A Divided City in a Common Market: EU Citizenship and Everyday Instrumentalities on the Polish-German Border

Based on an ethnographic case study in the border cities of Frankfurt (Oder), Germany and Słubice, Poland, this article explores the construction and maintenance of ethnic difference within the transnational economic and social spaces created by the European Union's common market. Through an examination of three domains of cross-border citizenship practice - shopping and consumption, housing and work - this article argues that even as the European Union deploys policies aimed at creating de-territorialised and supranational forms of identity and citizenship, economic asymmetries and hierarchies of value embedded within these policies grant rights differentially in ways that continue to be linked to ethnicity and nationality.

RailCity oder Hauptbahnhof?

In der neueren Designtheorie wird zur Zeit – auch in Bezug auf die Rhetorik – vermehrt der Aspekt der Wirkungsintention diskutiert; in Abgrenzung zur Analyse von 'Bedeutung' stehen in diesem Modell Produktion und Analyse in einem wirkungsgeleiteten Verhältnis. Ausgehend von der These, dass sich die beabsichtigten Nutzungen eines Gebäudes anhand des in und an ihm wirkenden Designs beschreiben lassen, wird am Beispiel des Berner Hauptbahnhofs ("SBB RailCity Bern") gezeigt, wie sich dessen 'design for shopping' zum 'design for transport' verhält. Die Architektur des Bahnhofs wird in diesem Setting weniger als 'gebauter Raum' verstanden als vielmehr als Träger und Auslöser von Informationsumgebungen, Blick- und Gangführungen, Stimmungsinszenierungen und Reizen – mit dem Ziel, Reisende und potentielle Konsument in ihrer jeweiligen Erlebniskette zu führen.

Distinct coping strategies differentially predict urge levels and lapses in a smoking cessation attempt

This study analysed mechanisms through which stress-coping and temptation-coping strategies were associated with lapses. Furthermore, we explored whether distinct coping strategies differentially predicted reduced lapse risk, lower urge levels, or a weaker association between urge levels and lapses during the first week of an unassisted smoking cessation attempt. Participants were recruited via the internet and mass media in Switzerland. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) with mobile devices was used to assess urge levels and lapses. Online questionnaires were used to measure smoking behaviours and coping variables at baseline, as well as smoking behaviour at the three-month follow-up. The sample consisted of 243 individuals, aged 20 to 40, who reported 4199 observations. Findings of multilevel regression analyses show that coping was mainly associated with a reduced lapse risk and not with lower urge levels or a weaker association between urge levels and lapses. 'Calming down' and 'commitment to change' predicted a lower lapse risk and also a weaker relation between urge levels and lapses. 'Stimulus control' predicted a lower lapse risk and lower urge levels. Conversely, 'task-orientation' and 'risk assessment' were related to higher lapse risk and 'risk assessment' also to higher urge levels. Disengagement coping i.e. 'eating or shopping', 'distraction', and 'mobilising social support' did not affect lapse risk. Promising coping strategies during the initial stage of smoking cessation attempt are targeted directly at reducing the lapse risk and are characterised by engagement with the stressor or one's reactions towards the stressor and a focus on positive consequences instead of health risks.

Perceived usefulness of RFID-enabled information services – a systematic approach

Even though RFID technology is currently gaining importance mainly in logistics, usage areas, such as shopping or after-sales enhancements beyond the supply chain are envisioned. Yet, while RFID hits the street it is questioned if it may undermine one’s privacy while providing few customer benefits. Meeting this criticism this paper investigates RFID-enabled information services and the drivers of their usefulness for consumers. The article claims that the more risk one associates with a product the more benefit from RFID-enabled information services is perceived. We show empirically that the nature of product risk provides a useful framework to decide on the types of RFID information services a marketer should offer to create RFID usefulness perceptions and increase technology acceptance.

Riding the Escalator: How Dangerous is it Really?

INTRODUCTION About 10,000 escalator-related injuries per year result in emergency department treatment in the United States. Since the 1990s, a steady increase has been reported, but few statistics on escalator-related injuries have been published worldwide. We have therefore analyzed escalator accident statistics in admissions to our hospital in Switzerland since 2000. METHODS Using retrospective electronic patient chart analysis, we included in our study patients >16 years treated over an 11-year period. We categorized patients in terms of gender, age and associated risk factors, and classified accidents according to day, time, location and cause. Resulting trauma was categorized according to type and location. We divided post-admission treatment into surgical and conservative, and into treatment as an outpatient, in a short-stay unit, or as a hospital admission. Women and men were compared using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS We identified 173 patients with 285 discrete injuries. Of these, 87 patients (50%) were women. Fifty-three (61%) of the women and 38 (44%) of the men were >60 years old (P = 0.033). Fifty percent of the men (43/86) of the men, but only 7% (6/87) of the women showed signs of alcohol intoxication (P < 0.0001). Accidents in women occurred predominantly on Tuesdays (19/87; 22%) between 12pm and 6pm (35/87; 40%), and in men on Saturdays (16/86; 19%) between 6pm and 12am (29/86; 34%; P = 0.0097). Sixty-two percent (44/71) of the accidents were in public transport facilities and 30% (21/71) in shopping centers. The majority of injuries in women were to the lower extremities (49/87; 56%), while most accidents in men were to the head and neck (51/86; 59%; P = 0.0052). About half (90; 52%) of the patients were treated conservatively. Almost half of all patients (76, 44%) required hospital admission. Of those, 45% left the hospital within 24 hours of admission (short stay unit) and 55% stayed longer than 24 hours. CONCLUSION Escalator accidents can result in severe trauma. Significant gender differences in escalator accidents have been observed. Alcohol intoxication and age are significant risk factors in escalator-related accidents and might be possible targets for preventive measures.

Trade Governance in the Digital Age (Preface)

The development of new digital technologies has resulted in significant transformations in daily life, from the arrival of online shopping to more fundamental changes in the ways we work and communicate. Many of these changes raise questions that transcend market access and liberalisation and demand cooperation and coherent regulatory design. International trade regulation has hitherto not reacted in a forward-looking manner to the digital revolution; particularly at the multilateral level, legal engineering has yielded few tangible results. This book examines whether WTO laws possess the necessary flexibility and resilience to accommodate the changes brought about by burgeoning digital trade. By revealing both the potential and the limitations of the WTO framework, it provides a broad picture of the interaction between digital technologies and trade regulation, links the often disconnected discourses of international trade law, intellectual property and cyberlaw, and explores discrete problems in different domains of global trade regulation.

Scheduling in service systems: an application in the event-tourism industry

This paper deals with an event-bus tour booked by Bollywood film fans. During the tour, the participants visit selected locations of famous Bollywood films at various sites in Switzerland. Moreover, the tour includes stops for lunch and shopping. Each day, up to five buses operate the tour; for organizational reasons, two or more buses cannot stay at the same location simultaneously. The planning problem is how to compute a feasible schedule for each bus such that the total waiting time (primary objective) and the total travel time (secondary objective) are minimized. We formulate this problem as a mixed-integer linear program, and we report on computational results obtained with the Gurobi solver.

A mixed-integer linear programming approach to the optimization of event-bus schedules: a scheduling application in the tourism sector

This paper deals with “The Enchanted Journey,” which is a daily event tour booked by Bollywood-film fans. During the tour, the participants visit original sites of famous Bollywood films at various locations in Switzerland; moreover, the tour includes stops for lunch and shopping. Each day, up to five buses operate the tour. For operational reasons, however, two or more buses cannot stay at the same location simultaneously. Further operative constraints include time windows for all activities and precedence constraints between some activities. The planning problem is how to compute a feasible schedule for each bus. We implement a two-step hierarchical approach. In the first step, we minimize the total waiting time; in the second step, we minimize the total travel time of all buses. We present a basic formulation of this problem as a mixed-integer linear program. We enhance this basic formulation by symmetry-breaking constraints, which reduces the search space without loss of generality. We report on computational results obtained with the Gurobi Solver. Our numerical results show that all relevant problem instances can be solved using the basic formulation within reasonable CPU time, and that the symmetry-breaking constraints reduce that CPU time considerably.

Coalition Structures and Policy Change in a Consensus Democracy

This paper studies the relation between coalition structures in policy processes and policy change. While different factors such as policy images, learning processes, external events, or venue shopping are important to explain policy change, coalition structures within policy processes are often neglected. However, policy change happens as a result of negotiations and coordination among coalitions within policy processes. The paper analyzes how conflict, collaboration, and power relations among coalitions of actors influence policy change in an institutional context of a consensus democracy. Empirically, I rely on a Qualitative Comparative Analysis to conduct a cross-sector comparison of the 11 most important policy processes in Switzerland between 2001 and 2006. Coalition structures with low conflict and strong collaboration among coalitions as well as structures with dominant coalitions and weak collaboration both facilitate major policy change. Competing coalitions that are separated by strong conflict but still collaborate strongly produce policy outputs that are close to the status quo.

Point of decision signs and stair use in a university worksite setting: General versus specific messages

Point-of-decision signs to promote stair use have been found to be effective in various environments. However, these signs have been more consistently successful in public access settings that use escalators, such as shopping centers and transportation stations, compared to worksite settings, which are more likely to contain elevators that are not directly adjacent to the stairs. Therefore, this study tested the effectiveness of two point-of-decision sign prompts to increase stair use in a university worksite setting. Also, this study investigated the importance of the message content of the signs. One sign displayed a general health promotion message, while the other sign presented more specific information. Overall, this project examined whether the presence of the point-of-decision signs increases stair use. In addition, this research determined whether the general or specific sign promotes greater stair use. ^ Inconspicuous observers measured stair use both before the signs were present and while they were posted. The study setting was the University of Texas School of Nursing, and the target population was anyone who entered the building, including employees, students, and visitors. The study was conducted over six weeks and included two weeks of baseline measurement, two weeks with the general sign posted, and two weeks with the specific sign posted. Each sign was displayed on a stand in the decision point area near the stairs and the elevator. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. ^ After adjustment for covariates, the odds of stair use were significantly greater during the intervention period than the baseline period. Furthermore, the specific sign period showed significantly greater odds of stair use than the general sign period. These results indicate that a point-of-decision sign intervention can be effective at promoting stair use in a university worksite setting and that a sign with a specific health information message may be more effective at promoting stair use than a sign with a general health promotion message. These findings can be considered when planning future worksite and university based stair promotion interventions.^

La expansión urbana y procesos sociales en Yerba Buena (Gran San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán) : countries y barrios privados

En Argentina el auge de las urbanizaciones cerradas se produjo a fines de los ochenta y principios de los noventa y ocurrió en las principales ciudades del país: Buenos Aires (Janoschka 2003; Svampa 2003), Rosario (Bragos et al 2003), Mendoza (Roitman 2003) y Tucumán (Malizia y Paolasso 2007). El fenómeno de las urbanizaciones cerradas también se reproduce, en menor escala, en ciudades intermedias como el Gran San Miguel de Tucumán -GSMT- (Mertins 1995). Este trabajo hace análisis de la distribución espacial de las urbanizaciones cerradas, cambios que se producen en la estructura urbana y procesos sociales resultantes de la interacción entre “los de adentro" y “los de afuera". El mismo se focaliza en el municipio de Yerba Buena, ubicado al oeste del GSMT, dado que concentra la mayor cantidad de urbanizaciones cerradas del aglomerado; en el 2005 ya se habían construido 45 emprendimientos de este tipo. En la actualidad en esta zona se conjugan la vivienda social, la ocupación ilegal de terrenos, los asentamientos precarios y los emprendimientos residenciales destinados a la clase media alta y alta (Müller 2000/01; Mertins 1995). Estos últimos impulsan la conformación de un CBD en rápida expansión y la construcción de centros comerciales, entretenimientos y otros en sus fronteras de avance. Esta expansión produce, a su vez, la fragmentación de la ciudad que se manifiesta en una marcada tendencia hacia una “ciudad de islas", tal como lo expresa Janoschka (2002) en su nuevo modelo de análisis de las metrópolis latinoamericanas.

Aportes del enfoque de la inteligencia territorial al estudio del espacio de comercialización informal

El Observatorio de Política Urbanística, Dinámica Inmobiliaria y Procesos Urbanos (FADU-UBA), indaga entre otros temas, el origen y evolución de los procesos urbanos formales e informales que espejan las transformaciones del ámbito territorial urbano-metropolitano de Buenos Aires enmarcadas en la transición de siglos XX y XXI. Estos procesos se interpretan como resultado de las relaciones entre las intervenciones planificadas y las mediaciones espontáneas de los diversos actores del crecimiento y desarrollo de la ciudad. El enfoque de 'Inteligencia Territorial' (IT) es de valioso aporte al Observatorio, ya que a través del mismo se identifican y examinan las prácticas urbanísticas y políticas públicas que inciden en dichas transformaciones territoriales. Este trabajo presenta avances de una sub-línea de investigación en curso, referida al espacio urbano de comercialización que proliferó entre fin del siglo XX y comienzo del XXI, tanto en períodos recesivos como en los de crecimiento económico: el espacio de comercialización formal y en particular el informal, bajo tipologías de localización centralizada o de tipo enclave (como los centros de compras de tipo shopping, hipermercados y servicios de ocio y recreación, o centralidades temáticas en torno a corredores viales rápidos del periurbano en proceso de expansión, o la Feria La Salada) o dispersa (como los centros o mercados de conveniencia, o ferias populares de artículos usados en proximidad a estaciones ferroviarias o al interior de lotes). Aspirando a contribuir al debate y la reflexión sobre los aportes del enfoque de la 'Inteligencia Territorial', se presenta fundamento empírico a partir del relevamiento de algunas de estas tipologías informales y su geo-referencia a través de sistemas de información territorial, analizando aspectos de su impacto territorial (especialmente en la matriz ambiental y socio- económica), y contrastando sus lógicas de localización con las del espacio de comercialización formal, ya registrado y analizado en diversos estudios del Observatorio y de otros equipos de investigación

Espacios de consumo populares : Las ferias comerciales de indumentaria en Argentina

En el periodo actual, la expansión del consumo en el territorio se materializa en las ciudades evidenciándose el avance y la instalación de diferentes espacios de consumo. Por un lado, espacios de consumo de grandes capitales del circuito superior como son los shopping center, supermercados e hipermercados y por otro lado, espacios de consumo populares como las ferias comerciales de indumentaria y accesorios, denominadas muchas veces shopping populares, con características distintivas del circuito inferior de la economía urbana (Santos, 1979). En este sentido, se observa que cada vez más las variables distintivas del período como son la técnica, la información, la publicidad, las finanzas, el crédito, entre otras, se hacen presentes en este tipo de actividades.Proponemos en este artículo reflexionar sobre la importancia de estas variables haciendo énfasis en el consumo y en los diversos espacios comerciales. Se presentan brevemente las características del periodo actual y la centralidad del consumo. Luego, se profundiza sobre los espacios de consumo populares como son las ferias comerciales de indumentaria en Argentina para finalmente explicar sintéticamente el caso de la mega- feria "La Salada".

Cambios en la distribución minorista de alimentos y bebidas en Argentina 2001-2003 : Hacia nuevas horizontalidades territoriales

Se presentan en este trabajo los principales cambios en la distribución minorista de alimentos y bebidas en la Argentina iniciados con la crisis económica, política y social del año 2001. El territorio usado por parte de los actores sociales involucrados, como las empresas de diferentes tamaños (desde hipermercados a almacenes), y las personas (consumidores), ya no solo responderá a un orden global y a verticalidades territoriales, sino que muchas de estas nuevas tendencias estarán comandadas por normas locales relacionadas con la horizontalidad territorial. Entre estos cambios, son los más importantes: el consumo orientado a las ofertas; a empaques más chicos; a segundas y terceras marcas; a marcas propias de supermercados; a una nueva frecuencia en la realización de las compras; a la combinación de varios canales de distribución con el fenómeno denominado "vuelta al barrio", y a compras de productos sueltos.

Espacios de consumo populares : Las ferias comerciales de indumentaria en Argentina

En el periodo actual, la expansión del consumo en el territorio se materializa en las ciudades evidenciándose el avance y la instalación de diferentes espacios de consumo. Por un lado, espacios de consumo de grandes capitales del circuito superior como son los shopping center, supermercados e hipermercados y por otro lado, espacios de consumo populares como las ferias comerciales de indumentaria y accesorios, denominadas muchas veces shopping populares, con características distintivas del circuito inferior de la economía urbana (Santos, 1979). En este sentido, se observa que cada vez más las variables distintivas del período como son la técnica, la información, la publicidad, las finanzas, el crédito, entre otras, se hacen presentes en este tipo de actividades.Proponemos en este artículo reflexionar sobre la importancia de estas variables haciendo énfasis en el consumo y en los diversos espacios comerciales. Se presentan brevemente las características del periodo actual y la centralidad del consumo. Luego, se profundiza sobre los espacios de consumo populares como son las ferias comerciales de indumentaria en Argentina para finalmente explicar sintéticamente el caso de la mega- feria "La Salada".