953 resultados para S-locus F-box
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Máster en Oceanografía
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Nella presente tesi viene affrontato il comportamento di materiali granulari sotto carico dinamico. In particolare, viene presentata la sperimentazione di laboratorio seguita presso il Nottingham Transportation Engineering Centre dell'Università di Nottingham, la costruzione del box test e le prove dinamiche eseguite sul materiale granulare rinforzato e non.
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VILLA “CAPELLO - MORA”: PROGETTO DI RESTAURO E RIFUNZIONALIZZAZIONE
Il restauro è da intendere come un intervento diretto sull’opera, e anche come sua eventuale modifica, condotta sempre sotto un rigoroso controllo tecnico-scientifico e storico-critico, se parliamo di conservazione, intendiamo l’operare in un intento di salvaguardia e di prevenzione, da attuare proprio per evitare che si debba poi intervenire con il restauro, che comprende un evento traumatico per il manufatto.
Un seconda parola chiave in questo discorso è la “materia” il restauro interviene sulla materia di un monumento e questa costituisce il tramite dei valori culturali antichi, la sua conservazione e il suo restauro garantisce la trasmissione anche dei significati estetici, storici simbolici del costruito. Ma certamente influisce il tempo sulle cose per cui il progetto di restauro non può astenersi dall’intervenire, in una logica di minimo intervento, di reversibilità, di facile lettura.
Il concetto di nuovo in un opera antica, concetto che a parere personale, pare centrare in pieno il problema. Il nuovo infatti “deve avere carattere di autonomia e di chiara leggibilità: come l’<
A Phase Space Box-counting based Method for Arrhythmia Prediction from Electrocardiogram Time Series
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Arrhythmia is one kind of cardiovascular diseases that give rise to the number of deaths and potentially yields immedicable danger. Arrhythmia is a life threatening condition originating from disorganized propagation of electrical signals in heart resulting in desynchronization among different chambers of the heart. Fundamentally, the synchronization process means that the phase relationship of electrical activities between the chambers remains coherent, maintaining a constant phase difference over time. If desynchronization occurs due to arrhythmia, the coherent phase relationship breaks down resulting in chaotic rhythm affecting the regular pumping mechanism of heart. This phenomenon was explored by using the phase space reconstruction technique which is a standard analysis technique of time series data generated from nonlinear dynamical system. In this project a novel index is presented for predicting the onset of ventricular arrhythmias. Analysis of continuously captured long-term ECG data recordings was conducted up to the onset of arrhythmia by the phase space reconstruction method, obtaining 2-dimensional images, analysed by the box counting method. The method was tested using the ECG data set of three different kinds including normal (NR), Ventricular Tachycardia (VT), Ventricular Fibrillation (VF), extracted from the Physionet ECG database. Statistical measures like mean (μ), standard deviation (σ) and coefficient of variation (σ/μ) for the box-counting in phase space diagrams are derived for a sliding window of 10 beats of ECG signal. From the results of these statistical analyses, a threshold was derived as an upper bound of Coefficient of Variation (CV) for box-counting of ECG phase portraits which is capable of reliably predicting the impeding arrhythmia long before its actual occurrence. As future work of research, it was planned to validate this prediction tool over a wider population of patients affected by different kind of arrhythmia, like atrial fibrillation, bundle and brunch block, and set different thresholds for them, in order to confirm its clinical applicability.
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Die räumliche und zeitliche Organisation von Genexpression ist für die Entwicklung und das Funktionieren eines jeden Lebewesens von immenser Bedeutung. Dazu laufen eine Vielzahl von Regulationsprozessen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen ab. In dieser Arbeit wurden im ersten Teil Untersuchungen zur Genregulation des Drosophila optomotor-blind Genes und zur Funktion des Omb Proteins durchgeführt. Eine Mutante, der ein großer Teil der upstream regulatory region (URR) fehlt wurde erzeugt, aus einer Vielzahl von Linien isoliert und molekular charakterisiert. Die biologischen Auswirkungen dieser Deletion werden in Shen et al. (2008) beschrieben. Plasmide zur Erzeugung transgener Fliegen, mit deren Hilfe eine bereits von Sivasankaran et al. (2000) durchgeführte Enhancer-reporter-Analyse vervollständigt werden sollte, wurden hergestellt. Die bereits bekannte Inversion In(1)ombH31 wurde molekular kartiert. Eine Reihe von Konstrukten mit Punktmutationen in der Omb T-Domäne wurden generiert, die unter anderem über deren Funktion hinsichtlich DNA-Protein Interaktion und einer potentiellen Metallionenbindefähigkeit (ATCUN) hin Aufschluss geben sollen. Des Weiteren wurde eine Reihe von P-Element-Deletionslinien auf den Verlust eines alternativen omb Transkriptionsstartpunktes hin untersucht, mit dem Ziel eine vollständige Protein-Nullmutante zur Verfügung zu haben. Der zweite Abschnitt dieser Arbeit befasste sich mit der Erzeugung von Dpp-GFP-Fusionskonstrukten, mit deren Hilfe weitere Erkenntnisse über den Dpp-Langstreckentransport erhofft werden. Es wurde außerdem damit begonnen bei einem weitern Drosophila T-Box Transkriptionsfaktor, Optomotor-blind related gene-1 (Org-1), eine Reihe von Varianten mit homopolymeren polyAlanin und polyGlutamin Expansionen unterschiedlicher Länge herzustellen. Durch Experimente mit diesen Konstrukten soll Aufschluss darüber gewonnen werden, ob Glutamin-Expansionen, wie in der Literatur vorgeschlagen, aktivierend und Alanin-Expansionen in Transkriptionsfaktoren vielleicht reprimierend auf Genaktivität wirken. Letztlich wurden in dieser Arbeit im Rahmen des DROSDEL Projektes (Ryder et al., 2004, 2007) Deletionen in der distalen Hälfte des Chromosomenarms 3R hergestellt. Der DROSDEL Deletionskit, der durch eine Kooperation europäischer Labore entstand stellt der Drosophila Forschung einen umfassenden Satz molekular basengenau definierter Defizienzen zur Verfügung.
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The human DMD locus encodes dystrophin protein. Absence or reduced levels of dystrophin (DMD or BMD phenotype, respectively) lead to progressive muscle wasting. Little is known about the complex coordination of dystrophin expression and its transcriptional regulation is a field of intense interest. In this work we found that DMD locus harbours multiple long non coding RNAs which orchestrate and control transcription of muscle dystrophin mRNA isoforms. These lncRNAs are tissue-specific and highly expressed during myogenesis, suggesting a possible role in tissue-specific expression of DMD gene isoforms. Their forced ectopic expression in human muscle and neuronal cells leads to a specific and negative regulation of endogenous dystrophin full lenght isoforms. An intriguing aspect regarding the transcription of the DMD locus is the gene size (2.4Mb). The mechanism that ensures the complete synthesis of the primary transcript and the coordinated splicing of 79 exons is still completely unknown. By ChIP-on-chip analyses, we discovered novel regions never been involved before in the transcription regulation of the DMD locus. Specifically, we observed enrichments for Pol II, P-Ser2, P-Ser5, Ac-H3 and 2Me-H3K4 in an intronic region of 3Kb (approximately 21Kb) downstream of the end of DMD exon 52 and in a region of 4Kb spanning the DMD exon 62. Interestingly, this latter region and the TSS of Dp71 are strongly marked by 3Me-H3K36, an histone modification associated with the regulation of splicing process. Furthermore, we also observed strong presence of open chromatin marks (Ac-H3 and 2Me-H3K4) around intron 34 and the exon 45 without presence of RNA pol II. We speculate that these two regions may exert an enhancer-like function on Dp427m promoter, although further investigations are necessary. Finally, we investigated the nuclear-cytoplasmic compartmentalization of the muscular dystrophin mRNA and, specifically, we verified whether the exon skipping therapy could influence its cellular distribution.
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Zusammenfassung:rnrnDas Ziel der Arbeit bestand darin mehr über die Funktion des T-Box Transkriptionsfaktors Omb zu erfahren. Dm omb ist der nächste Verwandte zu Hs Tbx2/3, die wegen ihrer Rolle bei verschiedenen Krebsarten für die Entwicklung neuer Therapien bedeutsam sind. rnIn drei, von Herrn Pflugfelder hergestellten, omb Allelen l(1)omb282, l(1)omb12, l(1)omb15 wurden neue Mutationen kartiert. Dabei handelt es sich um zwei missense-Mutationen und eine Stopmutation. Sie betreffen Aminosäurereste, die in allen T-Box Proteinen konserviert sind und daher vermutlich lebenswichtige Proteinabschnitte betreffen. In EMSA Versuchen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die missense-Mutationen die DNA-Bindung des Omb-T Proteins verhindern.rnFür die Suche nach Omb Zielgenen wurden Gene und phylogenetisch konservierte TBE-Genabschnitte auf ihre Regulation durch Omb getestet. Dabei wurde das Expressionsmuster von Genen mitels in situ und das Muster von enhancer getriebener β-Gal Expression histochemisch oder durch Immunfärbung von wildtypischen und l(1)omb15 Larven des dritten Stadiums verglichen. rnUpstream der mirr Transkriptionseinheit wurde ein cis-regulatorisches TBE-Fragment identifiziert, das ein Aktivitätsmuster in Flügelimaginalscheiben zeigte, welches dem von Mirr nahe kommt. Sowohl ein Omb Verlust als auch die Mutation der TBE Sequenz führten zu einer ähnlichen ektopischen Aktivierung des Fragments, was auf eine Abhängigkeit von Omb hinweist. rnIn der intronischen Sequenz von inv wurde ebenfalls ein TBE-Fragment entdeckt, das eine β-Gal-Aktivität in Flügelscheiben des späten L3 Stadiums anterior der A/P Grenze zeigte. Diese Expression könnte sich mit der späten für en/inv beschriebenen Expression (Blair, 1992) decken. Immunfärbungen bestätigten, dass der Verlust dieser Aktivität in omb0 tatsächlich durch den Verlust von Omb hervorgerufen wird und nicht durch eine Entwicklungsverzögerung der Larven verursacht wird.rnSchließlich wurde durch die Reparatur von TBX Expressionsvektoren eine Konstruktreihe (Legler, 2010) fertiggestellt, mit deren Hilfe die Auswirkungen einer Überexpression auf die Zellmotilität in Drosophila untersucht werden kann. Das soll helfen den Einfluss von TBX Proteinen auf die Invasivität von Krebszellen zu verstehen.rn
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We investigate the Torelli locus of abelian and cyclic covers of the projective line for occurrence of Shimura subvarieties. Amon other things, we show that under some conditions there are no Shimura subvarieties in this locus.
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In a prior bioinformatic analysis by Hüyseyin Binbas, potential Tbx targets sequences in wing-related genes have been identified. Guided by this information, enhancer trap/reporter lacZ insertions were characterized by X-gal staining first in wildtype and then in l(1)omb imaginal discs.rnIn several lines I observed an increase in reporter expression in a l(1)omb mutant background. Since Omb is assumed to function predominantly as a transcriptional repressor, this may indicate direct regulation. Repression by Omb was observed e.g. for brk and tkv. These genes are negatively regulated by Dpp, while omb is induced by Dpp. Omb which mediates the effects of Dpp on proliferation could, thus, also mediate the Dpp effect on patterning of the wing disc. However, brk and tkv were not completely derepressed in l(1)omb indicating that Dpp represses these genes also by an Omb-independent mechanism.rnMore frequently I observed loss of reporter expression in an l(1)omb mutant background. In these cases, regulation by Omb presumably is indirect. For example, STAT92E-lacZ expression in the wildtype eye was symmetrically expressed at the dorsal and ventral margins. In l(1)omb, ventral expression was selectively lost. Loss of omb is known to cause ventral overproliferation of the eye by activation of the Jak/STAT pathway. STAT92E expression is negatively regulated by Jak/STAT signaling suggesting that loss of omb activates Jak/STAT further upstream in the pathway.rnRegional overproliferation of eye and wing in the l(1)omb mutant background proved a complicating issue in the search for Omb targets. This effect made it difficult to decide whether an expanded reporter expression pattern was due to tissue expansion or reporter gene derepression. For instance hth-lacZ appeared to expand along the ventral eye disc margin in l(1)omb. Without addtional experiments it cannot be concluded whether this is due to de-repression or to activation in association with the proliferative state. Parallel to my experiments, evidence accumulated in our laboratory that loss of omb may attenuate Wg and Hegehog signaling. Since these diffusible proteins are the main patterning molecules in the wing imaginal disc, with dpp being downstream of Hh, many of the observed effects could be secondary to reduced Wg and Hh activity. Examples are ab-lacZ, Dll-lacZ and vgBE-lacZ (reduced expression on the dorso-ventral boundary) and inv-lacZ (late larval expression in the anterior wing disc compartment is lost) or sal-lacZ. Epistasis experiment will be required to clarifiy these issues.rnFurthermore, loss of omb appeared to induce cell fate changes. It was reported previously that in an omb null mutant, the dorsal determinant apterous (ap) is ectopically expressed in the ventral compartment (an effect I did not observe with the strongly hypomorphic l(1)omb15, indicating strong dose dependence). Ventral repression of ap is maintained by epigenetic mechanisms. The patchy and variable nature of ectopic expression of ap or grn-1.1-lacZ points to an effect of omb on epigenetic stability.rnIn the second part of my thesis, an analysis of Omb expression in the Drosophila embryonic ventral nervous system was performed. Omb was found co-expressed with Eve in the medial aCC and RP2 motorneurons as well as the fpCC interneuron and the mediolateral CQ neurons. Additionally, Omb was detected in the Eg positive NB7-3 GW serotonergic motoneuron and the N2-4 neurons. Omb was not found in Repo positive glial cells. During embryonic stage 14, Omb showed some coepression with Dpn or Pros. At the embryonic stage 16, Omb was expressed in minor subset of Mid and Wg positive cells.
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The transcription factor PU.1 is essential for myeloid development. Targeted disruption of an upstream regulatory element (URE) decreases PU.1 expression by 80% and leads to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. Here, we sequenced the URE sequences of PU.1 in 120 AML patients. Four polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) in the URE were observed, with homozygosity in all SNPs in 37 patients. Among them, we compared samples at diagnosis and remission, and one patient with cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia M2 was identified with heterozygosity in 3 of the SNPs in the URE at remission. Loss of heterozygosity was further found in this patient at 2 polymorphic sites in the 5' promoter region and in 2 intronic sites flanking exon 4, thus suggesting loss of heterozygosity covering at least 40 kb of the PU.1 locus. Consistently, PU.1 expression in this patient was markedly reduced. Our study suggests that heterozygous deletion of the PU.1 locus can be associated with human AML.
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Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) account for the majority of end-stage renal disease in children (50%). Previous studies have mapped autosomal dominant loci for CAKUT. We here report a genome-wide search for linkage in a large pedigree of Somalian descent containing eight affected individuals with a non-syndromic form of CAKUT.