Herbrand Theorems for Substructural Logics

Herbrand and Skolemization theorems are obtained for a broad family of first-order substructural logics. These logics typically lack equivalent prenex forms, a deduction theorem, and reductions of semantic consequence to satisfiability. The Herbrand and Skolemization theorems therefore take various forms, applying either to the left or right of the consequence relation, and to restricted classes of formulas.

Geochemical synthesis for the Effingen Member in boreholes at Oftringen, Gösgen and Küttigen

The Effingen Member is a low-permeability rock unit of Oxfordian age (ca. 160 Ma) that occurs across northern Switzerland. It comprises sandy calcareous marls and (argillaceous) limestones. This report describes the hydrogeochemistry, mineralogy and supporting physical properties of the Effingen Member in three boreholes in the Jura-Südfuss area: Oftringen, Gösgen and Küttigen, where it is 220–240 m thick. The top of the Effingen Member is at 420, 66 and 32 m depths at the three sites. Core materials are available from Oftringen and Gösgen, whereas information from Küttigen is limited to cuttings, in-situ hydrogeological testing and geophysical logging. Hydrogeological boundaries of the Effingen Member vary between locations. Ground-water flows were identified during drilling at the top (Geissberg Member), but not at the base, of the Effingen Member at Oftringen, at the base (Hauptrogenstein Formation) of the Effingen Member at Gösgen, and in a limestone layer (Gerstenhübel unit) within the Effingen Member at Küttigen. The marls and limestones of the Effingen Member have carbonate contents of 46–91 wt.-% and clay-mineral contents of 5–37 wt.-%. Pyrite contents are up to 1.6 wt.-%, but no sulphate minerals were detected by routine analyses. Clay minerals are predominantly mixed-layer illite-smectite, illite and kaolinite, with sporadic traces of chlorite and smectite. Veins filled with calcite ± celestite occur through the Effingen Member at Oftringen but not at Gösgen or Küttigen. They formed at 50–70 ºC from externally derived fluids, probably of Miocene age. Water contents are 0.7–4.2 wt.-%, corresponding to a water-loss porosity range of 1.9–10.8 vol.-%. Specific surface areas, measured by the BET method, are 2–30 m2/g, correlating with clay-mineral contents. Water activity has been measured and yielded surprisingly low values down to 0.8. These cannot be explained by pore-water salinity alone and include other effects, such as changes in the fabric due to stress release or partial saturation. Observed variations in measurements are not fully understood. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable cation populations have been studied by the Ni-en method. CEC, derived from the consumption of the index cation Ni, is 9–99 meq/kgrock at a solid:liquid ratio of 1, correlating with the clay-mineral content. Cation concentrations in Ni-en extract solutions are in the order Na+≥Ca2+>Mg2+>K+>Sr2+. However, the analytical results from the Ni-en extractions have additional contributions from cations originating from pore water and from mineral dissolution reactions that occurred during extraction, and it was not possible to reliably quantify these contributions. Therefore, in-situ cation populations and selectivity coefficients could not be derived. A suite of methods have been used for characterising the chemical compositions of pore waters in the Effingen Member. Advective displacement was used on one sample from each Oftringen and Gösgen and is the only method that produces results that approach complete hydrochemical compositions. Aqueous extraction was used on core samples from these two boreholes and gives data only for Cl- and, in some cases, Br-. Out-diffusion was used on core samples from Oftringen and similarly gives data for Cl- and Br- only. For both aqueous extraction and out-diffusion, reaction of the experimental water with rock affected concentrations of cations, SO42 and alkalinity in experimental solutions. Another method, centrifugation, failed to extract pore water. Stable isotope ratios (δ18O and δ2H) of pore waters in core samples from Oftringen were analysed by the diffusive exchange method and helium contents of pore water in Oftringen samples were extracted for mass spectrometric analysis by quantitative outgassing of preserved core samples. Several lines of evidence indicate that drillcore samples might not have been fully saturated when opened and subsampled in the laboratory. These include comparisons of water-loss porosities with physical porosities, water-activity measurements, and high contents of dissolved gas as inferred from ground-water samples. There is no clear proof of partial saturation and it is unclear whether this might represent in-situ conditions or is due to exsolution of gas due to the pressure release since drilling. Partial saturation would have no impact on the recalculation of pore-water compositions from aqueous extraction experiments using water-loss porosity data. The largest uncertainty in the pore-water Cl- concentrations recalculated from aqueous extraction and out-diffusion experiments is the magnitude of the anion-accessible fraction of water-loss porosity. General experience of clay-mineral rich formations suggests that the anion-accessible porosity fraction is very often about 0.5 and generally in a range of 0.3 to 0.6 and tends to be inversely correlated with clay-mineral contents. Comparisons of the Cl- concentration in pore water obtained by advective displacement with that recalculated from aqueous extraction of an adjacent core sample suggests a fraction of 0.27 for an Oftringen sample, whereas the same procedure for a Gösgen sample suggests a value of 0.64. The former value for anion-accessible porosity fraction is presumed to be unrepresentative given the local mineralogical heterogeneity at that depth. Through-diffusion experiments with HTO and 36Cl- suggest that the anion-accessible porosity fraction in the Effingen Member at Oftringen and Gösgen is around 0.5. This value is proposed as a typical average for rocks of the Effingen Member, bearing in mind that it varies on a local scale in response to the heterogeneity of lithology and pore-space architecture. The substantial uncertainties associated with the approaches to estimating anion-accessible porosity propagate into the calculated values of in-situ pore-water Cl- concentrations. On the basis of aqueous extraction experiments, and using an anion-accessible porosity fraction of 0.5, Cl- concentrations in the Effingen Member at Oftringen reach a maximum of about 14 g/L in the centre. Cl- decreases upwards and downwards from that, forming a curved depth profile. Cl- contents in the Effingen Member at Gösgen increase with depth from about 3.5 g/L to about 14 g/L at the base of the cored profile (which corresponds to the centre of the formation). Out-diffusion experiments were carried out on four samples from Oftringen, distributed through the Effingen Member. Recalculated Cl- concentrations are similar to those from aqueous extraction for 3 out of the 4 samples, and somewhat lower for one sample. Concentrations of other components, i.e. Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, SO42- and HCO3- cannot be obtained from the aqueous extraction and out-diffusion experimental data because of mineral dissolution and cation exchange reactions during the experiments. Pore-water pH also is not constrained by those extraction experiments. The only experimental approach to obtain complete pore-water compositions for samples from Oftringen and Gösgen is advective displacement of pore water. The sample from Oftringen used for this experiment is from 445 m depth in the upper part of the Effingen Member and gave eluate with 16.5 g/L Cl- whereas aqueous extraction from a nearby sample indicated about 9 g/L Cl-. The sample from Gösgen used for advective displacement is from 123 m depth in the centre of the Effingen Member sequence and gave eluate with about 9 g/L Cl- whereas aqueous extraction gave 11.5 g/L Cl-. In both cases the pore waters have Na-(Ca)-Cl compositions and SO42- concentrations of about 1.1 g/L. The Gösgen sample has a Br/Cl ratio similar to that of sea water, whereas this ratio is lower for the Oftringen sample. Taking account of uncertainties in the applied experimental approaches, it is reasonable to place an upper limit of ca. 20 g/L on Cl- concentration for pore water in the Effingen Member in this area. There are major discrepancies between pore-water SO42- concentrations inferred from aqueous extraction or out-diffusion experiments and those obtained from advective displacement in both the Oftringen and Gösgen cases. A general conclusion is that all or at least part of the discrepancies are attributable to perturbation of the sulphur system and enhancement of SO42- by sulphate mineral dissolution and possibly minor pyrite oxidation during aqueous extraction and out-diffusion. Therefore, data for SO42- calculated from those pore-water sampling methods are considered not to be representative of in-situ conditions. A reference pore-water composition was defined for the Effingen Member in the Jura Südfuss area. It represents the probable upper limits of Cl- contents and corresponding anion and cation concentrations that are reasonably constrained by experimental data. Except for Cl- and possibly Na+ concentrations, this composition is poorly constrained especially with respect to SO42- and Ca2+ concentrations, and pH and alkalinity. Stable isotope compositions, δ18O and δ2H, of pore waters in the Effingen Member at Oftringen plot to the right of the meteoric water line, suggesting that 18O has been enriched by water-rock exchange, which indicates that the pore waters have a long residence time. A long residence time of pore water is supported by the level of dissolved 4He that has accumulated in pore water of the Effingen Member at Oftringen. This is comparable with, or slightly higher than, the amounts of 4He in the Opalinus Clay at Benken. Ground waters were sampled from flowing zones intersected by boreholes at the three locations. The general interpretation is that pore waters and ground-water solutes may have similar origins in Mesozoic and Cenozoic brackish-marine formations waters, but ground-water solutes have been diluted rather more than pore waters by ingress of Tertiary and Quaternary meteoric waters. The available hydrochemical data for pore waters from the Effingen Member at these three locations in the Jura-Südfuss area suggest that the geochemical system evolved slowly over geological periods of time, in which diffusion was an important mechanism of solute transport. The irregularity of Cl- and δ18O profiles and spatial variability of advective ground-water flows in the Malm-Dogger system suggests that palaeohydrogeological and hydrochemical responses to changing tectonic and surface environmental conditions were complex.

The Swiss Schools have been Governed by Local Lay Authorities

After the introduction of the liberal-democratic constitutions in the Swiss cantons in the first half of the 1830ies the grid of existing schools has been systemized and broadly expanded. The school systems have ever since been characterized by one key element: a special local authority type called „Schulkommission“ or „Schulpflege“. They take the form of committees consisting of laymen that are appointed by democratic elections like all the other executive bodies on the different federal levels in Switzerland. When it comes to their obligations and activities these community level school committees conform very much to the school boards in the American and Canadian school systems. They are accountable for the selection and supervision of the teachers. They approve decisions about the school careers of pupils and about curricular matters like the choice of school books. Normally their members are elected by the local voters for four year terms of office (reelection remains possible) and with regard to pedagogics they normally are non-professionals. The board members are responsible for classes and teachers assigned to them and they have to go to see them periodically. These visitations and the board meetings each month together with the teachers enable the board members to attain a deep insight into what happens in their schools over the course of their term of office. But they are confronted as laymen with a professional teaching staff and with educational experts in the public administration. Nevertheless this form of executive power by non-professionals is constitutive for the state governance in the Swiss as well as in other national political environments. It corresponds to the principles of subsidiarity and militia and therefore allows for a strong accentuation of liberty and the right of self-determination, two axioms at the very base of democratic federalist ideology. This governance architecture with this strong accent on local anchorage features substantial advantages for the legitimacy and acceptability of political and administrative decisions. And this is relevant especially in the educational area because the rearing of the offspring is a project of hope and, besides, quite costly. In the public opinion such supervision bodies staffed by laymen seem to have certain credibility advances in comparison with the professional administration. They are given credit to be capable of impeding the waste of common financial resources and of warranting the protection and the fostering of the community’s children at once. Especially because of their non-professional character they are trusted to be reliably immune against organizational blindness and they seem to be able to defend the interests of the local community against the standardization and centralization aspirations originating from the administrational expertocracy. In the paper these common rationales will be underpinned by results of a comprehensive historical analysis of the Session protocols of three Bernese school commissions from 1835 to 2005.

Skolemization for Substructural Logics

The usual Skolemization procedure, which removes strong quantifiers by introducing new function symbols, is in general unsound for first-order substructural logics defined based on classes of complete residuated lattices. However, it is shown here (following similar ideas of Baaz and Iemhoff for first-order intermediate logics in [1]) that first-order substructural logics with a semantics satisfying certain witnessing conditions admit a “parallel” Skolemization procedure where a strong quantifier is removed by introducing a finite disjunction or conjunction (as appropriate) of formulas with multiple new function symbols. These logics typically lack equivalent prenex forms. Also, semantic consequence does not in general reduce to satisfiability. The Skolemization theorems presented here therefore take various forms, applying to the left or right of the consequence relation, and to all formulas or only prenex formulas.

El impacto de la Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual en los diarios mendocinos Los Andes y Uno : un análisis desde la intencionalidad editorial

En base al modelo teórico metodológico de la intencionalidad editorial, que sostiene que el periodismo es objetivo (en tanto remite a fuentes), y parcial (toma de posición), analizamos la cobertura realizada por los diarios Los Andes y UNO sobre la Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual. La hipótesis fue que los diarios locales construyeron, a través de piezas periodísticas, un sentido común que respondió a sus intereses corporativos en detrimento del derecho humano a la comunicación. El análisis consistió en un observatorio de medios que combinó metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa, desde el 27 de agosto al 11 de octubre de 2009.

Prevención de complicaciones orales en personas con discapacidad severa

La salud, como derecho primordial de toda persona, adquiere una connotación especial cuando la persona tiene una discapacidad. El término Discapacidad describe una restricción o ausencia, debido a una deficiencia, de la capacidad de realizar una actividad en la forma o dentro del margen que se considera normal para el ser humano. Si nos referimos concretamente a la salud bucal, podemos decir, que presentan alta incidencia de patologías por lo que constituyen un grupo de riesgo con una gran necesidad de cuidados dentales. Es importante destacar que gran parte de las personas con Discapacidad, no pueden expresar en palabras o determinar claramente su proceso patológico y así toleran importantes dolores demostrados mediante el aumento de la irritabilidad, la inactividad, la pérdida de apetito, los problemas de sueño, la autoagresión, etc. Esta falta de certeza y reacciones adversas genera una situación familiar de alteración de la vida cotidiana y desconcierto, además de comenzar a realizar una serie de consultas a psiquiatra, otorrinolaringólogo, neurólogo, clínico, entre otros especialistas. Dicha situación puede ser previsible mediante controles odontológicos periódicos, derivación temprana a exámenes bucales por parte de médicos y/u otros especialistas tratantes, interconsulta con odontólogo ante cambios de conducta o autoagresión. La prevención y el cuidado de la salud dental en los pacientes con discapacidad favorecen el mantenimiento de la salud general y proporcionan una mayor calidad de vida. La intervención del odontólogo en patologías ya instaladas consiste en la eliminación de la sintomatología, detención y tratamiento de las lesiones, restauración de la función y la estética.

Sociología de la salud : políticas sociales y políticas de salud

Pretendemos en este artículo realizar una mirada desde la sociología de la salud. Nos interesa observar los enfoques que existen sobre ella. Conocemos con el nombre de modelo biomédico al que hegemónicamente está instalado en nuestras sociedades modernas. A su vez, es necesario establecer un contraste con la visión que tienen los pueblos originarios sobre la salud, una mirada sobre lo universal versus los particularismos de las identidades de estos pueblos, que tienen mucho para aportar en torno a la salud como valor universal. Abordamos también la relación con el modelo dominante de salud, visto desde la globalización y sus consecuentes paradigmas económicos y sociales, arraigados más bien en el neoliberalismo y que ejercieron un cambio sustancial en la atención de salud en América Latina. Su valor universal de la atención pública y su posible aplicación a través de las politicas públicas, responde a una lógica no del todo comprendida, por lo que a veces juzgamos más necesaria la atención privada. Sin quitar importancia a ésta, pretendemos abordar el sentido de la condicion humana, la expresión de lo universal relacionado con la distribución de la riqueza, el derecho de los ciudadanos y el rol que le cabe a la sociedad para lograr una salud que pueda llegar a todos. Así, a partir del mercado capitalista y su vinculación con el circuito económico global como el del consumo, vemos cómo se impone una lógica común,a saber: el ser humano como mercancía. La mirada sobre la naturaleza y a partir de ella, en los individuos, es fetichizada, es decir, no se muestra como tal, se esconde bajo otra cara en general. El mercado capitalista de la salud global, está afectando a las poblaciones cada vez en mayores dimensiones debido a la desigual distribución de la riqueza y al desplazamiento del estado en las políticas públicas.

Trayectoria poética de Antonio Muñoz Molina

La propuesta de esta tesis es explorar la obra narrativa del escritor español Antonio Muñoz Molina, para analizar y describir su poética en tanto escritor paradigmático de la generación que se forjó luego de la Transición española, y a la luz de las diversas manifestaciones artísticas que acompañaron dicho proceso. Los motivos y temas que persisten a lo largo de su obra serán examinados buscando construir una explicación critica sobre los modos de la escritura del autor, para vincularlos con el lugar que ocupa Muñoz Molina en el campo cultural español en estos mas de veinticinco años de trayectoria. Para ello consideraré cinco momentos como puntas de inflexión en su carrera: 1986, su primera publicación en Seix Barral; 1991, el Premio Planeta por El jinete polaco; 1995, su primera edición por Alfaguara; 2002, la edición "revisada" de El jinete polaco en la Biblioteca Breve de Seix Barral; y 2008, junio, el ingreso a la Wylie Agencv de Nueva York. Según se desprende de esta enumeración, también será objeto de esta tesis los modos en que eI autor se articula con sus editores

Uma história da grave das tecelâs/ôes de Salvador-Bahia en setembro de 1919

This article aims to analyze the movement of weavers' strike (according to an specific context), its origins, actions and consequences, prompting the internal system of factories (their regulations), the hierarchical relationships of power, and struggles to guarantee the right of association, which resulted in the stoppage of all activities of the textile sector. The attitude to go on a strike, mobilizations and the stroll show that the direction of the movement and the working class were aware of their actions and those likely consequences, what signalize, beforehand, the ideological, classist and political character of women´s actions: radicalized by the practices of confronting the authoritarianism employers and threats (police repression, harassment of the press). They endured through the collective support and a network of solidarity

Un futuro urbano con un corazón antiguo

Tomando el ejemplo de Barcelona, el artículo realiza algunas reflexiones generales acerca de las transformaciones en la ciudad como resultado de grandes proyectos urbanos que a la par de la intervención física, modifican notoriamente su carácter. En el trabajo se sostiene como hipótesis que a expensas de un urbanismo de inspiración globalizante que homogeniza y segrega, la ciudad va mutando en nuevos espacios de desposesión para los ciudadanos. Al correr de los tiempos actuales y bajo el influjo de los nuevos proyectos, su carácter histórico como espacio de intercambio y apropiación, va cediendo lugar a la tendencia a la banalización urbana, la segregación social del territorio y el aumento de las desigualdades. Un segundo tópico se vincula con la respuesta de la ciudadanía frente al problema. Aquí se sostiene que por la vía de la denuncia y la crítica; como de la organización y la acción, los ciudadanos comienzan a construir y consolidar nuevos escenarios para la reapropiación del territorio, de su identidad y de su cohesión socio-cultural. Finalmente, en la conclusión se sintetizan algunas de las propuestas expresadas a lo largo del trabajo, y se reflexiona sobre los desafíos que tienen por delante las administraciones locales y los ciudadanos en la producción de un nuevo urbanismo centrado en el derecho a la ciudad.

Trayectoria poética de Antonio Muñoz Molina

La propuesta de esta tesis es explorar la obra narrativa del escritor español Antonio Muñoz Molina, para analizar y describir su poética en tanto escritor paradigmático de la generación que se forjó luego de la Transición española, y a la luz de las diversas manifestaciones artísticas que acompañaron dicho proceso. Los motivos y temas que persisten a lo largo de su obra serán examinados buscando construir una explicación critica sobre los modos de la escritura del autor, para vincularlos con el lugar que ocupa Muñoz Molina en el campo cultural español en estos mas de veinticinco años de trayectoria. Para ello consideraré cinco momentos como puntas de inflexión en su carrera: 1986, su primera publicación en Seix Barral; 1991, el Premio Planeta por El jinete polaco; 1995, su primera edición por Alfaguara; 2002, la edición "revisada" de El jinete polaco en la Biblioteca Breve de Seix Barral; y 2008, junio, el ingreso a la Wylie Agencv de Nueva York. Según se desprende de esta enumeración, también será objeto de esta tesis los modos en que eI autor se articula con sus editores

Uma história da grave das tecelâs/ôes de Salvador-Bahia en setembro de 1919

This article aims to analyze the movement of weavers' strike (according to an specific context), its origins, actions and consequences, prompting the internal system of factories (their regulations), the hierarchical relationships of power, and struggles to guarantee the right of association, which resulted in the stoppage of all activities of the textile sector. The attitude to go on a strike, mobilizations and the stroll show that the direction of the movement and the working class were aware of their actions and those likely consequences, what signalize, beforehand, the ideological, classist and political character of women´s actions: radicalized by the practices of confronting the authoritarianism employers and threats (police repression, harassment of the press). They endured through the collective support and a network of solidarity

Un futuro urbano con un corazón antiguo

Tomando el ejemplo de Barcelona, el artículo realiza algunas reflexiones generales acerca de las transformaciones en la ciudad como resultado de grandes proyectos urbanos que a la par de la intervención física, modifican notoriamente su carácter. En el trabajo se sostiene como hipótesis que a expensas de un urbanismo de inspiración globalizante que homogeniza y segrega, la ciudad va mutando en nuevos espacios de desposesión para los ciudadanos. Al correr de los tiempos actuales y bajo el influjo de los nuevos proyectos, su carácter histórico como espacio de intercambio y apropiación, va cediendo lugar a la tendencia a la banalización urbana, la segregación social del territorio y el aumento de las desigualdades. Un segundo tópico se vincula con la respuesta de la ciudadanía frente al problema. Aquí se sostiene que por la vía de la denuncia y la crítica; como de la organización y la acción, los ciudadanos comienzan a construir y consolidar nuevos escenarios para la reapropiación del territorio, de su identidad y de su cohesión socio-cultural. Finalmente, en la conclusión se sintetizan algunas de las propuestas expresadas a lo largo del trabajo, y se reflexiona sobre los desafíos que tienen por delante las administraciones locales y los ciudadanos en la producción de un nuevo urbanismo centrado en el derecho a la ciudad.

Trayectoria poética de Antonio Muñoz Molina

La propuesta de esta tesis es explorar la obra narrativa del escritor español Antonio Muñoz Molina, para analizar y describir su poética en tanto escritor paradigmático de la generación que se forjó luego de la Transición española, y a la luz de las diversas manifestaciones artísticas que acompañaron dicho proceso. Los motivos y temas que persisten a lo largo de su obra serán examinados buscando construir una explicación critica sobre los modos de la escritura del autor, para vincularlos con el lugar que ocupa Muñoz Molina en el campo cultural español en estos mas de veinticinco años de trayectoria. Para ello consideraré cinco momentos como puntas de inflexión en su carrera: 1986, su primera publicación en Seix Barral; 1991, el Premio Planeta por El jinete polaco; 1995, su primera edición por Alfaguara; 2002, la edición "revisada" de El jinete polaco en la Biblioteca Breve de Seix Barral; y 2008, junio, el ingreso a la Wylie Agencv de Nueva York. Según se desprende de esta enumeración, también será objeto de esta tesis los modos en que eI autor se articula con sus editores

Uma história da grave das tecelâs/ôes de Salvador-Bahia en setembro de 1919

This article aims to analyze the movement of weavers' strike (according to an specific context), its origins, actions and consequences, prompting the internal system of factories (their regulations), the hierarchical relationships of power, and struggles to guarantee the right of association, which resulted in the stoppage of all activities of the textile sector. The attitude to go on a strike, mobilizations and the stroll show that the direction of the movement and the working class were aware of their actions and those likely consequences, what signalize, beforehand, the ideological, classist and political character of women´s actions: radicalized by the practices of confronting the authoritarianism employers and threats (police repression, harassment of the press). They endured through the collective support and a network of solidarity