Centros de recursos tecnológicos na Educação especial : um contributo para a sua avaliação

Na sociedade do conhecimento em que nos encontramos entendemos que todos os alunos devem ter acesso à informação e ao conhecimento, independentemente das suas capacidades e limitações. As novas tecnologias da informação e da comunicação constituem-se como uma mais-valia para os alunos com necessidades educativas especiais (NEE), sendo os apoios tecnológicos uma das soluções existentes para minorar as suas limitações físicas e intelectuais, aumentando deste modo, a qualidade de vida, a participação na sociedade e integração profissional dos mesmos. Para incluir digitalmente estes alunos, o Ministério da Educação criou os Centros de Recursos de Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (CRTIC, 2007), no sentido de cumprir com o Plano de Ação para a Integração das Pessoas com Deficiência (PAIPDI, 2006) e a reforma a Educação especial com a aplicação do decreto-lei n.º 3/08, de 7 de janeiro. Por conseguinte, decidimos investigar, após ter conhecimento da criação dos CRTIC para a Educação especial, realizando um estudo em cinco centros, a nível nacional, optando por uma investigação de natureza qualitativa, com entrevista, observação e pesquisa documental. O nosso principal objetivo foi verificar se estes centros disponibilizavam meios tecnológicos a todos os alunos com NEE, de acordo com os princípios da educação inclusiva ou se eram só para alguns. Após a análise dos dados recolhidos consideramos que existem algumas diferenças no cumprimento das normas orientadoras estipuladas pelo governo, no que diz respeito ao funcionamento e funções da equipa responsável, isto é, os responsáveis pelos centros incrementam a sua atividade essencialmente em duas vertentes: na avaliação dos alunos para adequação de tecnologias de apoio e acompanhamento/monitorização dos processos. Os docentes utilizadores dos centros disseram que os centros são úteis para a educação especial, no entanto, existe algum desconhecimento sobre os serviços prestados pelos mesmos.

Survey of hearing-impaired adults and parents of hearing-impaired children and their knowledge of the Americans with Disabilities Act

This paper discusses the results of a survey about awareness of the American with Disabilities Act.

A shift to randomness of brain oscillations in people with autism

BACKGROUND: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) enables investigation of the intrinsic functional organization of the brain. Fractal parameters such as the Hurst exponent, H, describe the complexity of endogenous low-frequency fMRI time series on a continuum from random (H = .5) to ordered (H = 1). Shifts in fractal scaling of physiological time series have been associated with neurological and cardiac conditions. METHODS: Resting-state fMRI time series were recorded in 30 male adults with an autism spectrum condition (ASC) and 33 age- and IQ-matched male volunteers. The Hurst exponent was estimated in the wavelet domain and between-group differences were investigated at global and voxel level and in regions known to be involved in autism. RESULTS: Complex fractal scaling of fMRI time series was found in both groups but globally there was a significant shift to randomness in the ASC (mean H = .758, SD = .045) compared with neurotypical volunteers (mean H = .788, SD = .047). Between-group differences in H, which was always reduced in the ASC group, were seen in most regions previously reported to be involved in autism, including cortical midline structures, medial temporal structures, lateral temporal and parietal structures, insula, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, and inferior frontal gyrus. Severity of autistic symptoms was negatively correlated with H in retrosplenial and right anterior insular cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Autism is associated with a small but significant shift to randomness of endogenous brain oscillations. Complexity measures may provide physiological indicators for autism as they have done for other medical conditions.

Under-investigation of older people with abnormal chest radiographs

Background: Whilst many authors have previously suggested that older people are under-represented in the investigation and management of lung cancer, few data are available as to the effect of age on the subsequent investigation and management of a patient with an abnormal chest radiograph. Methods: During a 3-month period in a university teaching hospital, all abnormal chest radiographs suggestive of a possible diagnosis of lung cancer were identified, and patients subsequently followed to determine investigation, management and date of death over a 5-year period. Results: Thirty-seven younger (less than or equal to69 years, median age 62 years) and 43 older patients ( 670 years, median age 80 years) were identified. Of the 80 patients with a possible bronchial carcinoma only 59% had a further chest radiograph performed. Bronchoscopy was performed in 34% of patients, but a biopsy of the lesion was undertaken in only 24% of patients. Sixteen of the 80 patients, irrespective of what investigations had been undertaken, were referred for an oncological or surgical opinion. During the study period ( 3 months), 24% of the patients died. At 6, 24 and 60 months, respectively, the total deaths were 40, 78 and 88%. Conclusion: Older patients compared with those aged less than 70 years were less likely to be investigated, further, were more likely to be managed differently (i.e., less aggressively) and more likely to die within each time interval. In more of the older group a presumed death certificate diagnosis of pneumonia was made. When an abnormal chest radiograph raises the possibility of an underlying bronchial carcinoma, the finding of this study suggests that an ageist attitude influences the subsequent management of some patients. Copyright (C) 2005 S. Karger AG, Basel.

A review of instruments developed to measure outcomes for carers of people with mental health problems

Objective: Community-based care for mental disorders places considerable burden on families and carers. Measuring their experiences has become a priority, but there is no consensus on appropriate instruments. We aimed to review instruments carers consider relevant to their needs and assess evidence for their use. Method: A literature search was conducted for outcome measures used with mental health carers. Identified instruments were assessed for their relevance to the outcomes identified by carers and their psychometric properties. Results: Three hundred and ninety two published articles referring to 241 outcome measures were identified, 64 of which were eligible for review (used in three or more studies). Twenty-six instruments had good psychometric properties; they measured (i) carers' well-being, (ii) the experience of caregiving and (iii) carers' needs for professional support. Conclusion: Measures exist which have been used to assess the most salient aspects of carer outcome in mental health. All require further work to establish their psychometric properties fully.

Mind-reading difficulties in the siblings of people with Asperger's syndrome: evidence for a genetic influence in the abnormal development of a specific cognitive domain

Background: Previous research suggests that the phenotype associated with Asperger's syndrome (AS) includes difficulties in understanding the mental states of others, leading to difficulties in social communication and social relationships. It has also been suggested that the first-degree relatives of those with AS can demonstrate similar difficulties, albeit to a lesser extent. This study examined 'theory of mind' (ToM) abilities in the siblings of children with AS relative to a matched control group. Method: 2 7 children who had a sibling with AS were administered the children's version of the 'Eyes Test'(Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Stone, & Rutherford, 1999). The control group consisted of 27 children matched for age, sex, and a measure of verbal comprehension, and who did not have a family history of AS/autism. Results: A significant difference was found between the groups on the Eyes Test, the 'siblings' group showing a poorer performance on this measure of social cognition. The difference was more pronounced among female siblings. Discussion: These results are discussed in terms of the familial distribution of a neuro-cognitive profile associated with AS, which confers varying degrees of social handicap amongst first-degree relatives. The implication of this finding with regard to the autism/AS phenotype is explored, with some discussion of why this neuro-cognitive profile (in combination with corresponding strengths) may have an evolutionary imperative.