El dinero en la historia del pensamiento econ��mico: la teor��a monetaria postkeynesiana y su confrontaci��n con la ortodoxia

Las disputas en torno a determinados aspectos del dinero, como su neutralidad y el car��cter end��geno o ex��geno de la oferta monetaria, han sido permanentes entre las distintas escuelas de pensamiento y autores, estando su origen, probablemente, en la ��poca de desarrollo del pensamiento escol��stico. En este art��culo pretendemos, en primer lugar, realizar un recorrido cronol��gico e hist��rico sobre el tratamiento cient��fico econ��mico del dinero, para, en segundo lugar, poner sobre la mesa la macroeconom��a ortodoxa a la que han dado lugar las interpretaciones al respecto, as�� como los enfoques alternativos frente a este pensamiento dominante. Finalmente, intentamos poner en valor los desarrollos monetarios post-keynesianos, integrados en lo que denominan ���Econom��a Monetaria de Producci��n���, confront��ndolos con la llamada Nueva S��ntesis Neocl��sica.

Diagn��stico F��sico/Medio Natural: Plan Regulador de Alajuela

Este documento presenta datos, informaci��n y an��lisis propios de un diagn��stico que se elabora para dise��ar un plan regulador cantonal de Alajuela, Costa Rica. Tambi��n presenta los retos inmediatos y estrat��gicos que enfrentan los pobladores de la isla individual y colectivamente. Incluye m��ltiples partes: un diagn��stico biof��sico que incluye mapas de uso del suelo. Una evaluaci��n de los recursos biol��gicos, amenazas naturales, la orograf��a y topograf��a, la geolog��a, capacidad de uso del suelo y sus potencialidades y vulnerabilidades. Tambi��n incluye un diagn��stico socio-econ��mico (poblaci��n, vivienda, empleo, actividad productiva y transporte) e historia de la ocupaci��n del cant��n.

Identificaci��n de redes nacionales y mundiales de distribuci��n de petr��leo y gas natural y su relaci��n con la conformaci��n de comunidades

El presente proyecto investiga la relaci��n entre las organizaciones con el medio y marketing, para lo cual se debe mencionar el conflicto de intereses de la comunidad y de la organizaci��n, y como se intenta percibir a la organizaci��n como un buen vecino dentro de la comunidad. A su vez ��ste estudio cuenta con objetivos basados en la identificaci��n de redes de distribuci��n de petr��leo y gas natural, tanto nacionales como internacionales, para as�� abarcar un sector estrat��gico m��s preciso, y mostrar las relaci��n entre las organizaciones y la conformaci��n de comunidades. Se tienen en cuenta factores elementales en el estudio de este sector energ��tico, como son sus principales componentes, as�� como un marco te��rico espec��fico que permita desarrollar el concepto de conformaci��n de comunidades para lograr una exitosa aplicaci��n del mismo. Del mismo modo se incluir��n temas relacionados con marketing, pero desde un punto de vista m��s cercano a la comunidad, tomando los medios y el marketing como un concepto m��s importante en el impacto de las organizaciones en la comunidad, es decir tomando el concepto de marketing como aquellas comunidades que rodean las organizaciones, como ��stas dos interact��an, y que impactos tienen una sobre la otra. De la misma manera se tienen resultados en cuanto a planteamientos m��s profundos sobre conceptos de marketing que no son desarrollados muy a menudo, los cuales conservan su esencia fundamental y siguen impactando en silencio a las organizaciones, pero que si lo estudiamos y aprovechamos de alg��n modo lograremos beneficios para nuestra organizaci��n y para los intereses colectivos.

Alternativas de integraci��n de ecosistemas estrat��gicos a la planificaci��n urbana. Estudio de caso: el crecimiento urbano sobre la funci��n eco-sist��mica del corredor natural Usaqu��n ��� Suba. Periodo 2003��� 2016

Los modelos de gesti��n urbana a nivel global, incorporan en la planeaci��n y en el desarrollo de los entornos urbanos, al suelo natural de soporte como estructura fundamental; debido principalmente a sus funciones ecosist��micas y a los bienes ambientales que provee, incluyendo la biodiversidad y la conservaci��n de entornos con calidad paisaj��stica, entre otros. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, el objetivo principal de esta investigaci��n, consiste en hacer un seguimiento y caracterizaci��n del ecosistema estrat��gico del corredor biol��gico borde norte en la ciudad de Bogot��, con el fin de identificar y dar visibilidad a los aspectos cr��ticos, que son necesarios a tener en cuenta en la pol��tica e instrumentos de planeaci��n, para el tratamiento de ��sta ��rea. En el desarrollo de esta investigaci��n, se aplicaron las nociones metodol��gicas de la ecolog��a urbana, dando inicio con una fase de diagn��stico y caracterizaci��n de la situaci��n actual, seguido de la formulaci��n de alternativas, entre las que se destacan, la restauraci��n ecol��gica. En el diagn��stico se pudo identificar que, si bien existe disponibilidad de agua y de cobertura vegetal en las condiciones de suelo, tambi��n est�� presente una gran presi��n inmobiliaria en el sector, lo cual, ha promovido la alteraci��n de los predios, haciendo urgente un tratamiento integral de restauraci��n ecol��gica de ��ste corredor, que permita la recuperaci��n de la funci��n ecosist��mica, aportando beneficios a la ciudad.

Un balance de la historia ambiental latinoamericana.

Resumen El objetivo de este an��lisis es presentar un balance de la historia ambiental escrita recientemente en Latinoam��rica y el Caribe (LAC).1 Conviene aclarar que en este art��culo, se concibe por historia ambiental aquella disciplina que se ocupa de las interacciones entre las sociedades humanas y el mundo natural y las consecuencias de esas relaciones para ambas partes a lo largo del tiempo. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se ha examinado la trayectoria de la disciplina y se han identificado sus contornos y caracter��sticas esenciales, para finalmente, comentar sus fortalezas y debilidades. Abstract El objetivo de este an��lisis es presentar un balance de la historia ambiental escrita recientemente en Latinoam��rica y el Caribe (LAC).1 Conviene aclarar que en este art��culo, se concibe por historia ambiental aquella disciplina que se ocupa de las interacciones entre las sociedades humanas y el mundo natural y las consecuencias de esas relaciones para ambas partes a lo largo del tiempo. Para lograr el objetivo propuesto, se ha examinado la trayectoria de la disciplina y se han identificado sus contornos y caracter��sticas esenciales, para finalmente, comentar sus fortalezas y debilidades.

Brazilian Natural Fiber (jute) As Raw Material For Activated Carbon Production.

Jute fiber is the second most common natural cellulose fiber worldwide, especially in recent years, due to its excellent physical, chemical and structural properties. The objective of this paper was to investigate: the thermal degradation of in natura jute fiber, and the production and characterization of the generated activated carbon. The production consisted of carbonization of the jute fiber and activation with steam. During the activation step the amorphous carbon produced in the initial carbonization step reacted with oxidizing gas, forming new pores and opening closed pores, which enhanced the adsorptive capacity of the activated carbon. N2 gas adsorption at 77K was used in order to evaluate the effect of the carbonization and activation steps. The results of the adsorption indicate the possibility of producing a porous material with a combination of microporous and mesoporous structure, depending on the parameters used in the processes, with resulting specific surface area around 470 m2.g-1. The thermal analysis indicates that above 600��C there is no significant mass loss.

Comparing Near-infrared Conventional Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy And Hyperspectral Imaging For Determination Of The Bulk Properties Of Solid Samples By Multivariate Regression: Determination Of Mooney Viscosity And Plasticity Indices Of Natural Rubber.

Conventional reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and hyperspectral imaging (HI) in the near-infrared region (1000-2500 nm) are evaluated and compared, using, as the case study, the determination of relevant properties related to the quality of natural rubber. Mooney viscosity (MV) and plasticity indices (PI) (PI0 - original plasticity, PI30 - plasticity after accelerated aging, and PRI - the plasticity retention index after accelerated aging) of rubber were determined using multivariate regression models. Two hundred and eighty six samples of rubber were measured using conventional and hyperspectral near-infrared imaging reflectance instruments in the range of 1000-2500 nm. The sample set was split into regression (n = 191) and external validation (n = 95) sub-sets. Three instruments were employed for data acquisition: a line scanning hyperspectral camera and two conventional FT-NIR spectrometers. Sample heterogeneity was evaluated using hyperspectral images obtained with a resolution of 150 �� 150 ��m and principal component analysis. The probed sample area (5 cm(2); 24,000 pixels) to achieve representativeness was found to be equivalent to the average of 6 spectra for a 1 cm diameter probing circular window of one FT-NIR instrument. The other spectrophotometer can probe the whole sample in only one measurement. The results show that the rubber properties can be determined with very similar accuracy and precision by Partial Least Square (PLS) regression models regardless of whether HI-NIR or conventional FT-NIR produce the spectral datasets. The best Root Mean Square Errors of Prediction (RMSEPs) of external validation for MV, PI0, PI30, and PRI were 4.3, 1.8, 3.4, and 5.3%, respectively. Though the quantitative results provided by the three instruments can be considered equivalent, the hyperspectral imaging instrument presents a number of advantages, being about 6 times faster than conventional bulk spectrometers, producing robust spectral data by ensuring sample representativeness, and minimizing the effect of the presence of contaminants.

Classifica����o de ��gua de coco processada e natural por meio de HCA, PCA e teores de ��ons met��licos determinados por ICP OES

Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry was used to determine Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in samples of processed and natural coconut water. The sample preparation consisted in a filtration step followed by a dilution. The analysis was made employing optimized instrumental parameters and the results were evaluated using methods of Pattern Recognition. The data showed common concentration values for the analytes present in processed and natural samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) indicated that the samples of different kinds were statistically different when the concentrations of all the analytes were considered simultaneously.

Antimycobacterial and cytotoxicity activity of synthetic and natural compounds

Antimycobacterial and cytotoxicity activity of synthetic and natural compounds. Secondary metabolites from Curvularia eragrostidis and Drechslera dematioidea, Clusia sp. floral resin, alkaloids from Pilocarpus alatus, salicylideneanilines, piperidine amides, the amine 1-cinnamylpiperazine and chiral pyridinium salts were assayed on Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. N-(salicylidene)-2-hydroxyaniline was the most effective compound with a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 8 ��mol/L. Dihydrocurvularin was moderately effective with a MIC of 40 ��mol/L. Clusia sp. floral resin and a gallocatechin-epigallocatechin mixture showed MIC of 0.02 g/L and 38 ��mol/L, respectively. The cytotoxicity was evaluated for N-(salicylidene)-2-hydroxyaniline, curvularin, dihydrocurvularin and Clusia sp. floral resin, and the selectivity indexes were > 125, 0.47, 0.75 and 5, respectively.

Tree structure and richness in an Atlantic Forest fragment: distance from anthropogenic and natural edges

Approximately 7.2% of the Atlantic rainforest remains in Brazil, with only 16% of this forest remaining in the State of Rio de Janeiro, all of it distributed in fragments. This forest fragmentation can produce biotic and abiotic differences between edges and the fragment interior. In this study, we compared the structure and richness of tree communities in three habitats - an anthropogenic edge (AE), a natural edge (NE) and the fragment interior (FI) - of a fragment of Atlantic forest in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (22��50'S and 42��28'W). One thousand and seventy-six trees with a diameter at breast height > 4.8 cm, belonging to 132 morphospecies and 39 families, were sampled in a total study area of 0.75 ha. NE had the greatest basal area and the trees in this habitat had the greatest diameter:height allometric coefficient, whereas AE had a lower richness and greater variation in the height of the first tree branch. Tree density, diameter, height and the proportion of standing dead trees did not differ among the habitats. There was marked heterogeneity among replicates within each habitat. These results indicate that the forest interior and the fragment edges (natural or anthropogenic) do not differ markedly considering the studied parameters. Other factors, such as the age from the edge, type of matrix and proximity of gaps, may play a more important role in plant community structure than the proximity from edges.

Amostragem e variabilidade espacial de atributos qu��micos do solo em ��rea de vegeta����o natural em regenera����o

The objectives of this work was to estimate the number of soil subsamples considering the classical statistics and geostatistics and determine the spatial variability of soil fertility attributes of an Ultisol, with clay texture, in an area of regenerating natural vegetation in Alegre - ES. Soil samples were collected in a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, at the crossing points of a regular grid, comprising a total of 64 points located at 10 m-intervals. The area presented low fertility soil. Considering a variation of 5% around the mean in the classic statistics, it is necessary a larger number of samples in relation to geostatistics. All the chemical attributes showed moderate to high spatial dependence, except for the effective cation exchange capacity (CECe), which showed pure nugget effect. The spherical semivariogram model gave the best fit to the data. Isoline maps allowed visualizing the differentiated spatial distribution of the contents of soil chemical attributes.

Variabilidade espacial de atributos f��sicos de um argissolo vermelho-amarelo sob pastagem e vegeta����o secund��ria em regenera����o natural

This work was carried out with the objective of studying the spatial variability of the physical attributes of a Red-Yellow Ultisol under pasture and secondary vegetation in natural regeneration. Two areas were chosen in a hillside, with the soil sampling to the depth of 0-0.2 m, with the georeferenced points in a regular grid of 10x10 m, totalizing 64 points. In each point it was evaluated the total volume of porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, bulk density, soil penetration resistance and soil water content. The studied attributes in the pasture area present indicator of soil compaction for the animals' traffic, with moderate and strong structure of spatial dependence, except for the macroporosity and penetration resistance. In the area of secondary vegetation (VN) only the macroporosity does not present spatial dependence. The total volume of porosity and the bulk density present the same spatial standard in the area under pasture.

Ocular masquerade syndrome associated with extranodal nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma: case report

A 33-year-old woman complained of unilateral eyelid edema and blurred vision. Initial ophthalmic examination disclosed anterior chamber reaction with keratic precipitates on the cornea, without posterior abnormalities. Anterior uveitis was treated. Despite that, patient showed rapidly progressive unilateral vision loss with optic nerve swelling. Systemic workup was inconclusive, as well as cranial magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination. Based on the hypothesis of optic neuritis, intravenous methylprednisolone pulse was performed with no success. During the following days, the patient presented pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade, progressing to death. Necropsy was performed and diagnosis of extranodal natural killers/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type with ocular involvement was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.

Ginastica artistica feminina e historia oral : a forma����o desportiva de ginastas brasileiras participantes de jogos olimpicos (1980-2004)

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educa����o F��sica

Brincando no ambiente natural : uma contribui����o para o desenvolvimento sensorio-motor da crian��a portadora de paralisia cerebral

Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educa����o F��sica