximum removal of PCB in the materials. The extractions for Soxhlet method were efficient for extraction of PCBs in soil and wood in both solvent studied (hexane and ethanol). In the experimental extraction in soils, the better efficient of removal of PCBs using ethanol as solvent was 81.3% than 95% for the extraction using hexane as solvent, for equal time of extraction. The results of the extraction with wood showed statistically it that there is not difference between the extractions in both solvent studied. The supercritical fluid extraction in the conditions studied showed better efficiency in the extraction of PCBs in the wood matrix than in soil, for two hours extractions the obtain percentual of 43.9 ± 0.5 % for the total of PCBs extracted in the soils against 95.1 ± 0,5% for the total of PCBs extracted in the wood. The results demonstrated that the extractions were satisfactory for both technical studied

Extração e pirólise do óleo de girassol (Helianthus annus l.) visando a produção de biocombustíveis

Nowadays, the growing environmental worry leads research the focus the application of alternative materials from renewable resources on the industrial process. The most common vegetable oil extractant using around the world is the hexane, a petroleum derived, toxic and flammable. Based on this fact, the goal of this work was to test vegetable oil extractions from sunflower seeds cultivated on the Rio Grande do Norte State using two extraction process, the mechanical expelling and solvent extraction, this one using hexane and ethanol as a alternative solvent. The solvent extractions were carried out in the Soxhlet extractor in three different extraction times (4, 6, and 8 hours). The effect of solvent and extraction time was evaluated. The mechanical extraction was carried out in a expeller and the sunflower oil obtained was characterized by its physical-chemical properties and compared with sunflower refinery oil. Furthermore this work also explored the pyrolysis reaction carried out by thermogravimetry measurement as alternative route to obtain biofuel. For this purpose the oil samples were heated to ambient temperature until 900°C in heating rate of 5, 10, 20ºC min-1 with the objective evaluated the kinetics parameters such activation energy and isoconversion. The TG/DTG curves show the thermal profile decomposition of triglycerides. The curves also showed that antioxidant presents on the refinery oil not influence on the thermal stability of sunflower oil. The total yield of the extraction s process with hexane and ethanol solvent were compared, and the results indicated that the extraction with ethanol were more efficient. The pyrolysis reaction results indicated that the use of unpurified oil required less energy to obtain the bio-oil

Aplicação de ultrassons no deslocamento de petróleo em meio poroso

The objective of this study was to evaluate the displacement of petroleum/diesel solutions, at different concentrations, observing the effect of ultrasonic vibrations in fluids present in porous media to obtain an increase in oil production. The bubbles produced by ultrasound implode asymmetrically in the rock, generating liquid jets with high speed, displacing the oil present in porous media. The oil/diesel solutions were prepared with concentrations ranging from 20 g/L to 720 g/L in oil in relation to diesel and its viscosities were obtained in a Brookfield Rheometer RS2000, with temperature ranging from 25 to 55 °C. After, calculations were performed to obtain the activation energy data for oil/diesel solutions. For oil recovery experiments, cylindrical samples of porous rock (core samples), with resin around the perimeter and its two circular bases free to allow the passage of fluids, were first saturated with 2% KCl solution and after with oil solutions. The results of oil extraction were satisfactory for all studied solutions, being obtained up to 68% partial displacement with saline solution injection. The ultrasound system was used after saline injection, increasing oil displacement, with oil extractions ranging from 63% to 79%. During the experiments, it was observed the warming of core samples, helping to reduce the viscosity of more concentrated systems, and consequently enhancing the percentage of advanced recovery for all studied solutions

Remediação de solos contaminados com óleo diesel utilizando um sistema de lavagem com microemulsão

The underground reservoirs of fuel retailing system represent an environmental threat, because once in bad conservation, these tanks allow fuel leakage and infiltration. For soil contaminated with fuel, such as diesel oil, the present study introduces the microemulsion systems used by the method of washing. In tests carried out in column with a sample of sandy soil artificially contaminated and previously characterized as to its void level to porosity, to permeability which is an important parameter concerning the study of the method of washing. While microemulsions were characterized for their viscosity and wettability, a variation of active matter was also done departing from the original formulation. The hydraulic diffusivity of the microemulsion was studied so as the injection of such fluid in a soil with sandy characteristics. The results of the extractions revealed the excellent performance of these systems which get to remove around 95% of diesel fuel. This proves the efficiency of the microemulsion in the process of removal of diesel fuel from the soil with the advantage of being a system easily obtainable and less aggressive to the environment when compared to organic solvents.

Bidens mosaic virus: detecção via RT-PCR e identificação de Galinsoga parviflora como um novo hospedeiro natural do vírus

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Extração, caracterização e avaliação bioativa do extrato de Rumex acetosa

Studies show the great influence of free radicals and other oxidants as responsible for aging and degenerative diseases. On the other hand, the natural phenolic compounds has shown great as antioxidants to inhibit lipid peroxidation and lipoxygenase in vitro. Among these, is highlighted trans-resveratrol ( 3,5,4 `- trihydroxystilbene ) phenolic compound , characterized as a polyphenol stilbene class. The vegetables popularly known as "Azedinha" (Rumex Acetosa) has trans-resveratrol in its composition and from this, the present work aimed to study on the supercritical extraction and conventional extraction (Soxhlet and sequential) in roots of Rumex Acetosa, evaluating the efficiency of extractive processes, antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and quantification of trans-resveratrol contained in the extracts. Extractions using supercritical CO2 as solvent, addition of co-solvent (ethanol) and were conducted by the dynamic method in a fixed bed extractor. The trial met a 23 factorial design with three replications at the central point, with the variable reply process yield and concentration of trans-resveratrol and pressure as independent variables, temperature and concentration of co-solvent (% v/v). Yields ( mass of dry extract / mass of raw material used ) obtained from the supercritical extraction ranged from 0,8 to 7,63 % , and the best result was obtained at 250 bar and 90 °C using the co-solvent 15% ethanol (% v/v). The value was calculated for YCER a flow rate of 1,0 ± 0,17 g/min resulting in 0,0469 CO2 ( g solute / g solvent ). The results of the mass yield varied between conventional extractions 0,78 % ( hexane) and 9,97 % (ethanol). The statistical model generated from the data of the concentration of trans-resveratrol performed as meaningful and predictive for a 95% confidence. GC analysis on HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), transresveratrol was quantified in all extracts and concentration values ranged between 0,0033 and 0,42 ( mg / g extract) for supercritical extracts and between 0,449 and 17,046 (mg / g extract) to conventional extractions and therefore, the Soxhlet extraction with ethanol for more selective trans-resveratrol than the supercritical fluid. Evaluation of antioxidant (radical method to sequester 2,2- diphenyl-1- picryl - hydrazyl - DPPH) the supercritical extracts resulted in EC50 values (concentration effective to neutralize 50% of free radicals) of between 7,89 and 18,43 mg/mL , while resulting in a Soxhlet extraction with EC50 values in the range of 6,05 and 7,39 mg/mL. As for quantification of the phenolic compounds (Method Spectrophotometer Folin-Ciocalteau) the supercritical extracts resulted in values between 85,3 and 194,79 mg GAE / g extract, whereas values derived from the Soxhlet extract resulted in values between 178,5 and 237,8 mg GAE / g extract. The high antioxidant activity can not be attributed solely to the presence of phenolic compounds, but the presence of other antioxidants in the existing Rumex acetosa

Dinâmica de nutrientes na solução do solo em pomar fertirrigado de citros

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a dinâmica de nutrientes na solução do solo após a aplicação, via fertirrigação, de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio a laranjeiras. O experimento foi realizado entre setembro de 2007 e outubro de 2009, em pomares de laranjeiras 'Valência' e 'Hamlin', enxertadas sobre citrumeleiro 'Swingle'. Foram avaliadas cinco doses de N, P2O5 e K2O (0, 25, 50, 100 e 200% da dose recomendada). A solução do solo foi extraída a 30 e 60 cm de profundidade, com o auxílio de extratores com cápsulas porosas. Foram realizadas 11 avaliações durante o período experimental, com as extrações iniciadas após 12 horas das fertirrigações. O aumento das doses reduziu o pH (pH~3,5, na maior dose), e aumentou a condutividade elétrica (CE~1,5 dS m-1, na maior dose) e os teores de NH4, NO3, P, K, Mn e Zn na solução do solo, nas duas profundidades amostradas. Nos meses com maior precipitação pluvial, houve perda potencial de nutrientes por lixiviação, pois maiores concentrações de NO3, K e B foram observadas à profundidade de 60 cm. A análise da solução do solo, obtida por extratores com cápsula de cerâmica porosa, pode ser considerada ferramenta auxiliar para monitorar e avaliar a disponibilidade de nutrientes às plantas.