Carta que dirigio a Sua Magestade o Senhor D. João VI em data de 22 de setembro de 1822 o Principe Real

A última carta que D. Pedro dirigiu a seu pai traz um trecho que justifica o cuidado das Cortes em não divulgar esses documentos, além do necessário para informar os deputados. Diz ele: "hei por bem declarar tods os decretos preteridos dessas facciosas,orrorosas, machiavélicas,desorganizadoras, ediondas e pestiferas Cortes, nullos, irritos e enexequiveis". Adiante, diz: "Triunfa e triunfará a Independência Brasílica ou a morte nos hade custar".

Cartas e documentos dirigidos a Sua Magestade o Senhor D. João VI pelo Principe Real o Senhor D. Pedro de Alcântara : e que forão presentes às Cortes em a Sessão de 28 de septembro de 1822

A carta na qual Dom Pedro comunica a Independência do Brasil é datada de 26 de setembro de 1822 e contém a ata da sua aclamação como Imperador Constitucional e Defensor Perpétuo do Brasil.

Tratado de limites das conquistas entre os muito altos, e poderosos senhores D. João V, Rey de Portugal, e D. Fernando VI, Rey de Espanha, pelo qual abolida a demarcação da linha meridiana, ajustada no Tratado de Tordesilhas de 7 de junho de 1494, se determina individualmente a raya dos domínios de huma e outra corôa na America Meridional :a de Portugal renuncia o direito, que allegava ter das Ilhas Filippinas, pelo dito Tratado de Tordesilhas, e pela escritura de Saragoça de 22 de abril de 1529 ; e cede a Espanha a Colonia do Sacramento, e o Territorio da margem septentrional do Rio da Prata, que lhe pertencia pelo Tratado de Utrecht de 6 de fevereiro de 1715, como também a Aldea de S. Christóvão, e terras adjacentes, que tinhão occupado os portuguezes entre os rios Japurá, e Isa, que desaguão no das Amazonas; a de Espanha renuncia todo o direito, que pelo dito Tratado de Tordesilhas allegava ter as terras possuidas pelos portuguezes na America Meridional ao Occidente da Linha Meridiana, ajustada naquelle Tratado ; e cede a Portugal todas as terras, e povoações da margem oriental do rio Uruguay, desde o rio Ibicuí para o norte, e a aldea de Santa Rosa, e outra qualquer estabelecida pelos espanhoes na margem oriental do rio Guaporé; com os plenos-poderes, e ratificações dos dous Monarchas, assignado em Madrid a 13 de janeiro de 1750

Referência: Diccionario Bibliographico Portuguez / Innocencio Francisco da Silva, 1862. v. 7, p. 386.

Elementos de desenho, e pintura : e regras geraes de perspectiva : dedicadas ao Senhor Rey D. João VI

O autor trabalhou a serviço da Duquesa de Cadaval em Lisboa, passando para o Brasil, foi nomeado professor de desenho da Aula Militar do Rio de Janeiro. Sobre o livro diz Inocêncio: "...segundo avaliador competente, é tida por 'um montão de absurdos, e não abona a perícia de Stockler nas bellas-artes...".

Cartas, e mais peças officiaes, dirigidas a Sua Magestade, o Senhor D. João VI pelo Principe Real, o Senhor D. Pedro de Alcantara em data de 26, e 28 de abril deste anno

D. Pedro relata a sua viagem a Minas Gerais e a decisão de convocar as Cortes Gerais do Brasil. Diz : "V. M...., quando se ausentou deste rico e fértil país, recomendou-me que tratasse os brasileiros como filhos. Eu não só os trato como taes, mas também como amigos".

Memorias historicas do Rio de Janeiro e das provincias annexas à jurisdicção do Vice-Rei do Estado do Brasil, dedicadas a El-Rei Nosso Senhor D. João VI

Silva, Innocencio Francisco da. Diccionario bibliographico portuguez. Lisboa : Na Imprensa Nacional, 1858-1923.v. 5, p. 139.

Age determination methods for northwest Atlantic species

The successful application of techniques to enhance detection of age marks in biological specimens is of vital importance in fisheries research. This manual documents age determination techniques used by staff at the Woods Hole Laboratory, National Marine Fisheries Service. General information on procedures for preparing anatomical structures is described, together with criteria used to interpret growth patterns and assign ages. Annotated photographs of age structures are provided to illustrate criteria. Detailed procedures are given for the following species: Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), pollock (Pollachius virens), silver hake (Merluccius bilinearis), red hake (Urophycis chuss), black sea bass (Centropristis striata), weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus), redfish (Sebastes fasciatus), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), witch flounder (Glyptocephalus cynoglossus), American plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides), yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea), surf clam (Spisula solidissima), and ocean quahog (Arctica islandica). (PDF file contains 142 pages.)

Proceedings of the International Workshop on age determination of oceanic pelagic fishes: Tunas, billfishes, and sharks, Miami, Florida, February 15-18,1982

Accurate and precise estimates of age and growth rates are essential parameters in understanding the population dynamics of fishes. Some of the more sophisticated stock assessment models, such as virtual population analysis, require age and growth information to partition catch data by age. Stock assessment efforts by regulatory agencies are usually directed at specific fisheries which are being heavily exploited and are suspected of being overfished. Interest in stock assessment of some of the oceanic pelagic fishes (tunas, billfishes, and sharks) has developed only over the last decade, during which exploitation has increased steadily in response to increases in worldwide demand for these resources. Traditionally, estimating the age of fishes has been done by enumerating growth bands on skeletal hardparts, through length frequency analysis, tag and recapture studies, and raising fish in enclosures. However, problems related to determining the age of some of the oceanic pelagic fishes are unique compared with other species. For example, sampling is difficult for these large, highly mobile fishes because of their size, extensive distributions throughout the world's oceans, and for some, such as the marlins, infrequent catches. In addition, movements of oceanic pelagic fishes often transect temperate as well as tropical oceans, making interpretation of growth bands on skeletal hardparts more difficult than with more sedentary temperate species. Many oceanic pelagics are also long-lived, attaining ages in excess of 30 yr, and more often than not, their life cycles do not lend themselves easily to artificial propagation and culture. These factors contribute to the difficulty of determining ages and are generally characteristic of this group-the tunas, billfishes, and sharks. Accordingly, the rapidly growing international concern in managing oceanic pelagic fishes, as well as unique difficulties in ageing these species, prompted us to hold this workshop. Our two major objectives for this workshop are to: I) Encourage the interchange of ideas on this subject, and 2) establish the "state of the art." A total of 65 scientists from 10 states in the continental United States and Hawaii, three provinces in Canada, France, Republic of Senegal, Spain, Mexico, Ivory Coast, and New South Wales (Australia) attended the workshop held at the Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, Fla., 15-18 February 1982. Our first objective, encouraging the interchange of ideas, is well illustrated in the summaries of the Round Table Discussions and in the Glossary, which defines terms used in this volume. The majority of the workshop participants agreed that the lack of validation of age estimates and the means to accomplish the same are serious problems preventing advancements in assessing the age and growth of fishes, particularly oceanic pelagics. The alternatives relating to the validation problem were exhaustively reviewed during the Round Table Discussions and are a major highlight of this workshop. How well we accomplished our second objective, to establish the "state of the art" on age determination of oceanic pelagic fishes, will probably best be judged on the basis of these proceedings and whether future research efforts are directed at the problem areas we have identified. In order to produce high-quality papers, workshop participants served as referees for the manuscripts published in this volume. Several papers given orally at the workshop, and included in these proceedings, were summarized from full-length manuscripts, which have been submitted to or published in other scientific outlets-these papers are designated as SUMMARY PAPERS. In addition, the SUMMARY PAPER designation was also assigned to workshop papers that represented very preliminary or initial stages of research, cursory progress reports, papers that were data shy, or provide only brief reviews on general topics. Bilingual abstracts were included for all papers that required translation. We gratefully acknowledge the support of everyone involved in this workshop. Funding was provided by the Southeast Fisheries Center, and Jack C. Javech did the scientific illustrations appearing on the cover, between major sections, and in the Glossary. (PDF file contains 228 pages.)

Determination Of Interfacial Properties Between Metal Film And Ceramic Substrate With An Adhesive Layer

Peel test measurements and inverse analysis to determine the interfacial mechanical parameters for the metal film/ceramic system are performed, considering that there exist an epoxy interface layer between film and ceramic. In the present investigation, Al films with a series of thicknesses between 20 and 250 mu m and three peel angles of 90, 135 and 180 degrees are considered. A finite element model with the cohesive zone elements is used to simulate the peel test process. The finite element results are taken as the training data of a neural network in the inverse analysis. The interfacial cohesive energy and the separation strength can be determined based on the inverse analysis and peel experimental result. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determination Of Plastic Properties By Instrumented Spherical Indentation: Expanding Cavity Model And Similarity Solution Approach

The present paper aims to develop a robust spherical indentation-based method to extract material plastic properties. For this purpose, a new consideration of-piling-up effect is incorporated into the expanding cavity model; an extensive numerical study on the similarity Solution has also been performed. As a consequence, two semi-theoretical relations between the indentation response and material plastic properties are derived, with which plastic properties of materials can be identified from a single instrumented spherical indentation curve, the advantage being that this approach no longer needs estimations of contact radius with given elastic modulus. Moreover, the inconvenience in using multiple indenters with different tip angles can be avoided. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses show that the present algorithm is reliable. Also, by experimental verification performed oil three typical materials, good agreement of the material properties between those obtained from the reverse algorithm and experimental data is obtained.

Studies on the biology of Gymnarchus niloticus in Lake Chad: Age determination and growth; meristic and morphometric characters

The meristic and morphometric characteristics of Gymnarchus niloticus are described and linear equations relating various parts of the body to the head length or total length are given. The age of G. niloticus in Lake Chad (Nigeria) was determined from growth marks on the opercular bones. The mean lengths for age, and mean weights for age obtained for the first five years of life are given. The assymptotic length and the von Betarlanffy growth parameters for the males and females combined are given

Trace metals -- a potential threat to our fishing industry

Trace metals constitute a major form of water pollutant that can adversely affect fish production. The potentially toxic metals have been identified as lead, zinc, copper, arsenic, antimony, mercury beryllium, barium, cadmium, chromium, nickel, selenium among others. Preliminary laboratory studies have been directed to the determination of traces of lead in the aquatic biota and its toxicity. There are indications that the levels reported in effluents from some of the industries may be above the tolerant limits of local fish species and organisms that make up their food. Metal pollution could become a serious problem to freshwater fisheries in the future as a result of increasing urbanization and industrialization, unless efforts are made to prevent it

Molecular Modeling and Affinity Determination of scFv Antibody: Proper Linker Peptide Enhances Its Activity

One of existing strategies to engineer active antibody is to link VH and VL domains via a linker peptide. How the composition, length, and conformation of the linker affect antibody activity, however, remains poorly understood. In this study, a dual approach that coordinates molecule modeling, biological measurements, and affinity evaluation was developed to quantify the binding activity of a novel stable miniaturized anti-CD20 antibody or singlechain fragment variable (scFv) with a linker peptide. Upon computer-guided homology modeling, distance geometry analysis, and molecular superimposition and optimization, three new linker peptides PT1, PT2, and PT3 with respective 7, 10, and 15 residues were proposed and three engineered antibodies were then constructed by linking the cloned VH and VL domains and fusing to a derivative of human IgG1. The binding stability and activity of scFv-Fc chimera to CD20 antigen was quantified using a micropipette adhesion frequency assay and a Scatchard analysis. Our data indicated that the binding affinity was similar for the chimera with PT2 or PT3 and ~24-fold higher than that for the chimera with PT1, supporting theoretical predictions in molecular modeling. These results further the understanding in the impact of linker peptide on antibody structure and activity.

WEFTA interlaboratory comparison on nitrogen determination by Kjeldahl digestion in fishery products and standard substances

14 Laboratorien aus 12 europäischen Ländern nahmen an einer Laborvergleichsuntersuchung zur Stickstoffbestimmung in Fischerzeugnissen und Standardsubstanzen nach Kjeldahl teil. 13 Laboratorien erzielten dabei Ergebnisse, die alle in engen Grenzen um die gefundenen Mittelwerte streuten. Der von den einzelnen Teilnehmern erzielte Variationskoeffizient war mit etwa 0,5 % gering. Auch die Standardsubstanzen mit bekanntem Stickstoffgehalt konnten überwiegend mit hinreichender Genauigkeit (98 % der vom Hertsteller angegebenen Gehalte) analysiert werden. Der ideale Kjeldahlaufschluß ist durch kurze Aufschlußzeiten (ca. 120 min), eine Aufschlußtemperatur bei 430° C und durch die Wahl des für die jeweilige Matrix geeigneten Katalysators gekennzeichnet.

Determination of source finiteness and depth of large earthquakes

In this thesis, a method to retrieve the source finiteness, depth of faulting, and the mechanisms of large earthquakes from long-period surface waves is developed and applied to several recent large events.

In Chapter 1, source finiteness parameters of eleven large earthquakes were determined from long-period Rayleigh waves recorded at IDA and GDSN stations. The basic data set is the seismic spectra of periods from 150 to 300 sec. Two simple models of source finiteness are studied. The first model is a point source with finite duration. In the determination of the duration or source-process times, we used Furumoto's phase method and a linear inversion method, in which we simultaneously inverted the spectra and determined the source-process time that minimizes the error in the inversion. These two methods yielded consistent results. The second model is the finite fault model. Source finiteness of large shallow earthquakes with rupture on a fault plane with a large aspect ratio was modeled with the source-finiteness function introduced by Ben-Menahem. The spectra were inverted to find the extent and direction of the rupture of the earthquake that minimize the error in the inversion. This method is applied to the 1977 Sumbawa, Indonesia, 1979 Colombia-Ecuador, 1983 Akita-Oki, Japan, 1985 Valparaiso, Chile, and 1985 Michoacan, Mexico earthquakes. The method yielded results consistent with the rupture extent inferred from the aftershock area of these earthquakes.

In Chapter 2, the depths and source mechanisms of nine large shallow earthquakes were determined. We inverted the data set of complex source spectra for a moment tensor (linear) or a double couple (nonlinear). By solving a least-squares problem, we obtained the centroid depth or the extent of the distributed source for each earthquake. The depths and source mechanisms of large shallow earthquakes determined from long-period Rayleigh waves depend on the models of source finiteness, wave propagation, and the excitation. We tested various models of the source finiteness, Q, the group velocity, and the excitation in the determination of earthquake depths.

The depth estimates obtained using the Q model of Dziewonski and Steim (1982) and the excitation functions computed for the average ocean model of Regan and Anderson (1984) are considered most reasonable. Dziewonski and Steim's Q model represents a good global average of Q determined over a period range of the Rayleigh waves used in this study. Since most of the earthquakes studied here occurred in subduction zones Regan and Anderson's average ocean model is considered most appropriate.

Our depth estimates are in general consistent with the Harvard CMT solutions. The centroid depths and their 90 % confidence intervals (numbers in the parentheses) determined by the Student's t test are: Colombia-Ecuador earthquake (12 December 1979), d = 11 km, (9, 24) km; Santa Cruz Is. earthquake (17 July 1980), d = 36 km, (18, 46) km; Samoa earthquake (1 September 1981), d = 15 km, (9, 26) km; Playa Azul, Mexico earthquake (25 October 1981), d = 41 km, (28, 49) km; El Salvador earthquake (19 June 1982), d = 49 km, (41, 55) km; New Ireland earthquake (18 March 1983), d = 75 km, (72, 79) km; Chagos Bank earthquake (30 November 1983), d = 31 km, (16, 41) km; Valparaiso, Chile earthquake (3 March 1985), d = 44 km, (15, 54) km; Michoacan, Mexico earthquake (19 September 1985), d = 24 km, (12, 34) km.

In Chapter 3, the vertical extent of faulting of the 1983 Akita-Oki, and 1977 Sumbawa, Indonesia earthquakes are determined from fundamental and overtone Rayleigh waves. Using fundamental Rayleigh waves, the depths are determined from the moment tensor inversion and fault inversion. The observed overtone Rayleigh waves are compared to the synthetic overtone seismograms to estimate the depth of faulting of these earthquakes. The depths obtained from overtone Rayleigh waves are consistent with the depths determined from fundamental Rayleigh waves for the two earthquakes. Appendix B gives the observed seismograms of fundamental and overtone Rayleigh waves for eleven large earthquakes.