„Und frei erklär' ich alle meine Knechte“ : Höflichkeit als Ausdruck sozialer Utopie in Schillers Drama Wilhelm Tell.

My dissertation is an interdisciplinary study of the relationship between the Swiss peasants and nobles in Friedrich Schiller’s play Wilhelm Tell (1804). Changes to this relationship are of particular interest. Communication in the play is examined via a micro-analysis based on Penelope Brown’s and Stephen C. Levinson’s theoretical framework Politeness: Some universals in language usage. (1978, 1987). Brown and Levinson distinguish between positivepoliteness and negative-politeness strategies and their distinction is useful for my argument, since they claim that the use of positive-politeness strategies reflects the speaker’s intention to minimize the distance between the interlocutors (Brown and Levinson 1987: 103). Negative-politeness strategies, by contrast, result in social distancing (Brown and Levinson 1987: 130). In accordance with Brown’s and Levinson’s theory, it can be argued that the distribution of positive-politeness and negative-politeness strategies reflects changes in the distance between the fictional interlocutors as representatives of their social classes in Wilhelm Tell. The analysis of the communication in the play highlights that existing conflicts within the social groups are resolved and replaced with solidarity (cf. ‘Claim ’common ground’ and ‘Claim in-group membership with H’) before the peasants and noblemen appear on stage simultaneously in III, 3. In the scene in question, Geßler forces Tell to shoot the apple off his son’s head. Although both nobles and peasants are present, they do not communicate with each other. Thus, communication between the social classes occurs for the first time in IV, 2. This scene is crucial with regard to the changes in the relationship between the social classes in the play. The younger generation, with Rudenz as a representative of the nobility and Melchthal as a representative of the peasants, break with the prevailing conventions and initiate a new type of cooperation based on mutual helping and equality in the right and the duty to protect the country from the violent oppressors representing Habsburg (cf. ‘Convey that S and H are cooperators’, ‘Claim reflexivity’ and ‘Claim reciprocity’). The linguistic analysis reveals the crucial role of the Swiss nobility in the development of the social utopia, as well as the non-contribution of Wilhelm Tell. In fact, Tell never communicates with the Swiss noblemen. The role of the nobility and the role of Wilhelm Tell are further investigated in a comparison between Schiller’s Wilhelm Tell and four of Schiller’s historical sources. These sources, which contain earlier, non-dramatic versions of the establishment of the Swiss Confederation, are the following: Kronica von der loblichen Eydtgnoschaft compiled by Petermann Etterlin (1507), Gemeiner loblicher Eydgnoschafft Stetten Landen vnd Völckeren Chronik wirdiger thaaten beschreybung (1548) written by Johann Stumpf, Chronicon Helveticum of Aegidius Tschudi (the publication of Iselin from 1734 and 1736) and Johannes von Müller’s Geschichten schweizerischer Eidgenossenschaft (1786). Thecomparison sheds light on the fact that both Tschudi and von Müller emphasize unity among the Swiss and cooperation in their attempt to defeat the enemy. However, Schiller has reinforced the role of the nobility in the cooperation. In addition, the comparison between Schiller’s play and the historical sources reveals profound differences with regard to the role of Wilhelm Tell. In all of Schiller’s sources, Tell is present at Rütli, whereas he is absent from Rütli in Schiller’s play. In the play in general, Tell is conspicuously separated from the other peasants. Explanations of my linguistic results, which correspond to the above mentioned differences between the roles of the figures in Wilhelm Tell and the depictions in Schiller’s sources, are found by comparing the path of Schiller’s Swiss towards an egalitarian perspective with the kind of social evolution depicted by the German philosopher Johann Benjamin Erhard in his essay Über das Recht des Volks zu einer Revolution (1795). Aiming at considering Schiller’s social utopia within the larger cultural framework of the German response to the French Revolution, the comparison suggests that both authors depict the need for social change in terms of a change in social hierarchies (Erhard 1970: 95-96, cf. Foi 2005: 225). Erhard’s essay thus helps explain the political intention of Schiller’s play to keep the ideals of the French Revolution as crucial aims but profoundly change the means towards freedom and equality. In his attempt to claim the political resistance of the nobles and peasants as just, however, Schiller sacrificed the figure of Wilhelm Tell. Guilty of the murder of Geßler, Tell was no longer suitable for the righteous revolution imagined by Schiller (cf. Bloch 2008: 215 and Schulz 2005: 228). This explains Tell’s absence in the Rütli scene, his isolation in the plot, as well as his non-contribution to the social utopia. Together, the linguistic analysis and contextualisation of Schiller’s play support my hypothesis that Wilhelm Tell describes a process of change in the relationship between peasants and nobles. The interdisciplinary approach to the topic proved to be fruitful for all areas of the research involved.

Kaksi tietä huipulle. Media ja puoluejohtajuus Suomessa naisten noususta populismin aaltoon

Tässä väitöskirjassa tarkastellaan suomalaisen puoluejohtajuuden ja suuren puolueen johtajaksi nousun murroskautta 1980-luvun lopulta 2010-luvulle median ja politiikan vuorovaikutuksen näkökulmasta. Puolueiden johtaminen on myös Suomessa ollut miesten työtä, ja perinteisesti tehtävään on ollut yksi väylä: asettuminen ehdolle puheenjohtajavaalissa ja valituksi tulo puoluekokouksessa. Tarkastelujakson alkupuolella naisia oli Suomessa ensimmäistä kertaa ehdolla suurten puolueiden puheenjohtajavaaleissa. Kauden loppupuolella heitä myös valittiin tuohon tehtävään ja ensimmäiset naiset nousivat pääministeriksi. Tämä historiallinen murros päätti liki satavuotisen perinteen, jossa miehet ovat olleet Suomessa sekä suurten puolueiden että hallitustyön johtajia. Julkisessa keskustelussa kysymys tasa-arvosta jäi toissijaiseksi: naisia alettiin valita puoluejohtajiksi tilanteissa, joissa heidän valintansa nähtiin puolueille edulliseksi. Naisen valinta tulkittiin miehen valintaa merkittävämmäksi symboliseksi viestiksi, johon liitettiin ajatuksia uudistumisesta ja puolueen julkisuuskuvan parantamisesta. Merkille pantavaa on, että naisten ensimmäiset valinnat suurten puolueiden johtajiksi tapahtuivat vaiheessa, jossa puoluejohtajien valta-asema on vahvin kautta suomalaisen poliittisen historian. Tässä valossa näyttää siltä, että valta ei aina pakenekaan naisilta. Vaikka suomalainen yhteiskunta ja suomalaiset naiset ovat monessa mielessä olleet edelläkävijöitä tasa-arvon suhteen, politiikan johtopaikkoja tavoitelleet naiset ovat meilläkin kohdanneet kansainvälisessä tutkimuksessa naisten haasteeksi osoitettuja lasikattoja, pyöröovia ja liukkaita jyrkänteitä. Tutkittavan ajanjakson aikana konkretisoitui myös toinen mahdollinen, joskin poikkeuksellinen reitti suuren puolueen johtajaksi: pienen puolueen nouseminen suurten joukkoon eduskuntavaaleissa. Tämä vaihtoehto toteutui vuonna 2011 perussuomalaisten eduskuntavaalivoiton myötä. Perussuomalaisten nousu eduskunnan pienimmästä puolueesta kolmanneksi suurimmaksi mursi perinteisen kolmen suuren puolueen asetelman. Puolueen menestyksen seuraukset ovat olleet kauaskantoisemmat kuin ehkä ensin ajateltiin: perussuomalaisten vaalivoiton sosiaalidemokraateille, keskustalle, ja kokoomukselle aiheuttama järkytys heijastui myöhemmin myös niiden johtajavaihdoksiin ja -valintoihin. Sekä naisten läpimurrossa että populismin voittokulussa median rooli oli monisyisempi kuin siihen perinteisesti liitetty tiedon välittäjän ja valtaa pitävien toimia kriittisesti seuraavan neljännen valtiomahdin tehtävänkuva. Tutkittavalla jaksolla tiedotusvälineet tekivät onnistuneen intervention politiikan osapuoleksi. Toimittajat ottivat kantaa valintoihin ja ohjeistivat puolueita, ja puolueet taas mukauttivat näkyvyyden maksimoidakseen käytäntöjään median tarpeisiin. 1980-luvun lopulta 2010-luvulle ulottuvalla jaksolla suuren puolueen puoluejohtajaksi valikoitumisen kriteerit muuttuivat, samalla kun median merkitys johtajavalinnoissa ja myös puoluejohtajan käytännön työssä kasvoi. Mediasta tuli aiempaa konkreettisemmin johtajavalintojen ja valtakamppailun areena, ja siihen liittyvät näkökohdat nousivat myös keskeisiksi johtajan taitoja arvioitaessa. Kuka ehdokkaista toisi näkyvyyttä, ”pärjäisi” median paineissa ja vakuuttaisi äänestäjät? Vielä 1980- ja 1990-lukujen taitteessa johtajavalinnat olivat pitkälti puolueorganisaatioiden hallinnoimia prosesseja, joista lehdistö raportoi askeleen jäljessä kulkien. Viimeistään 2000-luvun ensimmäisellä vuosikymmenellä puolueet omaksuivat ajatuksen median hyödyllisyydestä. Tämän strategisen muutoksen myötä puolueet tulivat samalla luovuttaneeksi määriteltyvaltaa oman organisaationsa ulkopuolelle. Kokoomuksen vuoden 2014 johtajavaalissa silmiinpistävää oli pyrkimys sekä hyötyä julkisuudesta että palauttaa valtaa takaisin puolueelle. Politiikan mediajulkisuuden alttius tarttua myyviin poliitikkopersooniin, ilmiöihin, ristiriitoihin ja draamaan sekä vastaavasti populistijohtaja Timo Soinin ja perussuomalaisten kyky tarjota kaikkia näitä auttoivat puolueen suurvoittoon vuoden 2011 eduskuntavaaleissa. Organisaatioltaan pieni ja johtajaansa henkilöityvä puolue sai selvästi poliittista painoarvoaan suuremman julkisuuden, koska kiinnostavuus määritti näkyvyyden ja puolueen nousevasta kannatuksesta tuli yksi vaalien pääaiheista. Median ja politiikan suhteessa tapahtuneet muutokset olivat vauhdittamassa niin naisten nousua suurten puolueiden johtajiksi kuin populistisen johtajuuden läpimurtoa ja perussuomalaisten menestystä. Koska suurten puolueiden johtajista valikoituvat myös pääministerit, näiden muutosten vaikutus ulottuu Suomen poliittisesti vaikutusvaltaisimpaan tehtävään asti.

En vårdvetenskaplig teori om interkulturellt vårdande : att föda barn i en annan kultur

The aim of this dissertation is to develop a theory on intercultural caring to deepen the understanding of caring between nurses and patients who have different cultural backgrounds. The research questions are: 1) What is intercultural caring? 2) How is intercultural caring described and understood? 3) How is intercultural caring described and understood in a maternity care context from the patients’ perspective? 4) What is the substance in a theory on intercultural caring? 5) What is the substance in a theory on intercultural caring in maternity care from the patients’ perspective? The theoretical perspective is based on caritative theory and the caring science-tradition (Eriksson, 2001, 2002) and has a hermeneutic approach. In the first study, 19 texts of Campinha-Bacote, Kim-Godwin, Leininger and Ray are analysed through content analysis. A model for intercultural caring is then created abductively. The second study is a metasynthesis of 40 studies on intercultural caring in maternity care research. The third study is a focused ethnography, in which 17 immigrant mothers are interviewed and observed. The theory on intercultural caring is created through a hermeneutic synthesis of the three studies. A synthesis of the studies with a maternity context results in five patterns of interpretation: the experience of caring is related to power; the family is always present; childbearing and change of culture can give women multiple vulnerabilities; both the mother and the nurse change when they meet; conflicts can cause change. The theory and patterns of interpretation consolidate into a contextual theory on intercultural caring for clinical maternity praxis. In this theory, caring consists of four dimensions: universal, cultural, contextual, and unique caring, which permeate each other. Universal caring is nondependent of time and space. Cultural caring considers the cultural background, the acculturation and the equality of each mother. In the maternity care culture, cultural competence, cultural safety, and acculturation of the nurse are emphasised. Contextual caring considers the specific cultural features of the childbearing mother. In this respect, the nurse is expected to be an expert and to clarify cultural assumptions in maternity care. In unique caring, the mother expects good communication, respect for the family, goodwill and somebody who cares for her and meets her needs, in order for trust to be built. In this respect, the nurse listens to the woman’s narrative, is flexible, open, courageous, and non-judgemental. The nurse shows an understanding for the life situation of the woman, and strives for continuity to preserve the care relationship. It was found that external circumstances affect intercultural caring. Moreover, intercultural caring is expected to decrease misunderstandings and conflicts, alleviate suffering and promote health and life. The theory adds knowledge to the phenomenon of intercultural caring for the nursing and caring sciences, and for the nursing care of patients with other cultural backgrounds than the nurses. The theory can be used in nursing, education, research and administration.

Osuuskauppojen fuusion toteutus

Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tarkastella osuuskauppafuusioiden käytännön toteutusta kulttuurimuutoksen ja organisaatiomuutoksen näkökulmasta, sekä kuvata myös fuusion herättämiä tuntemuksia. Tutkimukseen osallistui kaksi case-osuuskauppaa, Osuuskauppa Varuboden-Osla Handelslag sekä Suur-Seudun Osuuskauppa. Tutkimuksen näkökulma keskittyy osuuskaupan johdon sekä yksiköiden esimiesten näkemyksiin fuusion kulusta. Tutkimus on laadullinen, ja sen aineistonhankinta toteutettiin teemahaastattelun ja kyselyn avulla. Tutkimusta varten haastateltiin molempien case-osuuskauppojen fuusion aikaista johtoa, yhteensä 12 henkilöä, sekä fuusiossa mukana toiminutta konsulttia. Fuusion aikaan yksikön esimiehinä työskennelleille henkilöille puolestaan toteutettiin lomakekysely verkkokyselynä. Vastauksia verkkokyselyyn saatiin yhteensä 21 henkilöltä vastausprosentin ollessa 23,9. Tutkimustulokset osoittavat, että kulttuurimuutos jää fuusiossa helposti organisaatiomuutoksen jalkoihin. Kun kulttuurin olemassaoloa ei nähdä, keskitytään liittämään kaksi osuuskauppaa organisatorisesti ja toimintatavoiltaan yhteen. Toisessa case-osuuskaupassa saatiin hyviä tuloksia aloittamalla organisaatiomuutoksen rinnalla kulttuurimuutoshanke jo fuusion suunnitteluvaiheessa. Organisaatiomuutoksessa oleellista on tasapuolisuus kombinaatiofuusion toteuttavien osuuskauppojen kesken sekä johdon ja esimiesten osallistaminen muutosprosessiin. Kulttuurin lisäksi erityisesti johto-organisaation tapa organisoitua sekä viestinnän onnistuminen vaikuttavat paljon fuusion aikaisten positiivisten tuntemuksien määrään.

Peruskoulun yläkouluvalinnat Turussa. Perheiden yläkouluvalintojen rakentuminen äitien puheissa ja toimissa

Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan peruskoulun yläkouluvalintoja Turussa. Tarkastelun keskiössä ovat vuonna 1997 syntyneiden turkulaislasten vanhempien yläkouluvalintaa koskeva yleinen sekä omaan lapseen kiinnittyvä puhe ja toimijuus paikallisessa institutionaalisessa kouluvalintatilassa sekä vanhempien lapsen koulutukseen ja kouluvalintaan liittämät perustelut, merkitykset, arvot ja arvostukset. Tämän lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan puheesta ja toimista rakentuvia perheiden kouluvalintastrategioita, joita peilataan äitien koulutuksellisiin ja sosiaalisiin resursseihin sekä paikalliseen toimintapolitiikkaan. Tutkimus ei kerro ainoastaan paikallisessa kontekstissa tapahtuvista kouluvalinnoista, vaan laajemmin yhteiskunnassa vallitsevista hierarkioista ja arvoista sekä koulutukseen ja sosioekonomiseen asemaan linkittyvistä normatiivisista toimintatavoista. Tutkimuksessa käytetään haastattelu- ja kyselyaineistoja. Aineistot kerättiin osana kahta laajempaa Suomen Akatemian rahoittamaa Helsingin ja Turun yliopistojen kanssa yhteistyössä tehtyä tutkimusprojektia Vanhemmat ja kouluvalinta – Perheiden koulutusstrategiat, eriarvoistuminen ja paikalliset koulupolitiikat suomalaisessa peruskoulussa (VAKOVA) 2009–2012 sekä Parents and School Choice. Family Strategies, Segregation and School Policies in Chilean and Finnish Basic Schooling (PASC) 2010–2013. Tutkimusaineistot koostuvat 87 turkulaisäidin haastattelusta ja kyselyaineistosta. Kyselyaineiston analyysissä on käytetty kuvailevia tilastollisia menetelmiä, ja sitä käytetään ensisijaisesti taustoittamaan haastatteluaineistoa. Haastatteluaineiston analyysi perustuu pääasiallisesti teema-analyysiin, mutta toimija-asema-analyysin osalta myös diskursiiviseen lähestymistapaan. Haastatteluaineiston pohjalta esiin nousseiden lasten koulutusta ja kouluvalintoja koskevien kuvausten perusteella perheiden yläkouluvalinnat jaettiin kolmeen erityyppiseen valintastrategiaan: perinteiseen lähikouluvalintastrategiaan (n=41), ambivalenttiseen kouluvalintastrategiaan (n=23) ja päämäärätietoiseen kouluvalintastrategiaan (n=23). Jokainen kolmesta strategiasta piti sisällään kahdenlaista toimijuutta kouluvalintakentällä. Ryhmittely kouluvalintastrategioittain ja toimija-asemittain perustui äitien puhetapaan kouluvalinnoista ja yleisemmin koulutukseen liitetyistä merkityksistä ja arvoista sekä konkreettiseen toimintaan kouluvalinnan suhteen. Lähikouluvalintastrategiaa suosivien jälkeläiset siirtyivät koulunsa yleisluokalle. Perheet toimivat valintakentällä kaupungin rajaavan toimintapolitiikan ohjaamina, jolloin kouluvalinta näytti passiiviselta. Osoitteenmukaiseen kouluun siirtymistä perusteltiin praktisilla syillä; koulumatkan pituudella, kulkuyhteyksillä ja lapsen kaverisuhteilla. Hyvinvointivaltion edellytykseksi nähtiin kaikille taattu samanvertainen koulutus ja edelleen luotettiin perinteistä peruskoulua määrittävään mahdollisuuksien tasa-arvoon. Koulutuksen yhdeksi tärkeäksi tehtäväksi nähtiin lapsen kasvattaminen hyvinvoivaksi ja onnelliseksi. Vanhempien toiminta oli perinteisen kouluvalintastrategian mukaista. Ambivalenttista kouluvalintastrategiaa käyttävistä perheistä toiminta kouluvalintakentällä oli kahtalaista. Äidit joko harkitsivat kouluvalintoja tai vertailivat kouluja ja niihin pääsymahdollisuuksia realistisesti tasapainoillen ohjaavan ja mahdollistavan toimintapolitiikan välimaastossa. Tärkeintä oli olla tietoinen kaupungin kouluvalintapolitiikasta sekä siitä, että valinnoilla voi olla merkitystä jälkikasvun koulupolulle. Eri vaihtoehtojen punnitsemisen jälkeen päädyttiin useimmin lähikoulun painotettuun opetukseen. Lapsen peruskoulutusta haluttiin rikastaa painotetulla opetuksella ja hänen toivottiin pääsevän motivoituneeseen ja oppimismyönteiseen koululuokkaan. Valintoja tehtiin paikallisen toimintapolitiikan puitteissa lapsen parasta toivoen. Koulutuksen tehtäväksi nähtiin lapsen intellektuaalinen kasvu kiedottuna koulutuksen tuottamaan hyvinvointiin ja onnellisuuteen. Perheiden valintastrategiaksi muodostui ambivalenttinen strategia motivoituneen oppimisympäristön löytämiseksi. Päämäärätietoista kouluvalintastrategiaa käyttävät vanhemmat hyödynsivät aktiivisesti erilaisia reittejä tiettyihin yläkouluihin pääsemiseksi. Ennakoivien perheiden lapset olivat opiskelleet sellaisessa alakoulussa, joka ei kuulunut yläkoulun oppilasalueelle, mutta takasi lapselle reitin suosittuun yläkouluun. Määrätietoisten perheissä havahduttiin valintoihin puolestaan yläkouluun siirryttäessä, jolloin koulupaikkaa haettiin sopivimman painotetun opetuksen ja koulun maineen mukaan pois lähiyläkoulusta. Lähikoulu -periaate koettiin epäoikeudenmukaiseksi, sillä lapsella tulee olla oikeus toteuttaa omia kykyjään ja lahjakkuuttaan valikoidussa oppilasryhmässä ja perheillä mahdollisuus valita lapsen koulu. Paikallinen toimintapolitiikka ei näyttänyt rajaavan vanhempien kouluvalintoja. Koulutuksen tarkoitukseksi nähtiin intellektuaalinen kasvu ja akateemissivistävä tehtävä. Päämäärätietoisen kouluvalintavalintastrategian tavoitteena oli perheelle sopivan habituksen takaaminen. Paikallinen toimintapolitiikka mahdollisti vanhempien erilaisten kouluvalintastrategioiden rakentumisen ohjaten ensisijaisesti lähiyläkouluun, mutta samalla mahdollistaen koulun valinnan toissijaisen haun kriteerein. Kouluvalintastrategioihin ja toimintatapaan kouluvalintakentällä kytkeytyi vanhempien koulutukseen liittämät arvot sekä kulttuuriset ja sosiaaliset resurssit ja se, miten niitä käytettiin.

Feminismejä, feministejä ja ruotsalaista tyttöelokuvaa 1990-2000-luvuilla

Lectio praecursoria kulttuurihistorian väitöskirjaan New feminisms, gender equality and neoliberalism in Swedish girl films, 1995-2006 Turun yliopistossa 24.1.2015.

Cleavages in contemporary Finland : a study on party-voter ties

Cleavages have been central in understanding the relationship between political parties and voters but the credibility of cleavage approach has been increasingly debated. This is because of decreasing party loyalty, fewer ideological differences between the parties and general social structural change amongst other factors. By definition, cleavages arise when social structural groups recognize their clashing interests, which are reflected in common values and attitudes, and vote for parties that are dedicated to defend the interests of the groups concerned. This study assesses relevance of cleavage approach in the Finnish context. The research problem in this study is “what kind of a cleavage structure exists in Finland at the beginning of the 21st century? Finland represents a case that has traditionally been characterized by a strong and diverse cleavage structure, notable ideological fragmentation in the electorate and an ideologically diverse party system. Nevertheless, the picture of the party-voter ties in Finland still remains incomplete with regard to a thorough analysis of cleavages. In addition, despite the vast amount of literature on cleavages in political science, studies that thoroughly analyze national cleavage structures by assessing the relationship between social structural position, values and attitudes and party choice have been rare. The research questions are approached by deploying statistical analyses, and using Finnish National Election Studies from 2003, 2007 and 2011as data. In this study, seven different social structural cleavage bases are analyzed: native language, type of residential area, occupational class, education, denomination, gender and age cohorts. Four different value/attitudinal dimensions were identified in this study: economic right and authority, regional and socioeconomic equality, sociocultural and European Union dimensions. This study shows that despite the weak overall effect of social structural positions on values and attitudes, a few rather strong connections between them were identified. The overall impact of social structural position and values and attitudes on party choice varies significantly between parties. Cleavages still exist in Finland and the cleavage structure partly reflects the old basis in the Finnish party system. The cleavage that is based on the type of residential area and reflected in regional and socioeconomic equality dimensions concerns primarily the voters of the Centre Party and the Coalition Party. The linguistic cleavage concerns mostly the voters of the Swedish People’s Party. The classic class cleavage reflected in the regional and socioeconomic equality dimension concerns in turn first and foremost the blue-collar voters of the Left Alliance and the Social Democratic Party, the agricultural entrepreneur voters of the Centre Party and higher professional and manager voters of the Coalition Party. The conflict with the most potential as a cleavage is the one based on social status (occupational class and education) and it is reflected in sociocultural and EU dimensions. It sets the voters of the True Finns against the voters of the Green League and the Coalition Party. The study underlines the challenges the old parties have met after the volatile election in 2011, which shook the cleavage structure. It also describes the complexity involved in the Finnish conflict structure and the multidimensionality in the electoral competition between the parties.

Collectiveness within startup teams – Leading the way to initiating and managing collective pursuit of opportunities in organizational contexts

While traditional entrepreneurship literature addresses the pursuit of entrepreneurial opportunities to a solo entrepreneur, scholars increasingly agree that new ventures are often founded and operated by entrepreneurial teams as collective efforts especially in hightechnology industries. Researchers also suggest that team ventures are more likely to survive and succeed than ventures founded by the individual entrepreneur although specific challenges might relate to multiple individuals being involved in joint entrepreneurial action. In addition to new ventures, entrepreneurial teams are seen central for organizing work in established organizations since the teams are able to create major product and service innovations that drive organizational success. Acknowledgement of the entrepreneurial teams in various organizational contexts has challenged the notion on the individual entrepreneur. However, considering that entrepreneurial teams represent a collective-level phenomenon that bases on interactions between organizational members, entrepreneurial teams may not have been studied as indepth as could be expected from the point of view of the team-level, rather than the individual or the individuals in the team. Many entrepreneurial team studies adopt the individualized view of entrepreneurship and examine the team members’ aggregate characteristics or the role of a lead entrepreneur. The previous understandings might not offer a comprehensive and indepth enough understanding of collectiveness within entrepreneurial teams and team venture performance that often relates to the team-level issues in particular. In addition, as the collective-level of entrepreneurial teams has been approached in various ways in the existing literatures, the phenomenon has been difficult to understand in research and practice. Hence, there is a need to understand entrepreneurial teams at the collective-level through a systematic and comprehensive perspective. This study takes part in the discussions on entrepreneurial teams. The overall objective of this study is to offer a description and understanding of collectiveness within entrepreneurial teams beyond individual(s). The research questions of the study are: 1) what collectiveness within entrepreneurial teams stands for, what constitutes the basic elements of it, and who are included in it, 2) why, how, and when collectiveness emerges or reinforces within entrepreneurial teams, and 3) why collectiveness within entrepreneurial teams matters and how it could be developed or supported. In order to answer the above questions, this study bases on three approaches, two set of empirical data, two analysis techniques, and conceptual study. The first data set consists of 12 qualitative semi-structured interviews with business school students who are seen as prospective entrepreneurs. The data is approached through a social constructionist perspective and analyzed through discourse analysis. The second data set bases on a qualitative multiplecase study approach that aims at theory elaboration. The main data consists of 14 individual and four group semi-structured thematic interviews with members of core entrepreneurial teams of four team startups in high-technology industries. The secondary data includes publicly available documents. This data set is approached through a critical realist perspective and analyzed through systematic thematic analysis. The study is completed through a conceptual study that aims at building a theoretical model of collective-level entrepreneurship drawing from existing literatures on organizational theory and social-psychology. The theoretical work applies a positivist perspective. This study consists of two parts. The first part includes an overview that introduces the research background, knowledge gaps and objectives, research strategy, and key concepts. It also outlines the existing knowledge of entrepreneurial team literature, presents and justifies the choices of paradigms and methods, summarizes the publications, and synthesizes the findings through answering the above mentioned research questions. The second part consists of five publications that address independent research questions but all enable to answer the research questions set for this study as a whole. The findings of this study suggest a map of relevant concepts and their relationships that help grasp collectiveness within entrepreneurial teams. The analyses conducted in the publications suggest that collectiveness within entrepreneurial teams stands for cognitive and affective structures in-between team members including elements of collective entity, collective idea of business, collective effort, collective attitudes and motivations, and collective feelings. Collectiveness within entrepreneurial teams also stands for specific joint entrepreneurial action components in which the structures are constructed. The action components reflect equality and democracy, and open and direct communication in particular. Collectiveness emerges because it is a powerful tool for overcoming individualized barriers to entrepreneurship and due to collectively oriented desire for, collective value orientation to, demand for, and encouragement to team entrepreneurship. Collectiveness emerges and reinforces in processes of joint creation and realization of entrepreneurial opportunities including joint analysis and planning of the opportunities and strategies, decision-making and realization of the opportunities, and evaluation, feedback, and sanctions of entrepreneurial action. Collectiveness matters because it is relevant for potential future entrepreneurs and because it affects the ways collective ventures are initiated and managed. Collectiveness also matters because it is a versatile, dynamic, and malleable phenomenon and the ideas of it can be applied across organizational contexts that require team work in discovering or creating and realizing new opportunities. This study further discusses how the findings add to the existing knowledge of entrepreneurial team literature and how the ideas can be applied in educational, managerial, and policy contexts.

The developmental state in Brazil: comparative and historical perspectives

The record of successful developmental states in East Asia and the partial successes of developmental states in Latin America suggest several common preconditions for effective state intervention including a Weberian bureaucracy, monitoring of implementation, reciprocity (subsidies in exchange for performance), and collaborative relations between government and business. Although Brazil failed to develop the high technology manufacturing industry and exports that have fueled sustained growth in East Asia, its developmental state had a number of important, and often neglected, successes, especially in steel, automobiles, mining, ethanol, and aircraft manufacturing. Where Brazil's developmental state was less successful was in promoting sectors like information technology and nuclear energy, as well as overall social and regional equality. In addition, some isolated initiatives by state governments were also effective in promoting particular local segments of industry and agriculture. Comparisons with East Asia, highlight the central role of state enterprises in Brazil that in effect internalized monitoring and reciprocity and bypassed collaboration between business and government (that was overall rarer in Brazil).

Effects of computer-mediated communication and face-to-face communication on the quantity and quality of discourse produced by English as a second language students /

The effects oftwo types of small-group communication, synchronous computer-mediated and face-to-face, on the quantity and quality of verbal output were con^ared. Quantity was deiSned as the number of turns taken per minute, the number of Analysis-of-Speech units (AS-units) produced per minute, and the number ofwords produced per minute. Quality was defined as the number of words produced per AS-unit. In addition, the interaction of gender and type of communication was explored for any differences that existed in the output produced. Questionnaires were also given to participants to determine attitudes toward computer-mediated and face-to-face communication. Thirty intermediate-level students fi-om the Intensive English Language Program (lELP) at Brock University participated in the study, including 15 females and 15 males. Nonparametric tests, including the Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Friedman test were used to test for significance at the p < .05 level. No significant differences were found in the effects of computer-mediated and face-to-face communication on the output produced during follow-up speaking sessions. However, the quantity and quality of interaction was significantly higher during face-to-face sessions than computer-mediated sessions. No significant differences were found in the output produced by males and females in these 2 conditions. While participants felt that the use of computer-mediated communication may aid in the development of certain language skills, they generally preferred face-to-face communication. These results differed fi-om previous studies that found a greater quantity and quality of output in addition to a greater equality of interaction produced during computer-mediated sessions in comparison to face-to-face sessions (Kern, 1995; Warschauer, 1996).

Motivational model of problem drinking for men and women /

This thesis tested a path model of the relationships of reasons for drinking and reasons for limiting drinking with consumption of alcohol and drinking problems. It was hypothesized that reasons for drinking would be composed of positively and negatively reinforcing reasons, and that reasons for limiting drinking would be composed of personal and social reasons. Problem drinking was operationalized as consisting of two factors, consumption and drinking problems, with a positive relationship between the two. It was predicted that positively and negatively reinforcing reasons for drinking would be associated with heavier consumption and, in turn, more drinking problems, through level of consumption. Negatively reinforcing reasons were also predicted to be associated with drinking problems directly, independent of level of consumption. It was hypothesized that reasons for limiting drinking would be associated with lower levels of consumption and would be related to fewer drinking problems, through level of consumption. Finally, among women, reasons for limiting drinking were expected to be associated with drinking problems directly, independent of level of consumption. The sample, was taken from the second phase of the Niagara Young Aduh Health Study, a community sample of young adult men and women. Measurement models of reasons for drinking, reasons for limiting drinking, and problem drinking were tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. After adequate fit of each measurement model was obtained, the complete structural model, with all hypothesized paths, was tested for goodness of fit. Cross-group equality constraints were imposed on all models to test for gender differences. The results provided evidence supporting the hypothesized structure of reasons for drinking and problem drinking. A single factor model of reasons for limiting drinking was used in the analyses because a two-factor model was inadequate. Support was obtained for the structural model. For example, the resuhs revealed independent influences of Positively Reinforcing Reasons for Drinking, Negatively Reinforcing Reasons for Drinking, and Reasons for Limiting Drinking on consumption. In addition. Negatively Reinforcing Reasons helped to account for Drinking Problems independent of the amount of alcohol consumed. Although an additional path from Reasons for Limiting Drinking to Drinking Problems was hypothesized for women, it was of marginal significance and did not improve the model's fit. As a result, no sex differences in the model were found. This may be a result of the convergence of drinking patterns for men and women. Furthermore, it is suggested that gender differences may only be found in clinical samples of problem drinkers, where the relative level of consumption for women and men is similar.

"Welcome to my life" : the experiences of single mothers who are the recipients of multiple state provided benefits

Abstract This research takes the lens of social reproduction as a starting point for an examination of the effects of recent social welfare reforms on the lives o.fsingle mothers. As the cumulative effects o.f diminishing state provided benefits take hold, tensions are heightened as single mothers internalize the insecurity of earning an income in 11 capitalist labour market, while trying to carry out all that is involved in social reproduction with inadequate means of survival. Through interviewing single mothers who are the recipients of mUltiple state provided benefits (social assistance, student loans, subsidized housing and subsidized childcare), this thesis illuminates the cOl1linued regulation of women in an effort to assure that social reproduction is occurring at the lowest cost possible. State provided benefits are set lip in such a way that it is near impossible for single mothers to make ends meet without entering the labour force or entering into co-residential relationships. This push towards the labour force and/or marriage via punitive welfare policies illuminates the devaluation of the labour that is done at home. Through interviewing 5 single mothers, I will demonstrate the extensive labour that goes into maintaining their households. In addition .J case managers are interviewed. The employees of social assistance, subsidized hOllsing, subsidized childcare and student loans, have much agency in deeming who is worthy of receiving benefits. The employees of these agencies have the ability to make these women's lives easier or more complicated by how the workers interpret the policy regulations. Social policies are of paramount importance in the quest for women's equality and thus have consequences for how women's daily lives are organized. The rules and regulations that govern the individual policies are complex and bureaucratic and have implications for the ways in which women must organize their lives in order to survive. The shifts in social policy have been guided by neo-liberal assumptions with a focus on individual responsibility and a market-modeled welfare state. The caring work that is involved in raising children to be productive in a capitalist society is ignored or devalued in current policies. The emphasis in each polic.:v is on getting women who receive benefits into the paid work force, with little facilitation or investment into the caring work these women do on a daily basis that in turn supports capitalism. Policies, such as social assistance, subsidized housing, subsidized childcare and student loans, are set up in such a way that ignores the reality of women's day-to-day lives and devalues the necessary work done at home. It takes an abundance of labour and strategizing for women to seek out necessary means of survival, labour that is amplified when a woman is dealing with mUltiple slate provided benefits.

Child care by choice or by default? : examining the experiences of unregulated home-based child care for women in paid work and training

This thesis aims to uncover the dynamics, causes and outcomes of women's reliance on unregulated home-based child care in Ontario, Canada, and the implications ofthis form of care for women's equality. Drawing on a longitudinal qualitative study, I examine the diverse experience of 14 women using home-based child care and engaged in both paid work/training and care work for children under the age of six, and draw comparisons with users of other forms of child care. I argue that home-based child care involves high levels of instability for continuity of care and is chosen largely as a default position based on economic considerations. It represents a compromise between the demands of social reproduction and paid work/training that entangles mothers in relations of exploitation with care providers. Doing so leaves both mothers and care providers socially and economically vulnerable and relying on social networks to fill in the gaps.

Impact of social constructs on administrator understanding of social justice

Educational administrators are expected to relate social justice considerations to their actions and to the theoretical foundations of their practice. At the same time, social constructs-including those related to administrative practice, social justice, and societal norms-are important in helping administrators understand, frame, and describe administrative issues. Furthermore, as part of socially constructed language, these constructs represent discursive practices and accepted ways of knowing, valuing, and experiencing the world. Drawing on the multidimensional methods of critical discourse analysis as articulated in the writings of Michel Foucault, Norman Fairclough, and Allan Luke, and using deconstruction as a strategic device for reading and interpreting texts, this exploratory qualitative study examined how administrator knowledge, values, and experiences impact their understanding of social justice within the context of delivering social justice for students who experience bullying. Study findings reveal that school administrators interpreted social justice as equitable distribution, action, and results; fairness; and equity. Constructs embedded in these interpretations assumed common things such as universal acceptance of norms of social relations and conveyed administrator intent to secure the kind of social relations that enabled individuals to enjoy greater equality within existing social arrangements.

Investigating Player Salaries and Performance in the National Hockey League

This thesis examines salary structure types (hierarchical or compressed) as predictors of team performance in the National Hockey League (NHL). Additionally, an analysis of goalie statistics is completed in order to determine what, if any, performance measures relate to salary. Data in this research were collected from the 2005-06 season up to the 2010-11 season. Salary inequality/equality (Gini coefficient) was used in a regression analysis to determine if it was an effective predictor of team performance (n = 178) (winning percentage). The results indicated that a hierarchical salary structure increased team performance, although the amount of variability explained was very small. Another regression analysis was completed to determine if any goalie performance measures (n = 245) were effective predictors of individual salary. A regression analysis was employed and indicated that goalie performance measures predicted 19.8% of variance to salary. The only statistical significant variable was games played.