用标志重捕法估算湖泊二龄河蟹种群数量

国家“九五”攻关课题96－008－02－03;中国科学院资源与环境局资助KZ951—A1—102

Crustacean zooplankton distribution patterns and their biomass as related to trophic indicators of 29 shallow subtropical lakes

A comparative limnological study was carried out to present a snapshot of crustacean zooplankton communities and their relations to environmental factors to test whether there is a consistent relationship between crustacean biomass and trophic indicators among lake groups with similar trophic conditions. The study lakes showed a wide range of trophic status, with total phosphorus (TP) ranging from 0.008 to 1.448mgL(-1), and chlorophyll a from 0.7 to 146.1 mu g L-1, respectively. About 38 species of Crustacea were found, of which Cladocera were represented by 25 taxa (20 genera), and Copepoda by 13 taxa (I I genera). The most common and dominant species were Bosmina coregoni, Moina micrura, Diaphanosoma brachyurum, Cyclops vicinus, Thermocyclops taihokuensis, Mesocyclops notius and Sinocalanus dorrii. Daphnia was rare in abundance. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that except for four species (D. hyalina, S. dorrii, C. vicinus and M. micrura), almost all the dominant species had the same preference for environmental factors. Temperature, predatory cyclopoids and planktivorous fishes seem to be the key factors determining species distribution. TP was a relatively better trophic indicator than chlorophyll a to predict crustacean biomass. Within the three groups of lakes, however, there was no consistent relationship between crustacean biomass and trophic indicators. The possible reason might be that top-down and bottom-up control on crustaceans vary with lake trophic state. The lack of significant negative correlation between crustacean biomass and chlorophyll a suggests that there was little control of phytoplankton biomass by macrozooplankton in these shallow subtropical lakes. (c) 2007 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Nonylphenol and octylphenol in urban eutrophic lakes of the subtropical China

The paper studied two estrogenic pollutants, 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments in urban eutrophic lakes. The concentrations of NP ranged from 1.94 to 32.85 mu g/l, 0.876 to 31.13 mu g/l and 3.54 to 32.43 mu g/g dry weight (dw) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively, and that of OP from 0.027 to 1.44 mu g/l, 0.008 to 1.777 mu g/l and 0.058 to 1.245 mu g/g dw in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively. An increasing trend in the concentration was noticed in all matrices close to the sewage inlets, which was found to be the major factor affecting the spatial distribution of alkylphenols (APs) in the lakes. Due to restoration of submerged macrophytes, which might accumulate APs, the contaminations of APs in the Little Moon Lake (LML) and the Little Lotus Lake (LLL) were lower than those in the Big, Moon Lake (BML) and the Bier Lotus Lake (BLL). A reasonable correlation of NP and OP was obtained among water, suspended particle and sediment. The possible environmental stress of APs concentration on aquatic organisms in Wuhan urban lakes was also discussed.

Genetic structure and low-genetic diversity suggesting the necessity for conservation of the Chinese Longsnout catfish, Leiocassis longirostris (Pisces : Bagriidae)

Genetic variation and phylogenetic relationship of Leiocassis longirostris populations from the Yangtze River were investigated at mitochondrial DNA level. The samples were collected from the upstream and mid-downstream of the Yangtze River. Three mitochondrial DNA fragments, ND5/6, cytochrome b (Cyt b) and control region (D-loop), were amplified and then digested by 10 restriction endonucleases. Twenty-three D-loop fragments randomly selected were sequenced. Digestion patterns of ND5/6 by AluI and HaeIII, D-loop by HinfI and RsaI, and Cyt b by HaeIII were polymorphic. Ten and eighteen haplotypes were obtained from RFLP data and sequence data, respectively. The individuals from upstream and mid-downstream of the Yangtze River were apparently divided into two groups. The average genetic distance was 0.008 and 0.010 according to the two data. Low diversities and decreasing abundance indicated that Leiocassis longirostris may be in severe danger and reasonable measures of fishery management should be taken.

一种单模高功率垂直腔面发射激光器及其制作方法

本发明是一种单模高功率垂直腔面发射激光器，属半导体光电子领域。其特征在于，包括P型电极(1)，P型Si衬底(2)，金属键合层(3)，P型分布布拉格反射镜(DBR)(4)，氧化限制层(5)，有源区(6)，N型DBR(7)，SiO2掩膜(8)，聚酰亚胺或苯并环丁烯(BCB)(9)，N电极(10)，光子晶体(11)，出光窗口(12)。在该结构的垂直腔面发射激光器中引入光子晶体，可增大氧化孔径，提高单模输出功率，同时采用键合技术将传统VCSEL外延片转移到Si衬底上和采用底部出光的设计，便于拉近VCSEL外延片有源区与Si衬底的距离，改善器件热学特性，进一步提高单模输出功率。

Fast Locking and High Accurate Current Matching Phase-Locked Loop

In this paper, a charge-pump based phase-locked loop (CPLL) that can achieve fast locking and tiny deviation is proposed and analyzed. A lock-aid circuit is added to achieve fast locking of the CPLL. Besides, a novel differential charge pump which has good current matching characteristics and a PFD with delay cell has been used in this PLL. The proposed PILL circuit is designed based on the 0.35um 2P4M CMOS process with 3.3V/5V supply voltage. HSPICE simulation shows that the lock time of the proposed CPLL can be reduced by over 72% in comparison to the conventional PILL and its charge pump sink and source current mismatch is only 0.008%.

淀粉基完全生物降解膜材料的研制

近年来，降解塑料的研究有如雨后春笋得到了蓬勃发展，但在经历了一段鱼龙混杂的开发过程后，人们已经认识到只有开发出真正意义的可完全降解的材料，才能真正的符合环境要求，造福人类。本论文工作的目的就是以淀粉、聚乙烯醇、可降解聚酷为主要原材料，开发出一种高淀粉含量、低成本而且在佩时候、耐水及耐温方面性能优良，又可在短时期内完全生物降解的膜材；并且建立一种制备降解膜的新工艺成型方法即使用新型电磁动态挤出机，通过共混改性、单螺杆造粒进行连续吹塑成型的工艺过程。通过研制得到了以下结果：（1)综合考虑淀粉一聚乙烯醇一聚酷体系完全降解膜的抗张强度及断裂伸长率等力学性能指标，确定了各组分的最佳配比组成：聚乙烯醇／淀粉=0. 4可降解聚酉旨／淀粉＝0.05复配增塑剂／（淀粉＋聚乙烯醇）=0. 25交联补强剂／淀粉＝0.008湿强剂APE／淀粉＝0.02 (2）针对淀粉一聚乙烯醇一聚醋体系的膜制品进行了微观形态分析及结构表征，从红外光谱图、SEM照片、X一ray衍射谱图的分析中可以看出，由淀粉分子、聚乙烯醇(PVA)及聚醋所够成的三元体系在复配增塑体系、交联补强剂、湿强剂等加工助剂的存在下，经历了单螺杆中的高温、高压、高剪切的共混、塑化加工过程后，淀粉分子、聚乙烯醇、聚醋之间发生了较复杂的物理化学反应，也正是由于这些反应破坏了淀粉、聚乙烯醇的分子内和分子间的作用力，才使得淀粉分子的结晶性降低，进而破坏了淀粉分子与PVA、聚醋的相态结构，在吹塑成膜后，体系分子进一步取向，各组分分子间重组排列，建立新的物理联系，，形成新的高分子合金结构，改善了膜材的微观结构，使膜材的脆性降低，韧性增强，其它各项性能指标均有提高，并具有了许多新的物理力学性能及化学特性，进而扩大了膜材的使用范围。(3)针对体系的配混造粒过程进行了大量的对比实验，找到了合理的加料顺序，确定了适宜的单螺杆造粒机组长径比及挤出机各区温度、螺杆转速的设置参数，从而优化了配混工艺。(4)由于淀粉体系特有的加工特点，为获得透明度高、厚度均匀、性能优良的降解膜我们选用了电磁动态吹塑机组并在工艺控制方面、设备方面进行了优化，找到了成型过程中提高薄膜质量及厚度均匀性的工艺控制关键点，并针对吹膜机头及中心卷取装置进行了独特的设计，从而获得连续稳定的吹膜制品的制备技术。

一种新型的用于ICP－AES的氢化物元素和非氢化物元素同时分析的氢化物发生雾化装置的研究

氢化物发生－高频感耦等离子体原子发射光谱分析（HY－ICP－AES），由于它的灵敏度高和多元素同时分析等特点，近年来受到越来越多的科学工作者的重视。本文对HY－ICP－AES的原理、发展及应用作了比较详细的综述，并根据氢化物元素和非氢化物元素同时测定的实际要求，提出了一种新型的氢化物发生－雾化系统。文献上已报导了两种氢化物元素和非氢化物元素同时测定的方案，并取得了令人满意的结果。但在这些方案中，存在一些问题需要解决，而且装置比较复杂，操作也比较麻烦。在我们的氢化物发生－雾化系统中，用一个同心玻璃雾化器将待测的样品溶液雾化，细雾滴形成气溶胶，较大液滴被收集在一个玻璃槽中，硼氢化钾溶液用蠕动泵从玻璃槽底部送入，与收集的样品溶液混合并发生化学反应，产生挥发性的共价氢化物。生成的气态氢化物和样品气溶胶以及载气一起进入等离子体，因而可以进行氢化元素和非氢化物元素的同时测定。砷、锑、硒和碲的检出限分别为0.0075，0.0006，0.008，0.003，0.002 μg/ml，比传统的气动雾化方法得到的检出限好20－30倍。而对非氢化物元素，检出限可与双简雾室雾化相当。本系统进样量小（约2 ml)，且样品的利用率大为提高，有利于小量样品的分析。但由于进样量较小，限制了灵敏度的进一步提高。本系统的另一个特点是不仅可以用于氢化物元素和非氢化物元素的同时测定，而且在需要的情况下，不需拆换雾化装置，不需灭火，即可在1－2分钟内转变成为普通的测定非氢化物元素的雾化系统。只要将蒸馏水取代硼氢化钾溶液把收集样品溶液的玻璃槽冲洗干净，即可作为普通的雾化系统之用。我们用这种氢化物发生－雾化系统研究了等离子体功率、载气流量、观测高度、样品介质酸度、硼氢化钾溶液和流量对待测元素信号强度、信－背比和检出限的影响以及硼氢化钾溶液的稳定性和硼氢化钾的引入量对等离子体稳定性的影响等。我们还研究了几种共存干扰元素对氢化物形成的干扰情况。为了消除或减小共存元素对氢化物生成过程的干扰，我们试验了EDTA，8－羟基喹啉，氨三乙酸，硫脲等对干扰元素的掩蔽作用，最后选EDTA作为掩蔽剂，对消除或减小共存元素的干扰起了明显的作用。我们用本雾化系统分析了一种甜菜颗粒粕样品和桃叶82301标准参考物质。分析结果与其它方法或标准值比较吻合。在甜菜颗粒粕样品的分析中，我们发现基体中大量镁、钙对砷等低含量元素的光谱干扰比较严重，利用元素间干扰比不能予以准确扣除。我们用标准和样品的基体相匹配的方法解决了镁、钙的光谱干扰问题。

中国急流牙甲族的系统学研究

急流牙甲族Sperchopsini属于鞘翅目Coleoptera牙甲科Hydrophilidae的水牙甲亚科Hydrophilinae，共包括五属，即水龟虫属 Hydrocassis、革牙甲属 Ametor、Sperchopsis、Anticura、Cylomissus，世界共计有25种，我国分布有2属18个种。 本文回顾了水甲虫、牙甲科以及急流牙甲族的研究简史；综述了水甲虫在分类学、保护生物学、形态学、遗传学、分子生物学等方面研究进展，总结了水甲虫与生态因子的关系以及水甲虫作为生态系统健康指示物的可行性。还简要介绍了昆虫分子系统学，以及细胞色素氧化酶亚基I（COI）和rDNA内部转录间隔区（ITS）在昆虫学研究中的应用。 通过对收集到的700余号急流牙甲族的标本观察和分类研究，发现了一新种（内蒙水龟甲Hydrocassis mongolica sp.nov.）。并且对已知全部种类重新作了描述，特别是长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus雄性外生殖器部分，首次对7个种类（长茎革牙甲 Ametor elongatus、粗革牙甲 Ametor scabrosus、帝水龟甲 Hydrocassis imperialis、伪舟水龟甲Hydrocassis pesudoscapha、条纹水龟甲Hydrocassis scapulata、舟水龟甲 Hydrocassi scapha、四川水龟甲Hydrocassis sichuana）的雌性个体进行了描述。编制了急流牙甲族的分属、分种检索表。 采用支序分类学的方法对中国急流牙甲族种类的系统发育关系进行探讨。结果显示革牙甲属内的A. latus、A. rudesculptus、A. rugosus 及A. scabrosus 构成单系（不包括A. elongates），支持皱革牙甲A. rugosus和A. latus属于革牙甲属。水龟虫属内H. anhuiensis、H. baoshanensis、H. lacustris、H. pseudoscapha、H. scaphoides、H. scapulata、H. sichuana、H. taiwana、H. uncinata、H. schillhammeri构成一个单系。水龟虫属包括两大类群，一类群包括H. anhuiensis、H. lacustris、H. scapulata、H. sichuana 、H. taiwana，另一类群包括H. baoshanensis、H. scaphoides、 H. schillhammeri 、H. uncinata。两类群的不同之处在于后一类群的阳基侧突上有一齿状凸起。 测序了H. scapulata、H. sichuana和H. mongolica雌雄各一个个体的COI和ITS2序列。全部的COI基因序列为828bp，编码275个氨基酸。H. scapulata的ITS2序列有446bp，H. sichuana的有456bp，H. mongolica的有455bp。用MEGA 3.1计算比对距离（pairwise distances）和构建邻近系统树。结果显示对于COI，种内的比对距离分别是0(H. scapulata)、0.008(H. mongolica)、0.004(H. sichuana)，种间的比对距离在0.024-0.045之间。对于ITS2，种内的比对距离分别为0.005(H. scapulata)、0(H. mongolica)、0.007(H. sichuana)，种间的比对距离在0.028-0.047之间。H. sichuana和新种间的比对距离在0.024-0.037(COI)和0.044(ITS2)。比对距离揭示出种内低于0.008，种间在0.024-1.078之间。因而，它们之间应该是种间关系而不是种内的关系。COI数据集和ITS2数据集所构建的系统树存在一定的差异，前者显示四川水龟甲和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种，后者显示新种和条纹水龟甲是姐妹种。总之，在内蒙古自治区发现的为一新的物种。

基于ITS 序列和matK 基因序列的中国药用石斛及其混伪品的分子鉴定

为了从分子水平对中国药用石斛及其混伪品进行鉴定，本文选取了核rDNA ITS 序列和叶绿体DNA 的matK 基因序列进行研究。采用改良的CTAB 法提取石斛的基因组DNA，PCR 产物直接测序法对17 种（共32 份）药用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 全序列进行测定，克隆测序法对12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体的matK 基因序列进行测定，运用BioEd it，MEGA4.0 等生物软件分析了石斛属植物的rDNA ITS 序列及叶绿体的matK 基因序列的特征，比较了石斛属间、种间、种内不同居群（品种）间的序列碱基差异及遗传距离，应用邻接法构建分子系统树。主要研究结果如下： （1）建立了17 种（共32 份）药用石斛rDNA ITS 区碱基全序列数据库，其中，ITS1 的长度为228~234 bp，GC 含量为45.7%~53.0%，变异位点167 个，占总位点67.34%，信息位点106 个，占总位点42.74%，ITS2 长度为241~247 bp，GC含量为44.8%~55.7%，变异位点165 个，占总位点66.27%，信息位点115 个，占总位点46.18%。 （2）建立了12 种（共22 份）药用石斛的叶绿体matK 基因全序列数据库，叶绿体matK 基因长1410 bp，变异位点51 个，信息位点11 个。除了存在碱基替换的遗传变异外，还存在碱基的插入和缺失。 （3）通过ITS 序列比较分析了各材料间的遗传距离和碱基差异，属间的遗传距离为0.295，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.142，碱基相差2~156 个，种内各居群间的平均遗传距离为0.002，碱基相差1~2 个。属间的遗传距离大于种间的遗传距离，种间的遗传距离大于种内不同居群（品种）间的遗传距离。 （4）根据分析石斛叶绿体的matK 基因序列得到，外类群（密花石豆兰）与石斛属间最小遗传距离为0.027，石斛种间的平均遗传距离为0.008，种间最大的遗传距离0.014， 最小的遗传距离为0.003，碱基相差8~20 个。种内不同居群（品种）遗传距离为0.001，相差1~5 个碱基。 （5）利用17 种石斛的全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，通过对待检种rDNA I TS区进行序列测定，成功地对10 个待检种进行了鉴定，并且在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （6）运用12 种石斛的matK 基因全序列数据库及遗传分析软件，成功地对4个待检种进行了鉴定，同样在原植物开花后得到了验证。 （7）本文利用石斛的核糖体内转录间隔区ITS 序列和叶绿体的matK 基因序列数据库分别构建了NJ 树，外类群与石斛属间石斛种间以及种内不同居群（品种）间均能在NJ 树中明显分化开来，二者构建的分子系统树一致，为石斛的分子鉴定提供了依据。 In order to identify Chinese Herba Dendrobii and its adulterant species on molecular level, we studied the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene. Genomic DNA of Dendrobium was extracted using the modified cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) method. The PCR products of the rDNA ITS sequences of Dendrobium (32 materia ls) were purified and then sequenced. The PCR products of chloroplast matK gene of Dendrobium (22 materia ls) were purified, cloned and then sequenced. The characteristic of the sequences and the genetic dista nce were compared between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium, Dendrobium interspecies, and different populations. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the NJ method by the biology softwares including BioEd it, MEGA4.0 etc. The ma in results as follows: (1) It was built up that the database of rDNA ITS sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii (32 materia ls). The ITS1 was 228~234 bp, the GC content accounting for 45.7%~53.0%. Its variable sites were 167, accounting for 67.34%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 106, accounting for 42.74%. The ITS2 was 241~247 bp, the GC accounting for 44.8%~55.7%. The variable sites were 165, accounting for 66.27%. The Parsim-Informative positions were 115, accounting for 46.18%. (2) The database of the chloroplast matK gene sequences was built up, which contained 12 species of Herba Dendrobii (22 materia ls). The matK gene sequences were about 1410bp in length. There were 51 variable sites and 11 Parsim-Informative sites. And there were nucleotides insertions and deletions in some species , in addition to the nucleotides substitutions. (3) The rDNA ITS sequences were compared and analyzed by the biology softwares. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was 0.295. The avera ge genetic dista nce was 0.142 between Dendrobium species, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The avera ge genetic dista nce between different populations was 0.002, and there were 2~156 variable nucleotides. The genetic dista nce between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium was greater tha n that of Denrobium interspecies. Meanwhile, the genetic dista nce between Denrobium species was also greater tha n that of different populations (variaties). (4) The characteristics of the chloroplast matK gene sequences were obtained after analyzing by the biology softwares. The minima l genetic dista nce was 0.027 between Bulbophyllum odoratissimum and Dendrobium . The ma xima l genetic dista nce was 0.014 between Dendrobium species, and there were 20 variable nucleotides. The minima l genetic dista nce between populations was 0.003, and there were 8 variable nucleotides.The genetic dista nce between populations was 0.001, and there were 1~5 variable nucleotides. (5) The molecular Phylogeny tree was constructed on the database of rDNA ITS the sequences of 17 species of Herba Dendrobii using the biology softwares. Then we authenticated 10 materia ls on molecular level. What’s more, they had been proved when these pla nts flowered. (6) The molecular Phylogeny tree was built up on the database of chloroplast matK gene sequences of 12 species of Herba Dendrobii with the biology softwares.Then 4 materia ls were authenticated on molecular level. Moreover, they had also been proved when these pla nts were in flower. (7) The Phylogenetic trees were separately constructed on the sequences of rDNA ITS and chloroplast matK gene B. odoratissimum and Dendrobium all could be distinguished on the Phylogenetic trees. Meanwhile, the Phylogenetic trees based on two groups of sequences were coincident. rDNA ITS and matK gene sequence could be used as molecular markers for authentication of Herba Dendrobii.

Superfluid nuclear matter in BCS theory and beyond

Medium polarization effects are studied for S-1(0) pairing in nuclear matter within BHF approach. The screening potential is calculated in the RPA limit, suitably renormalized to cure the low density mechanical instability of nuclear matter. The self-energy corrections are consistently included resulting in a strong depletion of the Fermi surface. The self-energy effects always lead to a quenching of the gap, whereas it is almost completely compensated by the anti-screening effect in nuclear matter.

Isospin dependence of nucleon (PF2)-P-3 superfluidity in asymmetric nuclear matter

We have investigated the isospin dependence of the neutron and proton (PF2)-P-3 superfluidity in isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter within the framework of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach and the BCS theory. We show that the (PF2)-P-3 neutron and proton pairing gaps depend sensitively on isospin asymmetry of asymmetric nuclear matter. As the isospin asymmetry increases, the neutron (PF2)-P-3 superfluidity becomes stronger and the peak value of the neutron (PF2)-P-3 pairing gap increases rapidly. The isospin dependence of the proton (PF2)-P-3 superfluidity is shown to be opposite to the neutron one. The proton (PF2)-P-3 superfluidity becomes weaker at a higher asymmetry and it even vanishes at high enough asymmetries. At high asymmetries, the neutron (PF2)-P-3 superfluidity turns out to be much stronger than the proton one, implying that the neutron (PF2)-P-3 superfluidity is dominated in the highly asymmetric dense interior of neutron stars.

Hot Nuclear Matter Equation of State and Finite Temperature Kaon Condensation

We perform a systematic calculation of the equation of state of asymmetric nuclear matter at finite temperature within the framework of the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach with a microscopic three-body force. When applying it to the study of hotka on condensed matter, we find that the thermal effect is more profound in comparison with normal matter, in particular around the threshold density. Also, the increase of temperature makes the equation of state slightly stiffer through suppression of kaon condensation.

Three-body force effect on P-3 F-2 neutron superfluidity in neutron matter, neutron star matter, and neutron stars

We investigate the effect of microscopic three-body forces on the P-3 F-2 neutron superfluidity in neutron matter, beta-stable neutron star matter, and neutron stars by using the BCS theory and the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach. We adopt the Argonne V18 potential supplemented with a microscopic three-body force as the realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction. We have concentrated on studying the three-body force effect on the P-3 F-2 neutron pairing gap. It is found that the three-body force effect considerably enhances the P-3 F-2 neutron superfluidity in neutron star matter and neutron stars.