Atividade toxicológica do extrato das folhas de Kalanchoe brasiliensis em camundongos Swiss

The species of the genus Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae) are widely used in Brazil as a medicinal product to treat cough, boils, gastritis and other diseases. In this scenario stands out K. brasiliensis, popularly known as coirama or saião. This paper aims at the oral exposure of mice to a hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Kalanchoe brasiliensis. The animals (total of 100) were divided into 12 groups (6 males and 6 females) for the acute assessment; and groups of 10 for subchronic evaluation. Test groups were treated with doses of 250 mg / kg, 500 mg / kg, 1000 mg / kg and 2000 mg / kg and the control group received 0.9% saline. The animals were observed for 14 days for acute evaluation and 30 days for subchronic evaluation, and in that period analyzed the appearance of clinical signs, changes in weight and consumption of water and food. After the observation period, histopathological analysis of the organs, biochemical serum and haematological parameters for the assessment of the subchronic groups were processed. Differences and changes in body weight were not observed among the groups, nor consumption of water and food, there were no deaths among the groups in the two types of assays. Histopathological analysis showed some alterations compatible with low acute hepatic toxicity. The results of blood glucose, triglycerides, ALT, urea and creatinine showed differences between the control group and the test concentrations studied (p <0.05), but these differences do not show relevant change in the clinical picture of animals. The results showed that the extract K. brasiliensis has low acute toxicity at the doses used and no toxicity when administered for 30 days. This highlights the importance of this species as future and promising candidate for phytotherapics, so has its pharmacological trials completed.

Influência das alturas iniciais de pasto diferido na recria de cordeiros sobre o desempenho na terminação em confinamento

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance, metabolic and feeding behavior of sheep after ninety days deferred pasture at different heights. The experiment was conducted at Capim Branco experimental farm of the Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. During the period of 90 days, from June to September 2013, forty-eight crossbred lambs Santa Inês x Dorper, divided into groups of four animals, occupied twelve pickets deferred pasture with four initial heights (15 cm, 25 cm, 35 cm and 45 cm). During this period we evaluated the structural characteristics of pasture. For confinement, from September to December 2013, 32 of these animals were used (16 males and 16 females), divided into four bays, separated as pasture were using. The consumption was assessed daily, while biometric measurements were made every 21 days. In relation to gender, there were differences in average daily gain weight. Reviews of feeding behavior occurred at the beginning, middle and end of the experiment for 24 hours. The rumination and leisure activities do not present statistical differences, both initial height of pasture and by period. The time spent on intake was higher during the daytime both treatments starting height as the experimental periods, however, rumination activity was more intense at night. Blood glucose was achieved in five periods of the day, while other metabolites have been obtained with a collection made fortnightly. The different initial heights not promoted effects on blood glucose. The harvesting times were not affected. However, there was a reduction of basal blood glucose of animals throughout the experimental period. There was a significant interaction between the initial pasture heights and periods of evaluation of basal glucose. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were below recommended levels, however the final phase of confinement cholesterol level increased significantly. The values of VLDL and GGT were above the reference range. FA and AST showed average values within the recommended values. Total protein was influenced by different initial heights of pasture. The creatinine and albumin had values below the recommended range. Moreover, the albumin decreased during the confinement time. Uric acid showed close to the recommended maximum. There was stabilization of compensatory growth, with modification of consumption and weight gain at 45 days of experiment.

Prevalência da síndrome metabólica em receptores de transplante renal de acordo com o gênero e tempo pós-transplante /

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is defined as a set of cardiovascular risk factors including obesity, systemic high blood pressure (SHBP), changes in glucose metabolism and dyslipidemia. The prevalence of MS in renal transplant recipients (RTR) ranges from 15% to 65%, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and reducing renal allograft survival in the long term. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and frequency of MS in renal transplant patients according to gender and time of transplantation and to evaluate renal function in patients with and without MS. Patients and Methods: Crosssectional study conducted from August 2012 to September 2013 involving 153 renal transplant recipients. MS was defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). The sample was divided into two groups: patients with metabolic syndrome (WMS patients) and patients without metabolic syndrome (WoMS patients) and according to gender. The WMS patients were stratified into quartiles according to the renal transplantation period (RTP), and variables related to MS were analyzed for both sexes. Results: MS was diagnosed in 58.1% of the studied population, specifically in MS was found 58.4% of men and 41.6% of women (P ˂ 0.05). The male and female with MS were 48.8 ± 11.6 years old vs. 47.1 ± 12.7 years old and the time of post transplantation was 76.1 ± 76.5 months vs. 84.7 ± 65.4 months, respectively (P >0,05). When we compared the sexes in the WMS group, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was higher in men (137.0 ± 18.1 vs. 128.9 ± 13.6 mmHg, P= 0.029), while the other components of MS did not exhibit significant differences. With respect to renal function, when we compared the sexes in the WMS group, the serum creatinine (sCr) was higher in men (1.73 ± 0.69 vs. 1.31 ± 0.47 mg/dL, P= 0.0012), while the urinary protein/creatinine ratio was higher in women (0.48 ± 0.69 vs. 0.37 ± 0.48 mg/dL, P=0.0150). We found no significant difference in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) between WMS and WoMS patients for women and men (50.6 ± 19.1 vs. 50.1 ± 18.3 mL/min/1.73 m², P=0.909). We found a significant positive association between eGFR and HDL-c levels (r=0.3371; P=0.0145) for WMS men. The MS components showed no significant differences in RTP for different interquartile ranges, except for diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in women, where there was a significant variation among the quartiles evaluated (P=0.0009). Conclusion: the prevalence of MS was similar in the different quartiles in both sexes, in relation to time post TX. There was no significant difference in eGFR in patients WMS and WoMS, in both sexes. Concluding that the MS did not vary in relation to time post transplant.

Estudo das alterações hematológicas e urinárias em cães em diferentes estágios de disfunção renal e avaliação do biomarcador cistatina C

Chapter 2 - Cystatin C is a cationic protein is not glycosylated, produced a steady state for all nucleated and present in biological fluids cells being freely filtered by the glomeruli and almost completely catabolized in the proximal tubule, it is a promising early renal dysfunction marker. This study aimed to determine and compare the serum concentration of cystatin C biomarker in 86 dogs. The animals were divided into four groups according to serum creatinine levels: G1 - up. 1.4 mg / dL (23 animals), G2 - 1.5-2.0 mg / dL (16 animals), G3 - 2.1 to 5.0 mg / dL (24 animals) and G4 - above 5.1 mg / dL (23 animals). There was the measurement of the parameters used in the clinical routine of small animals such as urea, urinary gamma glutamyl transferase, proteinuria, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus ratio and cystatin C. There was no statistical difference for urea, proteinuria, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus, potassium and cystatin C, however, the other showed no statistical difference. Based on the results we can infer that cystatin C was not a good early indicator of kidney disease in dogs. Chapter 3 - This study aimed to determine the hematological and urinalysis elements such as density, proteinuria, cylinders and pH in 86 dogs The animals were divided into four stages according to serum creatinine levels: I - up to 1.4 mg/dL (23 animals), II - 1.5-2.0 mg/dL (16 animals), III from 2.1 to 5.0 mg/dL (24 animals) and IV - above 5.1 mg/dL (23 animals). In stage III, IV there was anemia normocytic normochromic type. Stage II had a leukocytosis frame by neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift and stage III and IV detour degenerative left. The density remained within the reference values all stages. Proteinuria showed statistical significance for the classification 2+ (1.0 g/L), between stage I and II, II and IV. Only the cylinder granular statistical difference in the classification 2+ between stage II and III, and 3+ between stage I and III. The prevailing pH was acid. The haematological values compared to serum creatinine stages showed the changes in hemoglobin and packed cell volume erythrocytes become more pronounced as serum creatinine values rise , this is also the behavior of neutrophils rods and proteinuria.

Impacto da Insuficiência Renal no Prognóstico dos Doentes Submetidos a Reparação de Aneurisma da Aorta Abdominal - Cirurgia Convencional vs. Tratamento Endovascular do Aneurisma da Aorta

Introdução: A correção cirúrgica do aneurisma da aorta abdominal (AAA), por Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) ou cirurgia convencional (CC), pode agravar a função renal a curto prazo. Esta complicação, mais frequente nos doentes com insuficiência renal crónica (IRC), associa-se a pior prognóstico a longo prazo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar o agravamento da função renal após reparação do AAA em doentes com IRC prévia e demonstrar o consequente aumento da morbimortalidade. Métodos: Estudo retrospetivo em doentes com IRC estádios Chronic Kidney Disease 3-4 (TFGe 15-59ml/min), submetidos a correção eletiva de AAA entre fevereiro/2011 e fevereiro/2015 numa instituição terciária. Variáveis estudadas: idade, sexo, tipo de intervenção (convencional/EVAR) e estádio CKD. Endpoints: variação da creatinina e taxa de filtração glomerular com a cirurgia, complicações renais pós-operatórias, necessidade de reintervenção cirúrgica e mortalidade. A análise estatística foi realizada em SPSS. Resultados: Foram incluídos 71doentes. Quinze doentes (21%) foram operados por CC e 56 (78%) por EVAR. À data da intervenção, os doentes encontravam-se nos seguintes estádios da DRC: CKD 3 --- 65 (91%) e CKD 4 --- 6 (9%). A variac¸ão da TFG com a cirurgia foi −1,08±18,01mg/dl. Verificou-se IRC agudizada pós-operatória em 22 (31%) doentes e necessidade de diálise em 5 (7%). A mortalidade global foi 8,5%. Os doentes operados por EVAR tinham DRC mais avançada pré-operatoriamente, mas apresentaram menor agravamento da função renal. Variação TFG: EVAR 1,14±16,26ml/min vs. CC 9,40±22,11ml/min (p=0,022); variação creatinina: EVAR 0,17±1,03mg/dl vs. CC 0,81±1,47mg/dl (p=0,02). A agudização da IRC pós-operatória foi superior no grupo CC (53,3 vs. 28,6%; p=0,072), assim como a necessidade de diálise (20 vs. 3,6%, p=0,06). Os 6 doentes que faleceram (EVAR: 3; CC: 3) apresentaram maior agravamento da função renal (variação da creatinina: 1,41±1,63mg/dl vs. 0,20±1,07mg/dl, p=0,001; variação da TFG: −19,0±16,55ml/min; 0,57±17,34ml/min, p=0,007) e necessidade de diálise (50 vs. 3,1%, p=0,003). Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram uma tendência para uma menor probabilidade de IRA, menor necessidade de diálise pós-operatória e menor mortalidade nos doentes tratados por EVAR. Contudo, o impacto da administração de contraste a médio/longo prazo, decorrente dos programas de vigilância pós-EVAR, deve ser considerado. Julgamos ser possível considerar que a realização de EVAR para o tratamento de doentes com AAA e IRC é um procedimento pelo menos tão seguro como a CC.

Projeto de implementação de serviços de fisioterapia na saúde da mulher na Maternidade do Hospital Geral de Luanda

Mestrado em Fisioterapia

Avaliação do potencial cancerigénico de microcistinas (cianotoxinas)

Tese de doutoramento em Farmácia (Toxicologia), apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, 2009.

Efectos adversos producidos por la administración de los antirretrovirales en pacientes que se encuentran en el programa de vih /sida en el Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso 2007-2008

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo; en un universo de 96 pacientes pertenecientes a la clínica de SIDA del hospital. Los datos demográficos se obtuvieron por entrevista directa y los resultados de los exámenes de laboratorio fueron copiados de la historia clínica. Estos se analizaron con la ayuda del Software Epi-Info. Resultados: la mayoría fueron hombres, con edad menor a 45 años, casados, solteros y con ocupación de obreros y quehaceres domésticos. Los fármacos más utilizados fueron zidovudina, lamivudina y efavirenz: zidovudina produjo anemia en el 15.5de los casos y depresión medular en el 2.4; lamivudina provocó miositis en el 31, neuropatía periférica en el 4y efavirenz ocasionó elevación de las transaminasas, glutámico pirúvico y glutámico oxalacético, en el 51.2. En la evaluación de las transaminasas, creatinfosfoquinasa, creatinina, glucosa, colesterol total, triglicéridos, hemoglobina, carga viral y los linfocitos TCD4 no hubo diferencia significativa entre la valoración inicial y en la de control. Conclusión: efavirenz produjo la más alta frecuencia de efectos colaterales se relaciono con la elevación de transaminasas, seguido por zidovudina que produjo anemia y depresión medular; lamivudina provoco miositis y neuropatía periférica

Estudio de los parámetros clínicos y de laboratorio en la hipertensión inducida por el embarazo, H.V.C.M. 1994

Estudio experimental comparativo para determinar las características clínico obstétricas de 25 pacientes con hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (HIE) y 25 pacientes embarazadas normotensas, valoradas en los servicios de consulta externa, emergencia,sala de labor, sala de partos, quirófano y sala de puerperio del hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso, en el año de 1994. En las em,barazdas con HIE se descartaron todas las manifestaciones patológicas que pudieran interferir con un diagnóstico adecuado de esta patología. Para estudiar las características con las que se presenta esta grave patología en nuestro medio, a las pacientes con hipertensión inducida por el embarazo (HIE), se les realizó valoraciones de laboratorio (hemoglobina, hematócrito, úrea, creatinina, calcio, reticulocitos, hierro sérico, plaquetas, proteinas, ácido úrico y proteina en orina), además de el electrocardiograma, la ecografía, el perfil biofísico y el test de estimulación sónica. Se determinó también la tensión arterial y se consignaron las manifestaciones clínicas antes del ingreso, durante la estadía y en el puerperio inmediato. Resultados: La preeclampsia se presentó más frecuentemente en el grupo de edad de 26 a 30 años, casi con igual frecuencia en primigénitas y en multíparas y sobre todo hacia el final de la gestación, sin importar los antecedents familiares o personales. En los exámenes de laboratorio, el más confiable para seguir la evolución y dar el pronóstico de la paciente fue el valor del ácido úrico, pues la hemoconcentración, la plaquetopenia y la proteinuria fueron parámetros menos significativos en el estudio. El valor sérico del calcio estuvo disminuido en la mayoría de los pacientes preeclámpticas. El test de estimulación sónica fue el examen que permitió valorar más acertadamente el bienestar fetal. El electrocadiograma reveló bloqueo de rama derecha, taquicardia y braquicardia sinusual, alteraciones estas que no concuerdan con los resultados reportados en la bibliografía. El pronóstico en las pacientes con H.IE. en el medio es bueno, pues no se presentó mortalidad maternal, sin embargo, en cuanto a los productos se presentó un deseo fetal

Dor abdominal em adolescente

Doente do sexo feminino de 16 anos de idade, recorreu ao serviço de urgência por dor abdominal com duas semanas de evolução localizada à fossa ilíaca esquerda (FIE) associada a obstipação. Negava atividade sexual, referindo último cataménio três semanas antes. Apresentava palpação abdominal dolo- rosa na FIE, sem defesa ou sinais de irritação peritoneal. Estudo analítico inicial e exame sumário de urina normais. Ecografia abdomino-pélvica revelou quisto complexo na região anexial esquerda e ascite de médio volume. Foi doseada a hormona gonadotrofina coriónica sérica que foi positiva (2608 mUI/mL). A ecografia transvaginal revelou quisto simples com área adjacente de aspeto reticular, não evidenciando qualquer imagem de saco gestacional intrauterino. Foi submetida a laparotomia exploradora, constatando-se hemoperitoneu e gravidez ectópica tubar esquerda e efetuada salpingectomia esquerda. Os autores pretendem alertar para uma causa rara de dor abdominal na adolescência, que deverá ser considerada de for- ma a evitar um desfecho potencialmente fatal.

Desenvolvimento de um biossensor para monitorização de acetilcolina, um biomarcador associado à Doença de Alzheimer

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de sensores potenciométricos com base em polímeros de impressão molecular (MIP, do inglês, Molecularly Imprinted Polymer) para a determinação da molécula alvo, a acetilcolina. A acetilcolina (ACh) é um neurotransmissor que está associado à doença de Alzheimer. Os materiais biomiméticos desenvolvidos para a interação com a ACh foram obtidos por polimerização em bulk, recorrendo a uma combinação de nanotubos de carbono com monómeros de anilina, dispersos em solvente plastificante oNFOE e PVC. Para aferir sobre o efeito da impressão de ACh na resposta dos materiais MIP, foram igualmente preparados e avaliados materiais de controlo, ou seja, materiais sem impressão molecular (NIP). O controlo da constituição química destes materiais foi realizado recorrendo a Espectroscopia de Raman e Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR, do inglês Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy). Os materiais desenvolvidos foram integrados em membranas seletivas de ião, preparadas com ou sem aditivo iónico lipófilo, de carga negativa ou positiva. A avaliação das características gerais das membranas baseou-se na comparação das caraterísticas dos diversos elétrodos. Estas caraterísticas foram obtidas a partir de curvas de calibração, conseguidas para valores de pH diferentes. Em meio ácido, mais precisamente para pH 4, as membranas com materiais impressos e aditivo aniónico foram as que apresentaram as melhores características analíticas, quer em termos de sensibilidade (+83,86 mV década-1) quer em gama de linearidade (de 3,52×10-5 a 1,73×10-3 M). O estudo de seletividade realizado aos sensores revelou que os elétrodos cuja membrana possuía aditivo aniónico apresentavam menores valores de log KPOT. A presença desse constituinte fez com que a seletividade aumentasse nesses mesmos elétrodos. A espécie menos interferente foi a creatina e a mais interferente a creatinina. Os elétrodos foram, ainda, aplicados em amostras de soro sintético. A qualidade dos resultados obtidos dependeu do nível de concentração em estudo, sendo possível identificar uma região onde os resultados foram exatos e precisos. De uma forma geral, os biossensores com MIP e aditivo aniónico apresentaram um desempenho adequado à prossecução deste estudo em amostras reais.

Daño renal en pacientes diabéticos que consultan en la Unidad Comunitaria de Salud Familiar El Tránsito, departamento de San Miguel en el periodo de junio a agosto de 2014

El Daño renal se refiere a la perdida de las funciones normales del riñón, que puede ser de forma transitoria o permanente. La Diabetes es un factor predisponente a desarrollar problemas renales, el objetivo de la investigación fue determinar daño renal en pacientes Diabéticos que consultan en la Unidad Comunitaria de Salud Familiar El Transito, San Miguel. La metodología empleado el estudio es Prospectiva, Transversal, Descriptivo, de laboratorio. La población estuvo constituida por 200 pacientes diabéticos, de los cuales se muestrearon 132; de estos 35 eran del sexo masculino y 97 del sexo femenino, a los que se les aplico una guía de entrevista en los que se conocieron datos generales, se realizaron las pruebas de laboratorio como Glucosa, Creatinina, Nitrógeno Ureico, Urea y Examen General de Orina. Resultados Obtenidos se detectó daño renal en los diferentes estadios de enfermedad, el 59.1% de los pacientes se encuentran en estadio I, el 24.2% resulto en estadio II, el 15.2% en estadio III y el estadio IV con un 1.5%. Los estadio de daño renal de acuerdo al sexo femenino se encontró en estadio I 57.8%, en estadio II fue un 23.8%, estadio III se registró 16.4% y estadio IV solo el 2%. En el sexo masculino se obtuvo que el 62.9% presentaba estadio I, el 25.7% en estadio II y un 11.4% en estadio III. Según el daño renal y la edad de los pacientes, entre las edades de 30-40 años se encontró en estadio I el 44.4%, entre las edades de 41-50 años en estadio II un 26.7%, en estadio III entre las edades de 51-60 años 19.4%. Se encontró el 90.2% de los pacientes con glucosa sérica aumentada. Los valores de creatinina estaban en un 66.7% valores normales y solo el 33.3% aumentada. Los valores normales de Urea fueron del 83.3% y el 14.4% aumentados. Según los resultados de proteínas en orina se registró el 68.9% negativo y el 31.1% positivo. La presencia de glucosa en orina se encontró un 51.5% Negativo y el 48.4% de la población resulto positivo. Conclusión: estadísticamente se aceptó la hipótesis propuesta que más del 14% de los pacientes diabéticos tenían Daño Renal; ya que los pacientes en estadio II al IV que se consideraron con Daño Renal fueron el 40.9%. Palabras Clave: Daño Renal, Diabetes.

Efeito do teor proteico da dieta na digestibilidade da bolota em porcos alentejanos

O objectivo do presente ensaio é avaliar o efeito do teor proteico da dieta na digestibilidade da bolota em porcos Alentejanos. Para tal, nove animais foram seccionados e colocados em caixas metabólicas onde as dietas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente, segundo o Modelo de Quadrado Latino 3 x 3. O ensaio in vivo foi assim dividido em três períodos, durante os quais se recolheram amostras de alimento, refugos fezes e urina para posterior análise em laboratório. Foi determinada a composição química do alimento e calculada a digestibilidade e balanço de azoto dos três tratamentos. Também foi determinado o conteúdo em compostos fenólicos e taninos da bolota pelo método do Folin­ Ciocalteu, taninos condensados pelo método do Butanol-HCl e a capacidade complexante dos taninos pelo método da Difusão Radial. Devido à reduzida capacidade de os taninos complexarem as proteínas e à baixa ingestão da luzerna não foi possível verificar diferenças na proteína ingerida entre os tratamentos testados. ABSTRACT; The aim of present experiment is to evaluate the effect of protein content in diet digestibility of oak acorn in Alentejano pigs. For that, nine animals were selected and housed in metabolic cages where diets were given randomly, in a Latin Square model3 x 3. The in vivo experiment was divided in three periods, during which were collected feed, refusals, feces and urine samples for subsequent laboratory analyses. Chemical feed composition was determinate and calculated the digestibility and nitrogen balance in three treatments. It was also determinate the amount of phenolic compounds and tannins on oak acorn by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, condensed tannins by Butanol-HCl assay and the availability to form complex with protein by Radial Diffusion assay. It was observed a reduced availability of tannins to bind proteins and a low Lucerne intake, so it wasn't possible to verify differences on protein intake, between tested treatments.

Enfermedad renal precoz en la población de 25 a 60 años de edad de El Cantón Linares Caulotal, Municipio de San Agustín, Departamento de Usulután en el período comprendido de junio a agosto de 2014

La enfermedad renal precoz, se desarrolla lentamente y no presenta síntomas por lo que su detección es vital a través de pruebas de funcionamiento renal. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar enfermedad renal precoz en la población de 25 a 60 años de edad en el Cantón Linares Caulotal, Municipio de San Agustín, Departamento de Usulután. Metodología de la investigación se caracterizó por ser: prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo, de laboratorio y de campo con una población en estudio de 100 usuarios en edades de 25 a 60 años de la cual se obtuvo una muestra de 62 mujeres y 38 hombres se les aplicó una cédula de entrevista, medición de peso y talla, toma de muestra de orina para detectar presencia de proteínas y hematíes; una muestra sanguínea para la determinación de valores de creatinina sérica, urea, nitrógeno ureico, ácido úrico, medición del índice de filtración glomerular mediante la fórmula de Cockcroft-Gault y así se clasificaron en los estadios de la enfermedad renal. Resultados se obtuvo que el 14% de usuarios resultó con valores aumentados de creatinina sérica, la edad más afectada fue de 49-60 años con un 52.2%, el12.7% de usuarios se les encontró valores aumentados de urea igual porcentaje se encontró para la prueba de nitrógeno ureico, 2.6% de usuarios se encontraron con valores aumentados de ácido úrico, según la clasificación de los estadios de función renal un 59% se ubicó en el estadio I, en estadio II un 26%, en estadio III 12% y estadio IV 3%, en la detección de proteínas al azar en orina se determinó que un 25.8% en estadio II y 11.2% en estadio III, en la determinación de hematíes en orina se encontró un 24.7% dentro del estadio II y 8.2% en estadio III. Conclusión estadísticamente se comprobó que 38% de la población en estudio presentó enfermedad renal precoz resultando mayor al 15% de lo estimado en la hipótesis de trabajo.

Estudo clínico-laboratorial e histopatológico de cães naturalmente infectados por Leishmania chagasi com diferentes graus de manifestação física

Canine Visceral Leishmania (CVL) is an important zoonotic disease that has a world wide distribution and has a large impact on public health on the American Continent, especially in Brazil, where the nature of endemic diseases in humans affects a large part of the nation. The influence of the prevalence of CVL in the increased rate of human cases in endemic areas and in the unleashing of epidemic outbreaks shows the need for a more profound understanding, that would generate significant advances in the current measures used to control the reservoirs of sickness that are practiced by the Programa Nacional de Vigilância e Controle da Leishmaniose Visceral. The present work describes and compares the clinical-laboratorial and histopathological findings of twenty-three dogs that were naturally infected by Leishmania chagasi, from endemic areas in metropolitan Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. These animals, that were selected and given physical and serological exams (IFI and ELISA rK-39), were classified according to the degree of clinical severity and had blood samples drawn (whole blood and serum) for a complete hemogram and a coagulogram to be done as well as biochemical tests for kidney and liver function. The confirmation of infection by L. chagasi was done after the euthanasia of the animals, through the direct demonstration of the parasite in the impression of the spleen and liver crowned with GIEMSA and through a cultivation by means of NNN/Schneider. According to the clinical evaluation, the animals were classified as asymptomatic (7), oligosymptomatic (7) and polysymptomatic (9). Among the animals that were chosen to be autopsied, there were 2 asymptomatic, 3 oligosymptomatic and 3 polysymptomatic, for the purpose of studying their histopathology, having collected fragments of the spleen, liver, kidneys and skin and were fixed in 10% tamponed formol. The comparison between the average parameters of the clinical-laboratory tested animals in the groups was done through the Student t test (a<0.05). The main clinical signals observed were lymphadenomegaly, alopecy, dermatitis, exfoliation, cutaneous ulcers, onicogriphosis and emaciation. The main clinical-laboratorial alterations established, mainly in the polysymptomatic group, were anemia, hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, alterations in the albumin/globulin ratio and increased ALT activity. Renal alterations were not verified (urea and creatinine levels were normal). Thrombocytopenia was observed in three clinical groups. However, the other indicators of coagulation function (TAP and TTPA) did not have abnormal variations. There were inflammatory infiltrations and leishmania amastigotes in the skin of polysymptomatic dogs, however, they were not found in the skin of asymptomatic animals. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the phagocyte mononuclear system, leishmania amastigote parasites were found in the macrophages, extramedullary hematopoiesis and degenerative alterations were detected in the spleen and liver of 8 of the animals submitted to histopathological exams. In accord with these results, it was demonstrated that the expected alterations in the hematological and biochemical parameters in function of their viscerotropic nature of CVL are mainly observed in the more advanced stages of the disease. The absence of inflammatory infiltration and parasite load in the skin suggest that infected animals without symptoms may have an importance irrelevant to the infectiousness of the vector