The mental health and wellbeing of first generation migrants: a systematic-narrative review of reviews

Background
First generation migrants are reportedly at higher risk of mental ill-health compared to the settled population. This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes all reviews on the mental health of first generation migrants in order to appraise the risk factors for, and explain differences in, the mental health of this population.
Methods
Scientific databases were searched for systematic reviews (inception-November 2015) which provided quantitative data on the mental ill-health of first generation migrants and associated risk factors. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts and full text papers for their suitability against pre-specified criteria, methodological quality was assessed.
Results
One thousand eight hundred twenty articles were identified, eight met inclusion criteria, which were all moderate or low quality. Depression was mostly higher in first generation migrants in general, and in refugees/asylum seekers when analysed separately. However, for both groups there was wide variation in prevalence rates, from 5 to 44 % compared with prevalence rates of 8–12 % in the general population. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder prevalence was higher for both first generation migrants in general and for refugees/asylum seekers compared with the settled majority. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder prevalence in first generation migrants in general and refugees/ asylum seekers ranged from 9 to 36 % compared with reported prevalence rates of 1–2 % in the general population. Few studies presented anxiety prevalence rates in first generation migrants and there was wide variation in those that did. Prevalence ranged from 4 to 40 % compared with reported prevalence of 5 % in the general population. Two reviews assessed the psychotic disorder risk, reporting this was two to three times more likely in adult first generation migrants. However, one review on the risk of schizophrenia in refugees reported similar prevalence rates (2 %) to estimates of prevalence among the settled majority (3 %). Risk factors for mental ill-health included low Gross National Product in the host country, downward social mobility, country of origin, and host country.
Conclusion
First generation migrants may be at increased risk of mental illness and public health policy must account for this and influencing factors. High quality research in the area is urgently needed as is the use of culturally specific validated measurement tools for assessing migrant mental health.

La invocación de los antepasados en "De divinatione" y "De natura deorum" de Cicerón. "Religio e identidad" romana a fines de la república

La invocación del ideal del mos maiorum, entendido como conjunto de virtudes o rasgos ejemplares de los romanos, ha sido estudiada repetidamente en los textos de Cicerón. Analiza el tópico en relación con la discusión en torno a la identidad romana en textos del siglo I a.C. y delimita tres empleos diferentes: uno al que define como típicamente aristocrático, referido a la ascendencia noble de un individuo en particular; un segundo uso que, en vez de individualizar, amalgama a todos los ancestros en un mismo conjunto y establece una continuidad entre pasado y presente; finalmente, una tercera modalidad que propone una ruptura total entre el mundo de los antepasados y el de los contemporáneos. En este trabajo indagaremos el funcionamiento de este tópico en De diuinatione y De natura deorum de Cicerón. Desde nuestro punto de vista, el ideal del mos maiorum no solamente involucra virtudes éticas y morales sino que también supone una especial actitud con respecto a los dioses y el culto que resulta central en la definición de la identidad romana.

O Perfil dos Imigrantes, Refugiados e Estruturas de Acolhimento no Ceará, Brasil

O crescimento vertiginoso no número de solicitações de refúgio, que de 2010 a 2015 aumentou em mais de 8 vezes, assim como o boom no número de imigrações registradas a partir de 2000 no Ceará por parte de estudantes africanos têm reforçado à população local os efeitos tanto da globalização como da crise humanitária atual. Poder público, organizações do terceiro setor e entes empresariais passam a se envolver na agenda pertinente à imigração em um contexto socioeconômico e legislativo delicados; e intenções de trabalhos e iniciativas de assistência aos imigrantes e refugiados começam a permear a sociedade, mesmo não havendo dados estatísticos da diversidade dos imigrantes, processo de acolhimento formal definido ou avaliação das capacidades absolutas que a cidade de Fortaleza no Ceará possui para agregar a essa agenda. Dessa forma, iremos identificar o perfil dos imigrantes que são provenientes de países africanos de língua portuguesa e refugiados sob a ótica da diversidade de modo a traçar um mapa que traga percepções e insumos para as atividades de assistência desejadas. Adicionalmente, será analisado o processo de acolhimento sob a ótica da avaliação da estrutura (instituições, equipamentos, procedimentos e responsabilidades) com o objetivo de se entender o nível de maturidade do processo de acolhida dos imigrantes e refugiados, assim como suas oportunidades de melhoria. A temática, além de atual, se faz indispensável para a construção de um pensamento crítico acerca da própria capacidade de contribuição ao tema da imigração e da crise dos refugiados. A metodologia utilizada para a construção da parte teórica e para respaldo das hipóteses levantadas foi a consulta bibliográfica, enquanto a parte estatística foi fruto de intenso trabalho de investigação por insumos de ordem qualitativa e quantitativa com diferentes agentes intervenientes no processo de acolhimento no Estado, inclusive pela busca do aspecto subjetivo por parte de gestores públicos acerca do tema. Por fim, foi realizado diagnóstico de qualidade organizacional junto à Pastoral do Migrante em Fortaleza, tida como referência do terceiro setor na agenda dos imigrantes e refugiados, com objetivo de avaliar e contribuir com suas capacidades de gestão e com seu processo de acolhimento. Verificou-se com o trabalho que, diferente do tema dos refugiados, árduo tem sido o caminho percorrido para o desenvolvimento de assistência aos imigrantes como política pública. Contudo, pretende-se demonstrar que conhecer as necessidades deste último grupo, assim como sanar suas dificuldades, pode influenciar positivamente futuros trabalhos até mesmo para o próprio tema dos refugiados. Portanto, conhecer a real situação de ambos os grupos na região é indispensável para se elaborar planos do poder público, além de possibilitar a melhoria nos dispositivos de assistência como um todo e avançar os mecanismos da legislação pertinente.

Credible Commitments and Post-Conflict Refugee Return: A Statistical and Network Analysis

I examine determinants of refugee return after conflicts. I argue that institutional constraints placed on the executive provide a credible commitment that signals to refugees that the conditions required for durable return will be created. This results in increased return flows for refugees. Further, when credible commitments are stronger in the country of origin than in the country of asylum, the level of return increases. Finally, I find that specific commitments made to refugees in the peace agreement do not lead to increased return because they are not credible without institutional constraints. Using data on returnees that has only recently been made available, along with network analysis and an original coding of the provisions in refugee agreements, statistical results are found to support this theory. An examination of cases in Djibouti, Sierra Leone, and Liberia provides additional support for this argument.

An analysis of state crime: negotiating multiple insecurities around the U.S. Mexico Border

This research looks into forms of state crime taking place around the U.S.-Mexico border. On the Mexican side of the border violent corruption and criminal activities stemming from state actors complicity with drug trafficking organisations has produced widespread violence and human casualty while forcing many to cross the border legally or illegally in fear for their lives. Upon their arrival on the U.S. side of the border, these individuals are treated as criminal suspects. They are held in immigration detention facilities, interrogated and categorised as inadmissible ‘economic migrants’ or ‘drug offenders’ only to be denied asylum status and deported to dangerous and violent zones in Mexico. These individuals have been persecuted and victimised by the state during the 2007-2012 counter narcotic operations on one side of the border while criminalised and punished by a categorizing anti-immigration regime on the other side of the border. This thesis examines this border crisis as injurious actions against border residents have been executed by the states under legal and illegal formats in violation of criminal law and human rights conventions. The ethnographic research uses data to develop a nuanced understanding of individuals’ experiences of state victimisation on both sides of the border. In contributing to state crime scholarship it presents a multidimensional theoretical lens by using organised crime theoretical models and critical criminology concepts to explain the role of the state in producing multiple insecurities that exclude citizens and non-citizens through criminalisation processes.

Del lado acá de las candilejas : configuraciones teatrales en cinco relatos de guerra del tiempo, de Alejo Carpentier /

Demuestra la relación existente entre la estructura teatral y la estructura narrativa en cinco cuentos de Alejo Carpentier. Para desarrollar esta investigación se considero solo aquellos estudios que se refieren específicamente a las obras literarias a analizar ("Oficio de tinieblas", "Viaje a la semilla", "Semejante a la noche", "El camino de Santiago", y "El derecho de asilo"). Estos artículos se clasificaron según el cuento al que hacen referencia y respetando el orden cronológico de su publicación

Social contact and trust: a study of a super diverse neighbourhood

This thesis presents an in-depth case study of a superdiverse neighbourhood in Glasgow where long-term white and ethnic minority communities reside alongside Roma migrants, asylum seekers and refugees, young professionals and other recent arrivals in traditional tenement housing. It focuses on the nature and extent of social contact and trust and on the role of context in shaping social relations. Employing the concepts of social milieu and intersectionality to identify social differences the research examines the relationships between five broad groupings of residents in the neighbourhood: Nostalgic Working Class, Scottish Asian, Liberal Homeowners, Kinship-sited Roma and Global Migrants. Ethnographic fieldwork was carried out in contexts within the neighbourhood, theorised as being potential sites for intergroup contact. Three types of interactions were examined: Group-based Interactions, Neighbour Interactions and Street Interactions. The data comprised documentary evidence, participant and direct observations, in-depth qualitative and walk-along interviews with residents and local organisations. Findings show that rather than individualising and isolating residents, superdiversity can stimulate community activism, yet there remains a preference for interaction within one’s own social milieu. The research has found that the concentration of poverty and material conditions has a more profound effect on social relations than historical diversity and the extent to which diversity is normalised within local discourses. Trust judgements in a superdiverse context may rely more on shared interests, moral outlook and assessments of the context rather than the extent of social contact. The quasi-private spaces of shared residential spaces and community activities can facilitate encounters with the potential to build trust, yet for this to occur cooperation through shared activities may not be sufficient. Interactions may need to move beyond co-presence and conviviality to increased understanding and empathy through dialogue. At an aggregate level, the extent to which superdiversity contributes to social contact and trust within the neighbourhood is strongly influenced by contextual factors and wider economic processes influencing housing tenure mix, private renting, property maintenance, residential churn and environmental conditions. Through examining different types of social contacts, the dynamics of trust as well as contextual influences, this thesis offers insights into the causal processes and factors that influence social relations at a local level.

Przestrzenne formy upamiętniania Zagłady

This book is a synthesizing reflection on the Holocaust commemoration, in which space becomes a starting point for discussion. The author understands space primarily as an amalgam of physical and social components, where various commemorative processes may occur. The first part of the book draws attention to the material aspect of space, which determines its character and function. Material culture has been a long ignored and depreciated dimension of human culture in the humanities and social sciences, because it was perceived as passive and fully controlled by human will, and therefore insignificant in the course of social and historical processes. An example of the Nazi system perfectly illustrates how important were the restrictions and prohibitions on the usage of mundane objects, and in general, the whole material culture in relation to macro and micro space management — the state, cities, neighborhoods and houses, but also parks and swimming pools, factories and offices or shops and theaters. The importance of things and space was also clearly visible in exploitative policies present in overcrowded ghettos and concentration and death camps. For this very reason, when we study spatial forms of Holocaust commemoration, it should be acknowledged that the first traces, proofs and mementoes of the murdered were their things. The first "monuments" showing the enormity of the destruction are thus primarily gigantic piles of objects — shoes, glasses, toys, clothes, suitcases, toothbrushes, etc., which together with the extensive camps’ space try to recall the scale of a crime impossible to understand or imagine. The first chapter shows the importance of introducing the material dimension in thinking about space and commemoration, and it ends with a question about one of the key concepts for the book, a monument, which can be understood as both object (singular or plural) and architecture (sculptures, buildings, highways). However, the term monument tends to be used rather in a later and traditional sense, as an architectural, figurative form commemorating the heroic deeds, carved in stone or cast in bronze. Therefore, the next chapter reconstructs this narrower line of thinking, together with a discussion about what form a monument commemorating a subject as delicate and sensitive as the Holocaust should take on. This leads to an idea of the counter-monument, the concept which was supposed to be the answer to the mentioned representational dilemma on the one hand, and which would disassociate it from the Nazi’s traditional monuments on the other hand. This chapter clarifies the counter-monument definition and explains the misunderstandings and confusions generated on the basis of this concept by following the dynamics of the new commemorative form and by investigating monuments from the ‘80s and ‘90s erected in Germany. In the next chapter, I examine various forms of the Holocaust commemoration in Berlin, a city famous for its bold, monumental, and even controversial projects. We find among them the entire spectrum of memorials – big, monumental, and abstract forms, like Peter Eisenman’s Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe or Daniel Liebeskind’s Jewish Museum Berlin; flat, invisible, and employing the idea of emptiness, like Christian Boltanski’s Missing House or Micha Ullman’s Book Burning Memorial; the dispersed and decentralized, like Renata Stih and Frieder Schnock’s Memory Places or Gunter Demnig’s Stumbling Blocks. I enrich descriptions of the monuments by signaling at this point their second, extended life, which manifests itself in the alternative modes of (mis)use, consisting of various social activities or artistic performances. The formal wealth of the outlined projects creates a wide panorama of possible solutions to the Holocaust commemoration problems. However, the discussions accompanying the building of monuments and their "future life" after realization emphasize the importance of the social component that permeates the biography of the monument, and therefore significantly influences its foreseen design. The book also addresses the relationship of space, place and memory in a specific situation, when commemoration is performed secretly or remains as unrealized potential. Although place is the most common space associated with memory, today the nature of this relationship changes, and is what indicates popularity and employment of such terms as Marc Augé’s non-places or Pierre Nora’s site of memory. I include and develop these concepts about space and memory in my reflections to describe qualitatively different phenomena occurring in Central and Eastern European countries. These are unsettling places in rural areas like glades or parking lots, markets and playgrounds in urban settings. I link them to the post-war time and modernization processes and call them sites of non-memory and non-sites of memory. Another part of the book deals with a completely different form of commemoration called Mystery of memory. Grodzka Gate - NN Theatre in Lublin initiated it in 2000 and as a form it situates itself closer to the art of theater than architecture. Real spaces and places of everyday interactions become a stage for these performances, such as the “Jewish town” in Lublin or the Majdanek concentration camp. The minimalist scenography modifies space and reveals its previously unseen dimensions, while the actors — residents and people especially related to places like survivors and Righteous Among the Nations — are involved in the course of the show thanks to various rituals and symbolic gestures. The performance should be distinguished from social actions, because it incorporates tools known from religious rituals and art, which together saturate the mystery of memory with an aura of uniqueness. The last discussed commemoration mode takes the form of exposition space. I examine an exhibition concerning the fate of the incarcerated children presented in one of the barracks of the Majdanek State Museum in Lublin. The Primer – Children in Majdanek Camp is unique for several reasons. First, because even though it is exhibited in the camp barrack, it uses a completely different filter to tell the story of the camp in comparison to the exhibitions in the rest of the barracks. For this reason, one experiences immersing oneself in all subsequent levels of space and narrative accompanying them – at first, in a general narrative about the camp, and later in a specifically arranged space marked by children’s experiences, their language and thinking, and hence formed in a way more accessible for younger visitors. Second, the exhibition resigns from didacticism and distancing descriptions, and takes an advantage of eyewitnesses and survivors’ testimonies instead. Third, the exhibition space evokes an aura of strangeness similar to a fairy tale or a dream. It is accomplished thanks to the arrangement of various, usually highly symbolic material objects, and by favoring the fragrance and phonic sensations, movement, while belittling visual stimulations. The exhibition creates an impression of a place open to thinking and experiencing, and functions as an asylum, a radically different form to its camp surrounding characterized by a more overwhelming and austere space.

Africans in Scotland: heterogeneity and sensitivities to HIV

Aim: To investigate how diversity within the African migrant population in Scotland affects their understandings of HIV and uptake of HIV testing and treatment, in order to improve HIV-related outcomes. Background: In the UK, Africans have the worst outcomes for HIV infection, primarily due to late diagnosis. Improvement requires better understanding of the barriers to healthcare engagement. This PhD study investigates how diversity among first generation African migrants in Scotland could affect engagement with general healthcare and HIV related interventions and services. Methods: I conducted qualitative research, involving participant observation at two sites (an African religious group and an asylum seeker/refugee drop-in centre) and interviews with African migrants attending these and three additional sites (two advocacy charities and a student association). Data were collected in two cities (Glasgow and Edinburgh) and two smaller towns (Paisley and Kirkcaldy). I interviewed 27 Africans, including economic migrants (n=8), students (n=9) and asylum seeker/refugees (n=10) and 14 representatives from organisations with high levels of African attendees (e.g., country associations, community organisations, advocacy groups, commercial establishments and religious based organisations). Thematic data analysis was carried out. Results: Diversity of the population and related issues of identity: Participants were highly diverse and reported considerable heterogeneity in the African diaspora in Scotland. The identity of “African” was bound with various negative stereotypes and appeals to this identity did not necessarily have relevance for participants. Nature of African affiliated organisations in Scotland: There were a wide range of organisations that advertised their remit as catering for the African diaspora. They varied in consistency and sustainability and contributed towards healthcare engagement to different degrees. Engagement with healthcare: There were multiple experiences and understandings of the healthcare system within the sample as a whole, and to an extent by migrant type. Whilst the majority reported successful and satisfactory service use, distinct barriers emerged. These included: understandings of rights and access to care based on African models of healthcare; the interplay of religious based understandings with ideas about access to healthcare; and assumptions and anxiety about the connections between visa status and health status. Knowledge of HIV and engagement with HIV related services: Participants had good knowledge about HIV, with some notable exceptions, but there was no patterning by migrant type. They had diverse views about risk of HIV infection, most of which did not align with the HIV epidemiology that identifies African migrants as an at risk group. Most of the sample did not think targeting African migrants for HIV interventions would be successful and were hostile to the proposal for various reasons, especially because they believed it would perpetuate stigma and prejudice towards the African diaspora. There were mixed experiences of HIV related services, and prompts to test for HIV had elicited a range of reactions, the majority negative. Conclusion: Diversity within the African diaspora in Scotland should be taken into account to improve the salience and relevance of future HIV interventions. Attitudes towards current HIV testing promotion suggest that a more cooperative approach could be taken with African communities to build on existing relationships of trust and understandings of HIV.

Age estimation of unaccompanied minors: A portuguese overview

Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Intervención urbano arquitectónica en el manzano 002-N13 del Centro Histórico de Cuenca

Los centros históricos patrimoniales de las ciudades son organismos vivosque se ven afectados por una serie de actuaciones, que surgen por la expansión de la ciudad y las nuevas necesidades. Factores que frecuentemente atentan contra el patrimonio edificado y sus valores, causando en muchas ocasiones pérdidas irreversibles. El centro histórico de la ciudad de Cuenca presenta problemas de destrucción y deterioro del patrimonio edificado por la deficiente valoración histórica-crítica. Además, la inversión de recursos y actuaciones urbanas se limita a los manzanos circundantes a la plaza central sin alcanzar a la periferia del casco histórico. Por este motivo, surge el estudio del manzano 002-N13, en donde se emplaza la Iglesia Patrimonial y el geriátrico Hogar Asilo Cristo Rey. Para el cual se propone un proyecto de intervención urbano arquitectónico quetiene como objetivo re-potencializar las condiciones históricas, funcionales y formales del mismo. Siendo necesario realizar una investigación integral del manzano y del contexto urbano inmediato, un estudio histórico crítico y una valoración de las edificaciones con el fin de facultar reflexiones que permitan adquirir una postura adecuada de actuación urbano arquitectónica.

Inmigración del sur vecino y gestión de la diversidad

Curso Especializado 'Marco conceptual de las relaciones hispano-marroquíes. Ideas y opiniones, Centro de Estudios Hispano-Marroquí'. Málaga, 26 de noviembre, 2012.

Lieu de liens, lieu de vie : oser le réseau comme alternative à la vulnérabilité : le cas des demandeurs d’asile à Projet Refuge (Montréal).

La vulnérabilité est l’attribut fondamental justifiant le passage des frontières du refuge canadien (Rousseau et al., 2002 ; Clément et Bolduc, 2004). Elle est preuve d’insécurité pour la victime requérant l’asile ; elle est aussi porteuse d’espérance de sécurité en terre hospitalière. Elle est pourtant potentiel réactualisé dans l’insécurité d’un statut incertain en terre d’accueil (Agamben, 1997 ; D’Halluin, 2004). Violente immersion. En attendant que les preuves de sa vulnérabilité originelle soient validées, le demandeur d’asile se retrouve dans un entre-deux a-territorial et atemporel (Agier, 2002 ; Le Blanc, 2010) et dans une précarité tout aussi dangereuse (Ouimet et al., 2009). Des besoins émergent en cette terre inconnue, or l’accès aux soins de santé lui est limité par des textes de lois ambigus et leurs interprétations maladroites (Harris et Zuberi, 2015). Ainsi lorsqu’il se heurte à des barrières érigées par une transmission d’informations défectueuse, sa précarité ne fait qu’empirer. Tel un boomerang, ce paradoxe cultive leur vulnérabilité. Alors que les recherches interrogent les divers intervenants en santé (Asgary et Smith, 2013), j’ai choisi de donner la parole aux premiers concernés et de relayer leur vécu par rapport à leur propre personne. Deux objectifs principaux guident la recherche : documenter dans un premier temps leur parcours de quête de soins à partir de la circulation des informations formelles et informelles dans le but de sonder leur avis sur la vulnérabilité qui leur est attribuée ; documenter dans un second temps leur parcours migratoire de quête de soi afin de mettre en lumière les stratégies alternatives d’entrée en contact avec la société d’accueil pour négocier voire rejeter cette identité vulnérable. J’ai rencontré pour cela des demandeurs d’asile lors d’un terrain de huit mois au sein d’un organisme communautaire d’hébergement à Montréal. Dans ce contexte d’accompagnement et de stabilité spatiale, accalmie bienvenue au terme d’un itinéraire semé d’embûches, les ressources informationnelles sont à leur disposition et la reconnaissance sociale est à l’honneur. En parallèle, beaucoup témoignent de la diminution de leurs besoins de soins de santé. En cette communauté thérapeutique (Pocreau, 2005), véritable tremplin vers la société d’accueil en attendant un statut reconnu, ils bénéficient d’une possibilité de participation sociale et d’un sentiment d’appartenance valorisant. Si des conditions précaires peuvent aggraver la vulnérabilité, le bricolage de conditions positives favorise la résilience (Cleveland et al., 2014), créant un environnement revitalisant qui leur permet de rebondir.

Lieu de liens, lieu de vie : oser le réseau comme alternative à la vulnérabilité : le cas des demandeurs d’asile à Projet Refuge (Montréal)

La vulnérabilité est l’attribut fondamental justifiant le passage des frontières du refuge canadien (Rousseau et al., 2002 ; Clément et Bolduc, 2004). Elle est preuve d’insécurité pour la victime requérant l’asile ; elle est aussi porteuse d’espérance de sécurité en terre hospitalière. Elle est pourtant potentiel réactualisé dans l’insécurité d’un statut incertain en terre d’accueil (Agamben, 1997 ; D’Halluin, 2004). Violente immersion. En attendant que les preuves de sa vulnérabilité originelle soient validées, le demandeur d’asile se retrouve dans un entre-deux a-territorial et atemporel (Agier, 2002 ; Le Blanc, 2010) et dans une précarité tout aussi dangereuse (Ouimet et al., 2009). Des besoins émergent en cette terre inconnue, or l’accès aux soins de santé lui est limité par des textes de lois ambigus et leurs interprétations maladroites (Harris et Zuberi, 2015). Ainsi lorsqu’il se heurte à des barrières érigées par une transmission d’informations défectueuse, sa précarité ne fait qu’empirer. Tel un boomerang, ce paradoxe cultive leur vulnérabilité. Alors que les recherches interrogent les divers intervenants en santé (Asgary et Smith, 2013), j’ai choisi de donner la parole aux premiers concernés et de relayer leur vécu par rapport à leur propre personne. Deux objectifs principaux guident la recherche : documenter dans un premier temps leur parcours de quête de soins à partir de la circulation des informations formelles et informelles dans le but de sonder leur avis sur la vulnérabilité qui leur est attribuée ; documenter dans un second temps leur parcours migratoire de quête de soi afin de mettre en lumière les stratégies alternatives d’entrée en contact avec la société d’accueil pour négocier voire rejeter cette identité vulnérable. J’ai rencontré pour cela des demandeurs d’asile lors d’un terrain de huit mois au sein d’un organisme communautaire d’hébergement à Montréal. Dans ce contexte d’accompagnement et de stabilité spatiale, accalmie bienvenue au terme d’un itinéraire semé d’embûches, les ressources informationnelles sont à leur disposition et la reconnaissance sociale est à l’honneur. En parallèle, beaucoup témoignent de la diminution de leurs besoins de soins de santé. En cette communauté thérapeutique (Pocreau, 2005), véritable tremplin vers la société d’accueil en attendant un statut reconnu, ils bénéficient d’une possibilité de participation sociale et d’un sentiment d’appartenance valorisant. Si des conditions précaires peuvent aggraver la vulnérabilité, le bricolage de conditions positives favorise la résilience (Cleveland et al., 2014), créant un environnement revitalisant qui leur permet de rebondir.