Rakennusliikkeen arvonlisäverotus

Tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää rakentamisen arvonlisäverotusta. Tutkimuksen päätavoite on selventää rakentamispalvelun myynnin, rakentamispalvelun omaan käyttöön ottamisen ja perustajaurakoinnin arvonlisäverotukseen liittyviä eroavaisuuksia ja ongelmia. Erityistä huomiota on kiinnitetty rakentamispalvelun oman käytön verotukseen. Tutkielman tutkimusmenetelmänä on ymmärtämiseen ja selittämään pyrkivä kvalitatiivinen tutkimusmenetelmä. Rakentamisen ja kiinteistöjen arvonlisäverotus on käytännössä osoittautunut haastavaksi ja ongelmalliseksi. Siihen liittyy lukuisia poikkeuksia ja erityissäännöksiä. Laki on joissain kohdin ristiriidassa arvonlisäverodirektiivien kanssa. Laki on paikoin vaikeasti ymmärrettävää. Tämän vuoksi lain tulkinnasta onkin olemassa lukuisia oikeuden päätöksiä. Rakennusliikkeet kohtaavat myös käytännön ongelmia laskentatavoissa, eritoten rakentamispalvelun omaan käyttöön ottamisessa. Huolimatta lukuisista oikeuspäätöksistä, moni lain kohta on edelleen vaikeasti tulkittavissa. Moneen käytännön ongelmaan tarvittaisiin selkeitä ohjeita esim. veroviranomaisilta.

Rajatylittävä tuloksentasaus ja konserniverojärjestelmän uudistaminen

Ylivoimaisesti tärkeimpänä liiketoiminnan organisoitumismuotona voidaan pitää konsernia. Se muodostuu useasta juridisesti itsenäisestä yhtiöstä, jotka kokoavat yhden taloudellisen ja organisatorisen kokonaisuuden. Verotuksessa eri konserniyhtiöitä kohdellaan itsenäisinä yhtiöinä ja jokaiselle konserniyhtiölle lasketaan oma verotettava tuloksensa muista konserniyhtiöistä riippumatta. Konserniin kuuluvien yhtiöiden tuloksenmuodostus saattaa kuitenkin olla epätasaista, toiset tuottavat voittoa ja toiset tappiota. Erityisenä verohaasteena kansainvälisten konsernien välillä onkin se, että eri valtioissa sijaitsevien konserniyhtiöiden tuloksentasaus on mahdollinen vain poikkeustapauksissa. Kritiikin kohteena on ollut myös Suomen konserniverojärjestelmä. Erityisiksi ongelmiksi ovat nousseet yhtiöoikeudelliset, kirjanpidolliset ja EY-oikeudelliset asiat. Yritysten kansainvälistyessä ja laajentuessa Eurooppaan erityisesti rajatylittävä konserniavustus ja tappiontasaus ovat nousseet esille. Tästä johtuen EY-tuomioistuinkin on joutunut ottamaan kantaa tällaisiin yritysjärjestelyihin.

Disclosure of tax information -from tax reporting system to the financial statements, Case: Fortum Oyj

The main target of the study was to examine how Fortum’s tax reporting system could be developed in a way that it collects required information which is also easily transferable to the financial statements. This included examining disclosure requirements for income taxes under IFRS and US GAAP. By benchmarking some Finnish, European and US companies the purpose was to get perspective in what extend they present their tax information in their financial statements. Also material weakness, its existence, was under examination. The research method was qualitative, descriptive and normative. The research material included articles and literature of the tax reporting and standards relating to it. The interviews made had a notable significance. The study pointed out that Fortum’s tax reporting is in good shape and it does not require big changes. The biggest renewal of the tax reporting system is that there is only one model for all Fortum’s companies. It is also more automated, quicker, and more efficient and it reminds more the notes in its shape. In addition it has more internal controls to improve quality and efficiency of the reporting process.

Accounting research: a critical view of the present situation and prospects

In this study we critically review the internal procedures of the accounting community for generating and disseminating knowledge. We contend that academic journals on accounting research are scarce, publish few articles and apply high rejection rates, and the review process is lengthy and expensive. Additionally, an academic elite has unparalleled predominance in comparison to other business disciplines, reflected in an unusual share of published articles with authors affiliated to a small number of academic institutions, and the predominance of certain topics and methodologies. The discipline does not allow the collaborative, iterative and flexible features of innovative knowledge communities. The discipline¿s internal procedures favour restriction, control, slowness, and expiration, rather than participation, speed and renewal. They are ill suited for advancing knowledge and bode badly for successful research. As a result, accounting academics present low research performance and the discipline is facing steady decline. More importantly, the discipline is handicapped in producing innovative knowledge able to contribute to critical research and long term social well-being. We also focus on the Spanish institutional situation, arguing that Spanish requirements for reaching tenured positions are difficult for accountants to meet. We highlight the need to raise awareness of the problem and change the procedures.

Evolution of cameral accounting

Abstract

Incumbent audit firm-provided tax services and the clients with low financial reporting quality

This study investigates whether incumbent audit firm-provided tax services enhance or impair the likelihood of acknowledging client companies’ low financial reporting quality. In particular, we examine the association between tax-related fees and the likelihood of timely restatements, and internal control weakness disclosures among a sample of US companies that all have misstatements in financial information. The empirical findings indicate that companies paying higher tax-related fees are less likely to disclose SOX 404 internal control weakness disclosures, implying that underlying control problems are unacknowledged when incumbent audit firm provided tax-related fees are higher. However, the findings suggest that just providing both audit and tax-related services does not have an impact on audit quality per se, but rather it is the magnitude of the tax-related fees in particular that counts. We also find some evidence suggesting that companies paying higher tax-related fees have higher likelihood of restatement lags, whereas companies paying smaller tax-related fees to their audit firm restate financial statements in a timelier manner. Overall, the findings suggest that audit scrutiny of client companies with low quality financial reporting is weaker when the magnitude of tax-related fees is higher.

Accounting for adsorption and desorption in Lattice Boltzmann simulations

We report a Lattice-Boltzmann scheme that accounts for adsorption and desorption in the calculation of mesoscale dynamical properties of tracers in media of arbitrary complexity. Lattice Boltzmann simulations made it possible to solve numerically the coupled Navier-Stokes equations of fluid dynamics and Nernst-Planck equations of electrokinetics in complex, heterogeneous media. With the moment propagation scheme, it became possible to extract the effective diffusion and dispersion coefficients of tracers, or solutes, of any charge, e.g., in porous media. Nevertheless, the dynamical properties of tracers depend on the tracer-surface affinity, which is not purely electrostatic and also includes a species-specific contribution. In order to capture this important feature, we introduce specific adsorption and desorption processes in a lattice Boltzmann scheme through a modified moment propagation algorithm, in which tracers may adsorb and desorb from surfaces through kinetic reaction rates. The method is validated on exact results for pure diffusion and diffusion-advection in Poiseuille flows in a simple geometry. We finally illustrate the importance of taking such processes into account in the time-dependent diffusion coefficient in a more complex porous medium.

Service Quality of ASPs (Application Service Providers): Case of an E-accounting Service

Service quality has been a hot topic in services marketing research since the ‘80s. Although it has been widely researched in the B2C context, as well as there is some research in the B2B side, it has received very little attention specifically in the context of the ASP (Application Service Provider) business model. The thesis uses streams of service quality literature in B2C and B2B as well as research of the ASP model to form a comprehensive understanding of service quality in the context of the ASPs. The empirical part consists of a case study of Netvisor, a fast-growing Finnish ASP providing e-accounting services. The key findings are that some traditional service quality dimensions seem to apply also in the ASP context and the relative importance of some dimensions differs with regard to different customer levels. Suggestions are made to improve the service quality of the case company.

The Present State and a Development Plan of Cost Accounting in Batch Production of Wind Turbine Gears

The aim of this master’s thesis was to document the present state and to create a development plan for Moventas Wind’s cost accounting. The current cost accounting system was evaluated and most fundamental problems were chosen as areas of focus in development work. The development plan includes both short- and long-term development proposals for problems identified. This report presents two alternative models for product costing. Benchmarking of cost accounting practices and modern cost accounting theories were used in development of cost accounting. It was found that the current cost accounting system functions quite well and the adjustments in unit cost rate calculation have only a minor influence on costs of goods sold. An OEE-based standard cycle concept was also developed and it was found that the implementation of this new system is worthwhile in the long-term.

A comparative study of difficulties in accounting preparation and judgement in agriculture using fair value and historical cost accounting for biological assets valuation

This paper presents empirical research comparing the accounting difficulties that arise from the use of two valuation methods for biological assets, fair value (FV) and historical cost (HC) accounting, in the agricultural sector. It also compares how reliable each valuation method is in the decision-making process of agents within the sector. By conducting an experiment with students, farmers, and accountants operating in the agricultural sector, we find that they have more difficulties, make larger miscalculations and make poorer judgements with HC accounting than with FV accounting. In-depth interviews uncover flawed accounting practices in the agricultural sector in Spain in order to meet HC accounting requirements. Given the complexities of cost calculation for biological assets and the predominance of small family business units in advanced Western countries, the study concludes that accounting can be more easily applied in the agricultural sector under FV than HC accounting, and that HC conveys a less accurate grasp of the real situation of a farm.

Accounting manager : Servei web gestor de comptabilitat

Aquest projecte consisteix en un petit servei web de comptabilitat desenvolupat amb Vaadin framework, MySQL i Java. Dita aplicació permet crear factures i altres documents i portar-ne unes estadístiques de les figures relacionades amb aquesta comptabilitat. El fet d'utilitzar Vaadin permet desenvolupar aquest servei web mitjançant Java. Aquesta entrega es composa d'una presentació, la memòria i el producte (servei web+BD+instruccions).

Creating a customer profitability accounting model

Customer profitability accounting is a well-researched topic in the academic field, and it has been proved to posses rather undisputable benefits. However, the calculation of the customer profitabilities can be challenging, therefore the usage of the accounting is not self-explanatory in organizations. The aim of this study was to create a customer profitability accounting model for a wholesales unit in the case company to function as a sales management tool. The literature review of the study presents certain fundamental issues related to customer profitability accounting, in addition a theoretical framework for accounting model design is provided. The creation of the model was commenced by setting the requirements for it and examining the foundation of the model design, which consisted of for instance price setting and cost structure of products. This was followed by selecting approaches to the creation of the model. The result of the study was an accounting model, for which a determination of included revenues and costs was executed, along with the formulation of an allocation criteria of the costs. Lastly, the customer profitabilities were calculated in accordance with the accounting principles and the calculation logic of the model. The attained figures proved the model to provide an appropriate solution for obtaining the customer profitabilities and thus to use the accounting information as a sales management tool in for instance decision making and negotiation situations.

Pienen ja keskisuuren osakeyhtiön pääoma uudessa osakeyhtiölaissa

Tämä Pro Gradu tutkielman tavoitteena on selvittää, miten 1.9.2007 voimaan tullut uusi osakeyhtiölaki vaikuttaa pienten ja keskisuurten osakeyhtiöiden pääomanhallintaan. Vastausta etsitään myös siihen, toteutuivatko lakimuutoksessa asetetut tavoitteet pienen ja keskisuuren yrityksen näkökulmasta. Tutkimusmetodologiana käytetään käsiteanalyyttistä lähestymistapaa. Tutkielma on havainnoiva ja selittävä. Tutkimuksen analyysin lähteenä käytettävät yritystilanteet ovat kirjoittajan tilitoimistotyössä esiin tulleita. Lain kokonaisuudistuksessa eräs tavoite oli tehdä laista pienille osakeyhtiöille selkeä ja toimintaa helpottava. Lain teksti on helppolukuisempaa ja lain rakenne on selkeä. Etua monelle perustettavalle pienelle osakeyhtiölle on siitä, että perustaminen on yksinkertaistunut ja minimipääoma pienentynyt. Velkojien aseman parantamiseksi lakiin otetun maksukykyisyystestin ja joustavan rahoitusratkaisun tarjoavan sijoitetun vapaan pääoman rahaston voidaan myös katsoa auttavan pientä ja keskisuurta osakeyhtiötä toiminnassaan. Maksukykyisyystesti on hyödyllinen muistutus varovaisesta varojen jaosta ja SVOP rahasto on vaihtoehto pääomalainalle. Verolakien uudistamatta jääminen osakeyhtiölain muuttuessa on vaikeuttanut joidenkin OYL:n mahdollistamien uusien menettelytapojen käyttöönottoa.

Diesel/biodiesel soot oxidation with ceo2 and ceo2-zro2-modified cordierites: a facile way of accounting for their catalytic ability in fuel combustion processes

CeO2 and mixed CeO2-ZrO2 nanopowders were synthesized and efficiently deposited onto cordierite substrates, with the evaluation of their morphologic and structural properties through XRD, SEM, and FTIR. The modified substrates were employed as outer heterogeneous catalysts for reducing the soot originated from the diesel and diesel/biodiesel blends incomplete combustion. Their activity was evaluated in a diesel stationary motor, and a comparative analysis of the soot emission was carried out through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The analyses have shown that the catalyst-impregnated cordierite samples are very efficient for soot oxidation, being capable of reducing the soot emission in more than 60%.